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Abstract - This paper has proposed a new efficient control system for unified power quality conditioner that makes it possible to reduce the voltage
fluctuations like sag and swell conditions, as well as current and voltage harmonics isolation in distribution systems. The UPQC which can be used at
the PCC for improving power quality is modeled and simulated using proposed control strategy and the performance is compared by applying it to a
distribution system with UPQC and without UPQC. Performance of this UPQC has been evaluated with a typical industrial load with realistic
parameters supplied by a polluted distribution network. Dynamic model of the UPQC is developed in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and the
simulation results demonstrating the power quality improvement in the system are presented for different supply and load conditions.
Index Terms— Power Quality, UPQC, Point Of Common Coupling, Harmonics, Reactive Power, Voltage Sag, Voltage Swell, MATLAB / SIMULINK
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1 INTRODUCTION
Power quality has become one of the most important
issues for power electronic engineers. With great
advancement in all areas of engineering, particularly, in
signal processing, control systems, and power electronics,
the load characteristics have changed completely. In
addition to this, loads are becoming very sensitive to
voltage supplied to them. The loads based on power
electronic devices generally pollute the nearby network by
drawing non sinusoidal currents from the source. The rapid
switching of electronic devices creates additional problems.
This makes voltages and currents at point of common coupling
(PCC) highly distorted [1]. One of the best solutions to
compensate both current and voltage related problems,
simultaneously, it is the use of Unified Power Quality Fig 1: General model of UPQC
Conditioner (UPQC).[2][3]
One of the electrical system adapter structures is back to
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back inverter. According to the controlling structure, back to
•P.Jenopaul, Research Scholar, Dept of Electrical and Electronics back inverters might have different operations in
Engineering,NI University, Kumaracoil, Kanyakumari District,Tamil compensation. For example, they can operate as shunt and
Nadu,India. series active filters to simultaneously compensate the load
• Dr.T.Ruban Deva Prakash2, Prof. Dept of Electrical and
current, harmonics and voltage isolations. This is called UPQC.
Electronics Engineering,NI University, Kumaracoil, Kanyakumari
UPQC can be installed to protect the sensitive load inside the
District, Tamil Nadu,
plant as well as to restrict entry of any distortion from load
India.
side. This dual functionality makes the UPQC as one of the
• Dr I.Jacob Raglend, Professor, Dept of Electrical and Electronics
most suitable devices that could solve both consumer issues as
Engineering, NI University,Nagercoil, Kanyakumari District,Tamil
well as utility problems. UPQC thus can help to improve
Nadu, India.
voltage profile and hence the overall health of power
•R.Priyadarsini, lecturer, Dept of Electrical and Electronics
distribution system.
Engineering, Narayanaguru College Of Engineering, Kanyakumari
The application of UPQC is to compensate the swell, sag and
District,Tamil Nadu, India
unbalanced voltage, reactive power, current harmonics and
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voltage harmonics through shunt and series voltage source voltage distortions and is relatively simple. In result, the
inverter. response time of the control system shortens.
Voltage source inverter generates sinusoidal voltage with A. Controller design
the frequency, amplitude and the phase determined by the
control system. In order to clear the switching oscillation, a The control system of proposed system is shown in fig.1.This
passive filter is applied at the output of each inverter. At the comprises of three following parts:
output of shunt inverter, high pass secondary order LC or first Reference signal generation(PLL)
order RC filter is allocated and at the output of series inverter, Shunt Inverter Control
low pass second order LC or resonance filter is allocated. Series Inverter Control
UPQC Controller provides the compensation voltage REFERENCE SIGNAL GENERATION OF THE
through the UPQC series inverter and provides conditioning CONTROLLER (PLL)
current through the shunt inverter by instantaneous sampling
of load current and source Voltage and current. The general The critical problem of a unified power quality
structure of the UPQC as shown in figure1. conditioner is to find an algorithm which can obtain an
accurate harmonic reference signal for control purpose.
CONTROL STRATEGY FOR UPQC Conventional control algorithms, such as using the
The control strategy is basically the way to generate instantaneous reactive power theory [8] or instantaneous
reference signals for both shunt and series active power filter of symmetrical components [9], the shunt and series AF
UPQC. The compensation effectiveness of the UPQC depends currents/voltages are sensed and controlled to match their
on its ability to follow with a minimum error and time delay to respective computed reference components there by increasing
calculate the reference signals to compensate the distortions, the number of sensors and computational delays. In this paper,
unbalanced voltages or currents or any other undesirable a detecting method based on adaptive noise canceling theory is
condition. used and is adopted to measure the harmonic components of
the nonlinear load current and load voltage is implemented.
A .Selection the controlling method: Let the load current, input frequency and terminal
voltage be the input to the PLL. Three phase distorted supply
UPQC is vastly studied by several researches as an infinite voltages are sensed and given to the PLL which generates sine
method for power quality conditioner .Different UPQC terms. The sensed supply voltage is multiplied with a suitable
controlling methods can be classified in three following classes: value of gain before being given as an input to the PLL. Here
time – domain controlling method, frequency domain K=1…N, be the gain value assigned for controlling.
controlling method and new techniques. Fourier method is one
of the methods can be named as frequency‐domain methods.
The methods such as P‐Q Theory[4], ZVS instantaneous
reactive power[5] , algorithms based on the synchronous d‐q
reference frame, instantaneous power balance method[6],
synchronous detection algorithm, direct detection algorithm
and notch filter based controlling methods are belongs to the
time domain methods. Dead beat control, space vector
modulation and wavelet conversion are some of the new
techniques [7]
Controlling methods are based on three general standards
such as load characteristics, required accuracy and application
facility. All method end in to a similar results when the Fig. 2: Proposed reference signal generation (PLL)
reference signal is calculated under balanced and sinusoidal
conditions where each end in to a different results under Here IL is the load current VT is the load voltage, ω is the output
unbalanced and non sinusoidal conditions. Dead beat signal of the adaptive detecting circuit; and f is the fundamental
controlling method presents the best operation among the reference frequency which is in phase with ac source voltage.
others but more expense should be paid for its calculations. From the theory of ANC and [10], as the input sinusoidal
reference signal, i.e. the fundamental component of the system
Among the introduced methods the adaptive control voltage has the same frequency and in phase with the desired
method seems to be more appropriate. The fact is that it needs fundamental components of load current and load voltage, the
the sinusoidal and balanced voltage and it is not sensitive to dc component of the output of integrator will tune accordingly
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until they are equal in magnitude. The corresponding The measured load currents are fed in to adaptive
fundamental real components of the current and voltage are controller. The fundamental sinusoidal functions are obtained
then extracted from the sampled load current and load voltage. through the using PLL using adaptive filters.
Under the action of ANC loop, in steady state the output Let the load current, and the current of active filter be the
current If and voltage and VS of detecting circuit have no larger input to the shunt firing unit. The gate signal obtained from
include the fundamental real components, the dc component of this unit is the input to the IGBT. Thus obtaining gate signal by
the integrator output will keep a constant value, which is in means of hysteresis current controlling technique is performed.
proportional to the magnitude of the fundamental real The gate signal is obtained by means of using hysteresis current
component of load controlling technique. To detect the current to be compensated,
If=IL‐kEmsinωt(K0+1/ωRC t0I. Emsinωt reference current should be obtained.PLL value is improved by
= IL ‐kK0Emsinωt‐ kK1Emsinωt means of RMS value. RMS of load active current can be
Where K1=1/ωRC If .Em.sinωtdωt obtained by
Vs=VL‐kEmsinωt(K0+1/ωRC t0Vs Em.sinωtdωt
RMS
= Vs‐ kK0Emsinωt‐ kK1Emsinωt
where K1=1/ωRC If .Em.sinωtdωt
IL=IP+IQ+IH The computed currents are then given to the hysteresis
VL=VP+VQ+VH controller along with the sensed three‐phase current. The
Where Ip is fundamental active component load current; Iq is output of the hysteresis controller is gate signals of the voltage
fundamental reactive component of load current; Ih is harmonic source inverter (VSI) of the shunt Active Filter. The shunt APF
components in load current; Vp is fundamental active can be designed to operate as a controlled current source whose
component of load voltage; Vq is fundamental reactive output current would be automatically controlled .Finally the
component of load voltage; and Vh is harmonic components in reference current wave form get generate the reference current
load voltage. K1 is the proportional coefficient andK0 is the dc and RMS value of the load current is multiply we get the actual
component of the integrator output. Then undistracted current wave form with respect to load current.
If=IL‐k.K0.EmsinωT
The error signal will generate by subtract the RMS value of
If = IP+IQ+IH –kK0.EmsinωT
the reference current wave form into actual load current wave
IF=IQ+IH
form the mean value taken by the current signal of shunt active
IP=k.K0. EmsinωT
filter.
The output signal of the adaptive detecting current and voltage
are just the reactive power and harmonic components of the
. )
nonlinear load voltage and current.
The two inputs are fed to the hysteresis band controller and
Control scheme of Shunt Inverter Control: the output fed to the IGBT control
Fig 6: Source voltages under Voltage sag and swell condition
6.c)
Fig 9 : Load current with compensation
Fig5: Complete Model Implemented in Matlab simulink
The UPQC and its control system have been tested at
different load/supply imperfections. In this simulation the
voltage sag occurred during the period of 0.1s to 0.15 s as
shown in figure 6. Voltage sag with 100 V amplitude
occurred in source voltage. Fig10: Reactive power without compensation
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REFERENCES
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