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Having a Champion is a
Critical Success Factor.
Pipe Flow
Q=VA
Volumetric Flow Rate equals the Average Advective
Fluid Velocity times the Cross-Sectional Area of the
flow perpendicular to the Velocity.
3
Pipe Flow
0ne foot
0ne foot
4
Calculating Area
D
A d
D 2d
2 arccos
D
2
A
D
sin
8 5
Calculating Area
D
D = 12 in, d = 4 in
12 2 ( 4 ) 1
2 arccos 2 arccos( ) 141 2 . 46 rads
12 3
D2 12 2
A
sin
2 .46 sin( 2 .46 ) 18 1 .83 33 .0 in 2
8 8
6
Calculating Flow
ft
At 2.0 sec
0ne foot
0ne foot
7
Example Answer
12”
4”
Pa
Pa
Pa
Hw
Hw + Pa
9
Ultrasonic Sensor Level
1.5”
6.5”
12”
4”
4”
10
Level Level
Peak Level
11
Doppler Velocity Velocity
12
Doppler Velocity Velocity
The 1.0 MHz Ultrasonic Pulse is emitted by one sensor and recorded by the other
The faster the particle moves towards the probe, the higher the return frequency
The bigger the particle, the greater the strength of the return signal
13
Frequency Velocity
hn hp
1.0 MHz
15
Frequency Slow Flow Velocity
1.0 MHz
16
Peak to Average Velocity
νp
0.25 MHz 17
Peak to Average Velocity
νp
0.25 MHz 18
Peak to Average Velocity
νp
0.25 MHz 19
Peak to Average Velocity
νp
0.25 MHz 20
Faraday Velocity Velocity
MMB
21
Faraday Velocity Velocity
MMB
22
Faraday Velocity Velocity
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
2.5
x x x x
x x x 2.0
1.
5 x
x x x 1.0 x
0.5
Round Pipe
The Calibration Coefficient relates the Sensed
Velocity to the Average Velocity.
23
Equipment Type: SIGMA 910
Advantages
Cost Effective
Very easy to Use
Hard to lose data
Has a new Digital Probe
Disadvantages
Limited data storage (21 days)
Peak to average conversion
Does not work well in variable hydraulics
Does not work well in deeper flows
Equipment Type: ISCO 2150
Advantages
Cost Effective (A little more than Sigma)
Easy to Use ( A little harder than Sigma)
Good wireless capabilities
Hard to lose data
Disadvantages
Low flows not accurate
Pressure transducer does not work during ramping
Pressure Transducer can Drift
Equipment Type: MMI Flo-Tote 3
Advantages
Works in very slow velocities
Works in churning water
Works in clear water
Disadvantages
Must be profiled to be accurate
Can be wrong and you don’t know it
Does not work well if flows do not
continually cover the probe
Equipment Type: ADS FlowShark
Advantages
Small velocity probe
Can be made to work even in ramping (Two Bands)
Disadvantages
Very Complicated
Multiple Databases
lif File Overwrite
BIN File Import
Ultrasonic and Velocity Pops
Pressure Transducer out of the Water
Requires velocity profiling!!!!!
Wet Season Response
When Do I Begin?
When Do I Begin?
Dry Season I/I response
Rain
I/I
Flow
When Do I Begin?
Wet Season I/I response RAIN
I/I
FLOW
When Do I Begin?
Comparing Wet and Dry Seasons
SEASON MONTH RAINFALL 24 HOUR I/I
Dry Oct 1.23 in 0.4 MG
Wet Mar 0.97 in 2.5 MG
Barton 2005
Modeling
Objectives
Data Ease of
Quality Maintenance
Schedule
& Budget
Data Quality
What am I missing without upstream pictures?
36
Velocity – Hydraulic Jump
Hydraulic Jump
Hydraulic
Jump
Supercritical Subcritical
Bend
38
Data Quality
Hydraulic Jump
Hydraulic Subcritical
Supercritical
Jump
FLAP GATE
Probe
Number of Manholes
- 3-8 per location (average about 5)
- Inspect until two good found
Pictures
- Upstream: 3-5 pictures must be clear
- Downstream
- Manhole
- Site
Decision
- Make it in the office (review meeting)
Crossings Match
Calculations
Units Inflow cfs or mgd
Duration
ac or sf
Formulas
SI units
Level
Subcritical
Supercritical
x
x Correct
PT
Lip of Pipe
The Flowshark HV is more accurate and can work in lower flows. But it
needs to be modified to get in front of the probe
Velocity – Hydraulic Jump
Hydraulic
Jump
Supercritical Subcritical
Bend
Can I do it Myself?
12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.0
9.5
volts
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5