The Parts Of Speech

There are eight main parts of speech (also known as word classes): nouns,
pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.
Most parts of speech can be divided into sub-classes. Prepositions can be divided
into prepositions of time, prepositions of place etc. Nouns can be divided into
proper nouns, common nouns, concrete nouns etc.It is important to know that a
word can sometimes be in more than one part of speech.

For example with the word increase. Increase can be a verb e.g. Prices
increased and increase can also be a noun e.g. There was an increase in the
number of followers.

The eight main parts of speech in English are:

1.Noun - (Naming word)

A noun is the name of a person, place, thing or idea.Examples of nouns:

Daniel, London, table, dog, teacher, pen, city, happiness, hope. Example
sentences: Steve lives in Sydney. Mary uses pen and paper to write letters.

2. Pronoun - (Replaces a Noun)

A pronoun is used in place of a noun or noun phrase to avoid repetition.

Examples of pronouns: I, you, we, they, he, she, it, me, us, them, him, her, this,
those.

Example sentences: Mary is tired. She wants to sleep. I want her to dance with
me.

3. Adjective - (Describing word)

An adjective describes, modifies or gives more information about a noun

or pronoun.
Examples: big, happy, green, young, fun, crazy, three

Example sentences: The little girl had a pink hat.

4. Verb - (Action Word)

A verb shows an action or state of being. A verb shows what someone or

something is doing.

Examples: go, speak, run, eat, play, live, walk, have, like, are, is

Example sentences: I like Woodward English. I study their charts and play their
games.

5. Adverb - (Describes a verb)

An adverb describes/modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. It

tells how, where, when, how often or to what extent. Many adverbs end in -LY

Examples: slowly, quietly, very, always, never, too, well, tomorrow, here

Example sentences: I am usually busy. Yesterday, I ate my lunch quickly.

6. Preposition- (Shows relationship)

A preposition shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another

word. They can indicate time, place, or relationship.

Examples: at, on, in, from, with, near, between, about, under

Example sentences: I left my keys on the table for you.

7. Conjuction - (Joining word)

A conjunction joins two words, ideas, phrases or clauses together in a

sentence and shows how they are connected.

Examples: and, or, but, because, so, yet, unless, since, if.

Example sentences: I was hot and exhausted but I still finished the marathon.

8. Interjection - (Expressive word)

An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses a strong feeling or

emotion. It is a short exclamation.

Examples: Ouch! Wow! Great! Help! Oh! Hey! Hi!

Example sentences: Wow! I passed my English test. Great! – Ouch! That hurt.

Article - (Defining word)

An article is used before a noun. These are divided into definite (the) and
indefinite (a, an). Articles help define nouns.

Examples: a, an, the

Example sentences: I need a dictionary. The dictionary needs to be in English.

(https://www.londonschool.com/blog/phonetic-alphabet/)
VOWEL

A vowel is a speech sound made by the vocal folds (commonly called the
vocal cords).The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system where each
symbol is associated with a particular English sound. By using IPA you can know
exactly how to pronounce a certain word in English. This helps in improving
English pronunciation and feeling more confident speaking in English, whether
you learn English on you own or with a specialist teacher in an individual English
Accent Training class.

The English vowels are A, E, I, O, & U. (Sometimes Y is a vowel,

pronounced as if it were I, and sometimes W substitutes for U, especially in the
digraph 'ow.') Each vowel can be pronounced in several ways.

Short Vowels

IPA Symbol Word examples

E <="" kick,="" rich,="" sit,="" td="">Went, intend, send, letter.
Æ Cat, hand, nap, flat, have.
ʌ Fun, love, money, one, London, come.
ʊ Put, look, should, cook, book, look.
ɒ Rob, top, watch, squat, sausage.
ə Alive, again, mother.

Long Vowels

IPA Symbol Word examples

i: Need, beat, team.
ɜ: <="" world,="" worse,="">Nurse, heard, third, turn.
ɔ: Talk, law, bored, yawn, jaw.
u: Few, boot, lose, gloomy, fruit, chew.
ɑ: Fast, car, hard, bath.

Diphthong Vowels

IPA Symbol Word examples

ɪə Near, ear, clear, tear, beer, fear
eə <="" td="">Hair, there, care, stairs, pear
eɪ Face, space, rain , case, eight
ɔɪ Joy, employ, toy, coil, oyster.
aɪ My, sight, pride, kind, flight
əʊ No, don’t, stones, alone, hole
aʊ Mouth, house, brown, cow, out

(https://www.londonschool.com/blog/phonetic-alphabet/)
Long and Short English Vowels

The English vowels are A, E, I, O, & U. (Sometimes Y is a vowel, pronounced as

if it were I, and sometimes W substitutes for U, especially in the digraph 'ow.')
Each vowel can be pronounced in several ways.This page explains when each
sound is commonly used.

Short Vowels

The most common sound for each vowel is its “short” sound:

 ă, pronounced /æ/ as in apple, pan, or mat,

 ĕ, pronounced /ɛ/ as in elephant, pen, or met,

 ĭ, pronounced /ɪ/ as in insect, pin, or mitt,

 ŏ, pronounced /ɒ/ as in octopus, ostrich, upon, or motto,

 and ŭ, pronounced /ʌ/ as in umbrella, pun, or mutt.

When syllables end in a vowel and then consonant (as in the examples above), the
vowel is usually short. If there is more than one consonant, the vowel is
almost always short.

This becomes important as a way to keep the same vowel sound when adding -ed
to put a verb into the past tense. We often double an ending consonant to keep a
short vowel short. For example, the past tense of 'stop' is 'stopped.' Otherwise the
silent 'e' rule below (which also applies when followed by 'd') would give it a long
'o' sound like soap or hope. See the Simple Past Tense explanation of spelling
changes.

Long Vowels

The alphabet sounds (when the vowel “says its name”) are called “long vowels.”
We call them ‘long’ because we hold them longer than the shortsounds. However,
they are completely different sounds-- not a longer version of the same sound.

 Long A (ā), pronounced /eɪ/ as in ate or mate,

 Long E (ē), pronounced /iː/ as in eat or meat (or meet or mete-- all
pronounced the same),

 Long I (ī), pronounced /aɪ/ as in mite or might,

 Long O (ō), pronounced /oʊ/ as in oats, mote or moat, and

 Long U (ū), pronounced /juː/ in mute.

Silent ‘E’ Rule: When a vowel and consonant are followed by an ‘e’, the ‘e’ is
almost always silent, but it causes the preceding vowel to be long. (Examples: ate,
plane, Pete, bite, nine, rope, note, cube, flute.)

Other Long Vowels: A vowel at the end of a syllable is almost always long.
Examples: I, we, he, she, go, try, potato and tomato. (Some English speakers use a
short ‘a’ in the 2nd syllable, while others use a long ‘a,’ but both ‘o’s are long for
everyone.)

-Igh and -ight are usually long I (and silent GH): bright, fight, high, light, might,
night, right, sigh, sight, tight.

Often the first letter of the vowel combinations, especially ‘ai’, ‘ay’, ‘ea’
(sometimes-- see Digraphs, below), ‘ee’, & ‘oa,’ will be long & the second will be
silent. (An old rhyme for children says “when 2 vowels go walking, the first does
the talking.”) So ’plain’ sounds just like ‘plane,' ‘meat’ and ‘meet’ like ‘mete,’
etc.

However, there are many exceptions. (See the link to English Vowel Digraphs, at
the bottom of this page, for the most common ones.)
 Common Examples: Short and Long Vowels

These contrasts demonstrate the rules (in each column, first short, then long):

A: short A: long A: short A: long

back bake can cane

snack snake plan plain/plane

fad fade tap tape

mad made/maid at ate

Sam same cat Kate

E: short E: long E: short E: long

bed bead bet beat/beet

Ben bean met mete/meat/meet

men mean pet Pete

ten teen set seat

I: short I: long I: short I: long

lick like fin fine

hid hide shin shine

slid slide bit bite

dim dime lit light/lite

Tim time sit sight/site

O: short O: long O: short O: long

rob robe cot coat

hop hope not note

mop mope rot rote/wrote

U: short U: long U: short U: long

cub cube cut cute

tub tube flutter flute

hug huge mutter mute

Other English Vowel Sounds (Schwa or R-Controlled)

Besides the long and short sounds, there are other vowel sounds.

Any vowel in an unaccented syllable has a neutral or “schwa” /ə/

sound: Examples: the ‘a’ in above, or approve, the ‘e’ in accident, camera or
mathematics, the ‘i’ in family or officer, the ‘o’ in freedom or purpose, or the ‘u’
in industry or succeed.

if a vowel is followed by R, it changes in quality, and is neither long nor short.

(ER, IR, and UR are often -- though not always--the same sound.)

Examples with phonetic symbols:

 /ɑr/ -- arm, car, charge, dark, farm, start

 /ɛər/-- air, aware, bare/bear, hair, spare, tear (pull apart paper or fabric),
there, very, where

 /ɪər/-- beer, ear, hear/here, near, tear (from crying)

 /ɜr/ -- bird, burn, first, fur, herd, earth, service, sir, third, thirty, turn,
urgent, worse

 /ər/ -- baker, better, bigger, doctor, letter, smaller, summer

 /ɔr/ -- for, important, more, north, or

https://www.englishhints.com/english-vowels.html
 REFERENCE

https://www.londonschool.com/blog/phonetic-alphabet/

www.grammar.cl/english/parts-of-speech.htm