Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Construction Practices
A Reference Manual
Natural Disasters in Tamilnadu
TSUNAMI EARTHQUAKE
The Aftermath
• Improper location
• Faulty design, use of poor quality materials
• Sub-standard construction practices
• Non-compliance to building codes
• Lack of awareness of:
— Safe Construction practices
— Disaster resistant practices
FLOODS CYCLONES
The Durability and serviceablity are the key elements of any structure. Ensuring
Quality in construction will enable achieving durability and serviceablity as a desired
end result.
Usually a building
Openings too
close to corners Use of Cut comprises of:
Lintels
1. Walls
Too high 2. Openings
and long 3. Foundation
walls
4. Plinth
5. Beams/Columns
Deficient Bond 6. Roof / Slabs
at corners
Parts of a
Building
Differential settlement
due to soft soil
AVOID
- Row house settlement
with roads leading to Sea
PROVIDE
- Simple Square/Rectangular and
Symmetrical plan is Suitable
- Length of Building ≤ 2xWidth
PROVIDE
- Separation of
wings into different
rectangles in plan is
preferable
PROVIDE
- Shorter wall facing
wind direction
AVOID
- Longer wall facing
the direction of
wind
}
RCC(M20) Closely spaced PL
1 : 1.5 : 3 laterals
PCC - 1:4:8 300mm if not
specified
< 2.5t
≥ 2.5t OR
800mm
PROVIDE
- Foundation on Hard Soil
PROVIDE
A. Foundation width should be 2½ times AVOID
thickness of the wall or 0.8m, whichever is - Foundation on Loose or Soft Soil
more
PL PL
B. Use baked bricks and stones
B. Minimum depth should be 1000mm GL
GL
AVOID
A. Foundation width should not be less than
2½ times thickness of the wall
B. Never make a wall without foundation
B. Dont use unbaked bricks in the foundation
PROVIDE
- Average wall height
should be 2700 to
3000mm
AVOID
- Too High Walls
PROVIDE
- The length of the wall should not
exceed 8 times the thickness
- Addition of a buttress wall reduces
L/H Ratio
AVOID
- Walls that are too high or too long
Stone Masonry
Vertical Corner
Reinforcement
embedded in
M20 Concrete
1200
1200
600
450
1200
600
1200
A B C
Plan Section Plan
Rat-trap Bond
475 (T-Joint)
475
475
Rat-trap Bond
(L-Joint)
135˚ hooks
in adjacent RCC
stirrups Lintel
Band
Horizontal
Spacing
Plinth
Reinforcement in Siesmic Beam
Beams and Bands Load Bearing Structure
6mm ∅ 6mm ∅ 6mm ∅
225 stirrups stirrups stirrups Disaster Resistant
@150mm-c/c 225 @200mm-c/c
@200mm-c/c Beams and Bands in
the Walls
200
100
75
2-10mm
6-12mm
225 ∅ bars 4-10mm A. Grade Beam
∅ bars
∅ bars (In case of Frame)
A-Grade Beam B-Plinth Band C-Lintel Beam B. Plinth Band
RCC Band Details C. Lintel Beam
225mm
225mm
225mm
50d
Due to lateral thrust openings are subjected to movements attempting to make them
a Rohmbus - stretching opposite diagonals as shown. Because of this it is likely that
after an Earthquake; diagnonal / shear cracks occur around unsecured openings and
brick piers.
Cross-
t
section of
the Jamb
at ‘t’
Reinforcement around
openings helps
Design Considerations
B1 B2
B5 B3 H3
H2 B5
H2
B4
H1
B4
Brick Masonry
B 1+ B 2 + B 3
B2 B1 ≤ 0.5L (for One Storey)
≤ 0.42L (for Two Storey)
H2
≤ 0.33L (for Three storey)
B5 H1
B4 B4
- [600mm ≤ B4 ≥ 0.5H2)]
Horizontal distance (pier width) between
two openings should not be less than 50%
the height of the shorter opening (and not
less than 600mm)
Stone Masonry
- [600mm ≤ B5 ≥ 0.25H1]
Openings to be located away from the
B1 + B2 < 0.3L
corners by clear distance equal to at least
B4 ≥ = 0.50H2 ≮ 600mm one fourth of the height of opening or
B4 ≥ = 0.25H1 ≮ 600mm 600mm whichever is more
Min concrete Grade for RCC should be M20 i.e. 1: 1.5 :3 for volumat-
ric proportioning. Where 3 is a mix of 10mm and 20mm down aggregates
in 50/50 or 60/40 ratio.
}
Atleast
larger of
D, hc/6 and
PROVIDE hc/4 450mm
- Bend the Stirrup through 135°
AVOID
-Inadequate Stirrup Details
Outer face
hc } }
Spacing of ties
not more than
D/2
}
of Column Lapping Spacing of ties in
of vertical lap-length
bars in not more than
middle- smaller of D/2
half of and 150mm
column
additional
ties within
this zone Spacing of ties
not more than
D/2
1 in 6
hc/4 Atleast
larger of
Lap Length D, hc/6 and
450mm
Cover
Spacing of ties not
PROVIDE Splice with more than D/4,
- Adequate Lap Length Offset Cranked but not less than
75mm or more
with slope of 1:6 bar in a Column than 100mm
D
AVOID
- Insufficient Lap Length Placing vertical bars and closed ties in Columns
}
BEAM
d
BEAM
}
2 times depth
closely spaced
stirrups ≤ d/4
COLUMN or db bottom lapping
d= Depth of Beam position
db = Diameter of Bar not more than d/2
slab BEAM
BEAM depth
}
2 times depth
closely spaced
stirrups
}
row of
Lap length chairs
row of chairs
Greater of Ld or reinforcement as
L per design
0.3L
row of chairs
x=Greater of 0.15L or Ld
LANDING 150mm
row of chairs
row of
chairs
150mm
footing
PL
dist. steel
dist. steel Steps Details
A main steel
B main steel A. Stair with Brick Steps
B. Stair with RCC Steps
75mm
Ld Detail for Sun-shade or
any cantilever starting
from top-edge of the
CANTILEVER support of the Beam
CANTILEVER
CANTILEVER
A B
Cast-in-situ Chair to maintain
RCC Slab at the support negative steel in
should be reinforced at position
both top and bottom
Anchor the vertical tie
into the roof slab
pressed
tile 50d
weathering
100mm
course
roof band 50d
100mm
roof slab
PROVIDE
Proper weathering course with pressed tile layer
Roof band should be provided to protect RCC Slab.
within the roof-slab
SECTION AA
details of bars along
l
this line
B SPECIFY B
THICKNESSS
IN PLAN
0.1l
PLAN
A
One-way Slab simply supported on Brickwork without torsional steel.
D
distribution bars
(2 bars Min.)
SECTION BB
D ly
A
SPECIFY
THICKNESSS
IN PLAN
SECTION AA
cover
(15cm Min.)
0.1lx
A PLAN
A) Variation in column
cross – section
B) Bad quality of
concrete
Spacer
The formwork of Grade
Beam should be secured Alignment of the
properly with needed side 4”x4” grade Beam should
support Wooden
be ensured in line
Wallplate
and level
A wall plate should be used
so as to maintain the top
Section of Grade
alignment of the formwork Cover Beam with Formwork
as shown in the photo. Blocks PCC (1:4:8)
• M20 in volumetric mix can be Good system of Plank used for walking
achieved by a general proportion batching while concreting
of Cement:Sand:Aggregate as
1:1.5:3 As per IS 456 : 2000 Mininum Grade for
• For a good quality concrete 3 any Reinforced concrete construction
share of aggregate is to be divided is M20. Note that 20N/mm. sq. is
into 10mm and 20mm down jelly. not the average strength but is the
•To ensure quality testing characteristic strength.
concrete cubes and keeping a Water cement ratio plays a crucial role in the
record is a must. ultimate strength of the concrete. The lower
the Water cement ratio, higher the strength.
Cement
1500mm
1500
Cement
Reinforcement
- Store cement in a Closed room
- Keep the bags 150mm above the floor - Should not be place directly on ground
on a water-proof platform - Should be placed on a raised platform
- A maximum of 6 bags can be kept - Should be tied and kept neatly
one above other - If stored in open for more than a month,
- First-in-first-out method should be they should be protected by a cement
followed for cement usage wash
- Avoid dampness by providing water- - Before use it should be cleaned to remove
proof cover mill scales and other impurities
Aggregates
A l STRAIGHT
B l + H
C l + 2H
D l + B
E l + 2B
If angle with
Horizontal is 45
deg. or less, and R
B
is l2D or less
A + C + E + 2H or
l + 2H + C - √C2-D2
If angle with
Horizontal is 45
deg. or less, and R
is l2D or less
C A+C1+C2+E+F+2H or
L+C1+C2+2H
- √C1 -D12 - √C22-D22
2
(If l is specified A,
E or F is omitted)
4.3 Tolerances
The formwork shall be designed and constructed so as to remain sufficiently rigid
during placing and compaction of concrete, and shall be such as to prevent loss of
slurry from the concrete. Permissible Tolerances as per IS:456 shall be:
Retrofitting technology
Rat – Trap Masonry demonstration unit
COSTFORD and UNDP by SEP and UNDP Hands on Mason Training
This Handbook has been prepared for the benefit of technical supervisors and masons as a part of Information Education
and Communication Campaign in the post Tsunami shelter reconstruction. This is a joint initiative of Government of Tamil
Nadu and UNDP. This handbook is prepared with technical assistance from Society for Environment Protection (SEP) and
Orissa Development Technocrat Forum (ODTF) under the guidance of Prof. A. R. Santhakumar.
Contact :
Er. Alok Patnaik, Project Officer, Shelter and Habitat, UNDP E-mail : alok.patnaik@undp.org
UNDP, United Nations team for Tsunami Recovery Support, Office of the Special Commissioner and
Apex Towers, 54, 2nd Main Road, RA Puram, Chennai – 600 028 Commissioner for Revenue Administration,
Tel : +91 4442 303 551 Disaster Management & Mitigation Department, Chepauk, Chennai 600 005;
Website :www.un.org.in/untrs Email : relief@tn.nic.in; Website : www.tn.gov.in/tsunami
Sep 07