AKREDITASI B

HANDOUT OF
TOEFL PREPARATION WORKSHOP

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 Handout of TOEFL Preparation Workshop

SECTION 1: LISTENING COMPREHENSION

The first section of the TOEFL test is Listening Comprehension Section. There are three parts
in the Listening comprehension section of the TOEFL test:

1. Part A consists of thirty short conversations. Each conversation is followed by a

question.
2. Part B consists of two longer conversations. Each conversation is followed by a
number of questions
3. Part C consists of three talks. Each talk is followed by a number of questions.

Strategies for Listening Part A

Skill 1: Focus on the Second Line

In Listening Part A you will hear a short conversation between two people; this conversation
is followed by a question. These are some important strategies to follow:
1. You must listen to the second line of the conversation as the answer can be found
there.
2. You can listen to the first line if you understand about the information. Don’t be
worry if the information is not clear for you because it may not probably contain the
answer.
3. The most important thing that you should do is to repeat the information of second
line in your mind while reading through the options in the text.

Example:
On the recording, you hear:
(man) Billy really made a big mistake this time.
(woman) Yes, he forgot to turn in his research
paper.
(narrator) What does woman say about Billy?
In your test book, you read:
(A) It was the first time he made a mistake.
(B) He forgot to write his paper.
(C) He turned in the paper in the wrong place.
(D) He didn’t remember to submit his assignment.

Exercise Skill 1. In this exercise, you are asking to focus on the second line of the
conversation.
1 (man) Can you tell me if today’s matinee a She has strong ideas about
is a comedy romance or western? movies
(woman) I have no idea b She prefers comedies over
(narrator) What does the woman mean? western and romances
c She doesn’t like today’s matinee
d She does not know

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2 (woman) Was anyone at home at Barb’s a Barb answered the bell

house when you went there to
deliver the package?
(man) I rang the bell, but no one
answered
(narrator) What does the man imply?
b The house was probably empty
c The bell wasn’t in the house
d The house doesn’t have a bell

TOEFL Exercise 1.In this exercise, listen carefully to the short conversation and question on
the tape, and then choose the best answer to the question. You should focus carefully on the
second line.

1. (A) He is leaving now. 4. (A) He’ll be busy with her

(B) He has to go out of his way.
(C) He will not be leaving soon.
(D) He will do it his own way.
2. (A) He locked the door.
(B) He tried unsuccessfully to get into
the house.
(C) He was able to open the door.
(D) He left the house without locking
the door.
homework tonight.
(B) He can’t help her tonight.
(C) He’s sorry he can’t ever help her.
(D) He’ll help her with her physics.
5. (A) Her eyes hurt.
(B) She thought the lecture was great.
(C) The class was boring.
(D) She didn’t want to watch
Professor Martin.

3. (A) She doesn’t like to listen to

turkeys.
(B) She thinks the dinner sounds
special.
(C) She especially likes the roast
turkey.
(D) She’d prefer a different dinner.

Skill 2: Choose Answers with Synonyms

Often the correct answer in a short dialogue is an answer that contains synonyms (words with
similar meaning but different sounds) for the key word in the conversation. These are some
important strategies to follow:

1. When you listen to the second line of the conversation, please focus on the key words
in the line
2. After identifying key words from the second line of the conversation, please find the
synonyms of the words on the option. This must be the correct answer

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Exercise Skill 2. In this exercise, underline key words in the second line of each
conversation. Remember, the best answer is probably the answer that contains synonyms for
the key words in the second line of the dialogue.

1 (woman) Did you ask the manager about a He got a job as bookstore manager.
the job in the bookstore? b The bookstore was not accepting
(man) Yes, and I also had to fill out an applications
application. c He saw a book about how to apply
(narrator) What does the man mean? for jobs
d It was necessary to complete a form.

2 (man) We’re planning to leave for the trip a If they could leave at noon.
at about 2:00 b If it is possible to go by 12:00.
(woman) Couldn’t we leave before noon? c Why they can’t leave at noon.
(narrator) What does the woman ask? d If they could leave the room.

TOEFL Exercise 2.In this exercise, listen carefully to the short conversation and question on
the tape, and then choose the best answer to the question. You should look for synonyms for
key words in the second line.

1. (A) The final exam was harder than
the others.
(B) There were two exams rather than
one.
(C) He thought the exam would be
easier.
(D) The exam was not very difficult.
2. (A) He’s not feeling very well.
(B) He’s rather sick of working.
(C) He’s feeling better today than
yesterday.
(D) He’d really rather not answer
the question.
3. (A) The company was founded about
a year ago.
(B) It was just established that he could
go into business.
(C) The family is well established.
(D) The business only lasted a year.
4. (A) He did not look at the right
schedule.
(B) The plane landed in the right place.
(C) The plane arrived on time.
(D) He had to wait for the plane to
land.
5. (A) She’d rather go running.
(B) She doesn’t want to go into the
pool.
(C) She’ll change clothes quickly
and go swimming.
(D) She needs a sweat suit to go
running.

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Skill 3: Avoid Similar Sound

Often the incorrect answers in conversations are answers that contain words with similar
sounds but the meaning is very different from what you hear on the tape. You should avoid
these answers. These are some important strategies to follow:
1. Identify key words in the second line of the conversation
2. Identify words in the answers that have similar sounds. Please do not choose these
answers

Exercise Skill 3. In this exercise, you are asking to avoid similar sound. Please find the
answer by examining the information given on the second line.

1 (woman) I heard that Sally just moved a Sally has no sense of responsibility.
into a new, big house near the b Sally sent her friend to the house.
beach. c Sally has no money.
(man) But Sally doesn’t have a cent! d Sally is on the set with her.
(narrator) What does the man
mean?
2 (woman) Did they get the new car they a They locked the map car.
wanted? b They locked many times in the car.
(man) No, they lacked the money. c It cost a lot of money when the car
(narrator) What does the man mean? leaked oil.
d They didn’t have enough money to
buy another car.

TOEFL Exercise 3: In this exercise, listen carefully to the short conversation and question
on the tape, and then choose the best answer to the question. You should be careful to avoid
answers with similar sounds.
1. (A) She has to wait for some cash. around Boston.
(B) The waiter is bringing a glass of (D) He has been traveling back and
water. forth to Boston.
(C) The lawn is too dry.
(D) She needs to watch out for a crash. 4. (A) He thought the lesson didn’t matter.
(B) He couldn’t learn the lesson.
2. (A) The sweater’s the wrong size. (C) He learned a massive number of
(B) The man’s feet aren’t sweating. details.
(C) The sweater makes the man seem (D) He didn’t like most of the lesson.
fat.
(D) The sweet girl doesn’t feel right. 5. (A) Some animals started the first fire.
(B) Animals are killed by forest fires.
3. (A) He has been regularly using a (C) In the first frost, animals die.
computer. (D) Frost can kill animals.
(B) He communicates with a Boston
company.
(C) He regularly goes communities
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Strategies for Listening Part B & C

The following skills will help you to implement these strategies in Part B & C of the
Listening Comprehension section of the TOEFL test.

Before Listening
1. Anticipate the topics
2. Anticipate the questions

Example:
In your test book, you read:

(A) In the airport

(B) In the library
(C) In the dormitory
(D) In the travel agent’s office

You try to anticipate the question:

Where does the conversation probably take place?

While Listening
1. Determine the topic
2. Draw conclusion about who, what, when, where and how

Example:
On the recording you hear:

(Man) why do you have so many books?

(Woman) I need them for my paper on George Washington. Do you know how can I
can check them out?
(man) Yes. You should go downstairs to the circulation desk and fill out a card for
each book.

You should think of:

Who is probably talking (two students)
Where are they? (in the library)
What course are they discussing? (American Story)

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TOEFL Exercise Part B : Listen to a complete conversation and answer the questions that
follow.

1. (A) Find work on campus. 4. (A) Every morning.

(B) Work in the employment office. (B) Afternoons and weekends.
(C) Help students find job. (C) When he’s in class.
(D) Ask the woman a questions. (D) Weekdays.

2. (A) In the library. 5. (A) Fill out a form.

(B) In the classroom. (B) Give her some additional
(C) In a campus office. information.
(D) In an apartment. (C) Tell her some news.
(D) Phone her.
3. (A) No more than ten.
(B) At least twenty.
(C) Not more than twenty.
(D) Up to ten.

TOEFL Exercise Part C : Listen to a complete talk and answer the questions that follow.

1. (A) During a biology laboratory session. 4. (A) Room assignments.

(B) In a biology study group. (B) Exam topics.
(C) On the fisrt day of class. (C) Reading assignments.
(D) Just before the final exam. (D) The first lecture.

5. (A) Exam and lab work.

2. (A) Once a week. (B) Reading and writing assignments.
(B) Two times a week. (C) Class participation and grades on
(C) Three times a week. examination.
(D) For fifteen hours. (D) Lecture and laboratory attendance.

3. (A) To do the first laboratory assignment.

(B) To take the first exam.
(C) To study the laboratory manual.
(D) To read one chapter of the text.

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SECTION 2: STRUCTURE & WRITTEN EXPRESSION

The second section of the TOEFL test is Structure and Written Expression. You have twenty-
five minutes to complete the questions. This section is divided into:
1. Structure (question 1-15) consists of fifteen sentences in which part of each sentence
has been replaced with a blank. Each sentence is followed by four answer choices.
You have to choose the correct one.
2. Written expression (questions 16-40) consists of twenty sentences in which four
words of groups of words have been underlined. You must choose the incorrect one.

Skill 1: Be sure the sentence has a subject and a verb

SENTENCE = SUBJECT + PREDICATE

Subject can be in form of:

a. A noun / a noun phrase
Noun : Jack looks at the announcement.
Noun phrase : The smart student got scholarship.
b. A pronoun
He was elected as the chair person.
c. A gerund
Singing is her hobby.
d. An infinitive
To meet the author takes time.

Predicate can be in form of:

a. Tobe:
Am, is, are : The little cat is smart.
Was, were : She was at the public library yesterday.
Have been, has been, had been : George has been a student for three years.

b. Verb
Verb 1 / Verb 1(s/es) : Many students get high score. / A butterfly flies away.
Verb 2 : The boy won a Math Olympiad.

c. Auxiliary + verb
Have + Verb 3, Has + verb3, Had + verb3 : A young man has visited this site
twice.
Tobe + Verb-ing : A baby is crying in the next door.
Modal + Verb1 : He can speak Mandarin.
Tobe + Verb 3 : A speech was delivered by the
President.

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Example:
Missing subject 1. was backed up for miles on the freeway.
(A) Yesterday
(B) In the morning
(C) Traffic
(D) The

Missing verb 2. Engineers for work on the news on the new space program.
(A) necessary
(B) are needed
(C) hopefully
(D) next month

Skill 2: Be careful of appositive

Appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and has the same
meaning. Appositive can be found in two ways:

1. between subject and predicate

Sally, the best student in the class, got an A on the exam.
S Appositive P
2. before subject
A really good mechanic, Tom is fixing the car.
Appostive S P

Example:
1. George ,______ , is attending the lecture.
(A) right now
(B) happily
(C) because of the time
(D) my friend

2. ______ , Sarah, rarely misses her basketball shots.

(A) An excellent basketball player
(B) An excellent basketball player is
(C) Sarah is excellent basketball player
(D) Her excellent basketball play

Skill 3: Be careful of Present Participle (Verb-ing)

A present participle is the –ing form of the verb. The present participle can be (1)
part of the verb when it is accompanied by some form of the verb be; (2) It is an adjective
when it is not accompanied by some form of the verb be.
1. The boy is standing in the corner.( is standing=verb)
2. The boy standing in the corner was naughty. (standing = Present participle, was =
verb)
Example:
The child in the yard is my son.
(A) Play (B) to play (C) played (D) playing

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Skill 4: Be careful of Past Participle

A past participle often ends in –ed, but there are also many irregular past participles. For
many verbs, including –ed verbs, the simple past and the past participle are the same and can
be easily confused.. The – ed form of the verb can be (1) the simple past (Verb2), (2) the
past participle of a verb (Verb3), or (3) an adjective.

1. She painted this picture. (painted = Verb 2)

2. She has painted this picture. (has painted = aux +Verb3)
3. The picture painted by Karen is now in a museum. (painted = adjective, is = Verb)

Example:
The packages at the post office will arrive Monday.
(A) mailing
(B) mailed
(C) mail
(D) to mail

Skill 5: Be careful with coordinate conjunction

Coordinate conjunction makes two independent clauses become a compound
sentence. The conjunctions are:

But Or Yet So For And *Nor

All conjunctions use the following pattern, except for Nor

Subject + Predicate, Conjunction Subject + Predicate

Clause 1 Clause 2

Example: Ray felt tired, but he did not sleep.

*Nor follow this pattern:

Subject + Predicate, nor Aux + Subject + Verb

Example: Ray did not go to school, nor did he stay at home.

Question:

A power failure occurred, the lamp went out

(A) Then
(B) So
(C) Later
(D) Next

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Skill 6: make subject-verb agreement

In a sentence, subject must agree with its verb. Some verbs require different subject
while some others don’t. Here is the list of subject-verb agreement.

Plural subject: Singular subject: Both:

Active Voice
Verb1 Verb 1 (s/es) Verb2
Are Is Had + verb 3
Were Was Had+ been
Have + verb 3 Has + Verb 3 Modal + verb 1
Have + been Has +been
Are + verb-ing Is + verb-ing
Were + verb ing Was + verb-ing
Passive voice
Are + verb3 Is + verb3 Had+been+verb3
Were + verb3 Was+verb3 Modal+be+verb3
Are +being+ verb3 is +being+ verb3
Were+being+ verb3 was+being+ verb3
Have +been+ verb3 Has +been+ verb3

Example:
*indicates an error
The key (to the doors) *are in the drawer.
Singular plural
The keys (to the door) *is in the drawer.
Plural singular

TOEFL exercise:
1. Among bees _______ a highly elaborate form of communication.
(A) Occur
(B) Occurs
(C) It occurs
(D) They occur

2. Kepler’s Laws, principle outlining planetary movement, was formulated based on

A B C
observations made without a telescope.
D

Skill 7: Problem with parallel structure

Parallel structure involves the correct use of conjunction:
a. Conjunctions
(same structure), (same structure) and/or/but (same structure)
b. Correlative Conjunctions.
Both (Same structure) and(Same structure)
Neither (Same structure) nor(Same structure)

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whether (Same structure) or (Same structure)

either (Same structure) or (Same structure)
not only (Same structure) but also (Same structure)

The use of parallel structure can be seen as follow:

a. Series Containing Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs or Phrases.
Nouns: Vitamin C is destroyed by heat, storage, or exposure or air.
Adjectives: The criticism that taking vitamin C supplements is a waste of money is
considered to be inaccurate and unwarranted by some.
Verbs: There is evidence that vitamin C prevents heart disease, speeds wound
healing, and helps gum disease.
Adverbs: Vitamin supplements can be prepared naturally and synthetically.
Phrases: Large amounts of vitamin C can be bought in the form of crystals, or
in the form of granules.

b. Series Containing Gerunds or Infinitives.

Infinitive: When people get scurvy their cell tend to disintegrate and to fall apart.
Gerund: Claims for vitamin C such as reducing stress and improving athletic
performance have not been scientifically demonstrated.

c. Series connected by correlative conjunctions

Both fruits and vegetables are rich sources of vitamin C.
Since vitamin A is not created in the body, it must be supplied by either food or
supplements
Example:
1. Frozen orange juice must be packed, _______, and stored when the fruit is ripe.
(A) be frozen
(B) must be frozen
(C) frozen
(D) it must be frozen

2. Symptoms of mild vitamin C deficiency may be weakness, irritability, losing weight,

and apathy. A B C
D

Skill 8: Problem with pronoun

Remember the following form and function of pronoun
Subject Object Possesive Possesive Reflexive
pronoun pronoun adjective pronoun pronoun
I Me My + noun Mine Myself
You You Your +noun Yours Yourself
They Them Their +noun Theirs Themselves
We Us Our+noun Ours Ourselves
She Her Her+noun Hers Herself
He Him His+noun His Himself
It It Its+noun - Itself
One One One’s +noun - Oneself

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Example:
1. Superman made their comic debut in 1938 in Action Comics.
A B C D

2. President Andrew Jackson had an official cabinet, but him prefered the advice of his
A B C D
informal advisor, the Kitchen Cabinet.

Skill 9: problem with article

A singular noun must have an article (a,an,the) or some other determiner such as any
or each. ( A plural noun or uncountable noun may or may not have an article).

Articles Countable Countable Uncountable nouns

Singular nouns Plural nouns
Indefinite (general) A dollar __ dollars ___ money
a/an An apple ___apples ____juice
Definite (specific) The dollar The dollars The money
the The apple The apples The juice

Example:
1. An human ear responds to a wide range of frequencies.
A B C D
2. The alcohol acts as a narcotic on the nervous system and the brain.
A B C D

Skill 10: Problem with noun

Noun can be a problem with the use of singular and plural form. Here are some
determiners to distinguish noun.
Key words for singular and plural countable noun
For singular nouns Each every single one a
For plural noun Both two many several various

Example:
1. The potato was the staple of Ireland, and when the crop failed in 1840, there
was
A B C
mass starvations.
D
2. Our skulls is made up of eight cranial and fourteen facial bones.
A B C D

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SECTION 3: READING COMPREHENSION

The third section of the TOEFL test is Reading Comprehension. This section consists of five
passages and fifty questions. You have fifty-five minutes to answer the questions.

Skill 1. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS

How to identify the question: o What is the topic of the passage?

o What is the subject of the passage?
o What is the main idea of the passage?
o What is the author’s main point in the passage?
o With what is the author primarily concerned?
o Which of the following would be the best title?

Where to find the answer: The answer can generally be determined by looking at
the first sentence of each paragraph.

How to answer the question:  Read the first line of each paragraph
 Look for a common theme or idea in the first
lines
 Pass your eyes quickly over the rest of the
passage to check that you have really found the
topic sentence
 Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and
choose the best answer from the remaining
choices
Example:
Hurricanes generally occur in the North Atlantic from May through
Line November, with the peak of hurricane season in September; only rarely will they
occur from December thought Aprik in that part of the ocean. The main reason
fro the occurrence of hurricanes during this period is that the temperature on the
5 water’s surface is at its warmest and the humidity of the air is at its highest.
Of the tropical storms that occur each year in the North Atlantic. Only
about five, on average, are powerful enough to be called hurricanes. To be
classified as a hurricane, a tropical storm must have winds reaching speeds of at
least 117 kilometers per hour, but the winds are often much stronger than that; the
10 winds of intense hurricanes can easily surpass 240 kilometers per hour.

Question: The passage mainly discusses…

(A) How many hurricanes occur each year
(B) The strength of hurricanes
(C) The weather in the North Atlantic
(D) Hurricanes in one part of the World

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Skill 2. STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS

How to identify the question  According to the passage, ...

 It is stated in the passage, ...
 The passage indicates that ...
 Which of the following is true ... ?
Where to find the answer The answers can be found in sequence in the passage

How to answer the question  Choose a key word in the question

 Skim in the appropriate part of the passage for the
key word
 Read the sentence that contains the key word
carefully
 Eliminate the definitely wrong answers and choose
the best answer from the remaining choices
Example:
Line Williamsburg is a historic city in Virginia situated on a peninsula between
two rivers, the York and the James. It was settled by English colonists in 1633,
twenty-six years after the first permanent English colony in America was settled at
Jamestown. In the beginning the colony at Williamsburg was named Middle
5 Plantation because ofits location in the middle of the peninsula. The site for
Williamsburg had been selected by the colonists because the soil drainage was
better there than at the Jamestown location, and there were fewer mosquitoes.
Question : The passage indicates that Jamestown
(A) was settled in 1633
(B) was settled twenty-six years after Williamsburg
(C) was the first permanent English colony in America
(D) was originally named Middle Plantation

Skill 3. “UNSTATED” DETAIL QUESTIONS

How to identify the question
Where to find the answer The answers are found in order in the passage
How to answer the question
 Which of the following is not stated ...?
 Which of the following is not mentioned ...?
 Which of the following is not discussed ...?
 All of the following are true except ...?
 Choose a key word in the question
 Scan the appropriate place in the passage for the
key word
 Read the sentence that contains the key word
carefully
 Look for answers that are definitely true according
to the passage. Eliminate those answers
 Choose the answer that is not true or not discussed
in the passage

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Example
Line In English there are many different kinds of expressions that people use to
give a name to anything whose name is unknown or momentarily forgotten. The
word gadget is one such word. It was first used by British sailors in the 1850’s and
probably came from the French word gachette, with was a small hook. In everyday
5 use, the word has a more general meaning. Other words are also used to give a name
to something unnamed or unknown, and these words tend to be somewhat
imaginative. Some of the more commonly used expressions are a what-d’ye-call-it, a
whatsis, a thingamabob, a thingamajig, a doodad, or a doohickey.

the questions :Which of the following is NOT true about the word “gadget”?
(A) It is used to name something when the name is not known.
(B) It was used at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
(C) It most likely came from a word in the French language.
(D) Its first known use was by British sailors.

Skill 4. PRONOUN REFERENTS

How to identify the question  The pronoun “.....’ in line X refers to which of the
following?
 The word “.....” in line X refers to...

Where to find the answer The line where the pronoun is located is generally given in
the question. The noun that the pronoun refers to is
generally found before the pronoun.

How to answer the question  Locate the pronoun in the passage

 Look for nouns that come before the pronouns.
 Try each of the nouns in the context in place of the
pronoun
 Eliminate any definitely wrong answer and choose
the best answer from the remaining choices.

Example
Carnivorous plants, such as the sundew and the Venus-Flytrap, are generally
found in humid areas where there is an inadequate supply of nitrogen in the soil.
Line In order to survive, these plants have developed mechanisms to trap insects within
their foliage. They have digestive fluids to obtain the necessary nitrogen from the
5
insects. These plants trap the insects in a variety of ways. The sundew has sticky
hairs on its leaves; when an insect lands on these leaves, it gets caught up in the
sticky hairs, and the leaf wraps itself around the insect. The leaves of the Venus-
Flytrap function more like a trap, snapping suddenly and forcefully shut around an
insect.
the questions : the pronoun “they” in line 3 refers to
(A) humid areas
(B) these plants
(C) insects
(D) digestive fluids

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Skill 5. IMPLIED DETAIL QUESTIONS

How to identify the question  It is implied in the passage that…

 It can be inferred from the passage that…
 It is most likely that…
 What probably happened…?
Where to find the answer The answers are found in order in the passage
How to answer the question  Choose a key word in the question
 Scan the passage for the key word
 Read the sentence that contains the key word
carefully
 Look for answers that could be true, according to
that sentence
Example
The Hawaiian language is a melodious language in which all words are
Line derived from an alphabet of only twelve letters, the five vowels A, E, I, O, U and
the seven consonants H, K, L, M, N, P, W. Each syllable in the language ends in a
e vowel, and two consonants never appear together, so vowels have a much higher
5 frequency in the Hawaiian language than they do in English.
This musical-sounding language can be heard regularly by visitors to the
e islands. Most Hawaiians speak English, but it is quite common to hear English that
is liberally spiced with words and expressions from the traditional language of the
culture. A visitor may be greeted with the expression aloha, and may be referred to
10 as malihini because he is a newcomer to the island. This visitor may attend an
Line outside luau where everyone eats too much and be invited afterwards to dance the
e hula.
the questions : Which of the following is probably NOT a Hawaiian word?
(A) Mahalo
(B) mahimahi
(C) meklea
(D) moana

Skill 6. VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT QUESTIONS

How to identify the question  What is …?

Types of clues
Where to find the answer
How to answer the question
 What is the meaning of …?
 What is true about …?
 Which of the following is closest in meaning to …?
Punctuation : comma, parentheses, dashes
Restatement : or, that, is, in other words, i.e.
Example : such as, for example, e.g.
Information to help you determine what something means
will generally be found after the punctuation clue, the
restatement clue, or the example clue.
 Find the word in the passage
 Locate any structural clues
 Read the sentence that contains the word carefully
 Look for the context clues to help you understand
the meaning
 Eliminate any definitely wrong answer and choose
the best answer from the remaining choices

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 Handout of TOEFL Preparation Workshop

Example
One of the leading schools of psychological thought in the twentieth century
is behaviorism – the belief that the role of the psychologist is to study behavior,
which is observable, rather than conscious or unconscious thought, which is not.
Line
Probably the best known proponent of behaviorism is B.F. Skinner, who is famous
5 for his research on how rewards and punishments influence behavior. He came to
e
Line believe that positive reinforcements such praise, food, or money were more
e effective in promoting good behavior than negative reinforcement, or
punishment.

the question : In “behaviorism” in line 2, a psychologist is concerned with

(A) conscious thought patterns
(B) unconscious thought patterns
(C) observable actions
(D) unobservable actions

REFERENCES

Philips, Deborah, 2006. Longman Course for The TOEFL® Test. New York. Pearson
Education, Inc.

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