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• The graph below shows the growth curves of males and females.
1
(a) The growth rate at infant stage (0-2 years) is the greatest.
(b) The growth rate in males and females is almost the same from 0-12 years.
(c) From 12-14 years, the females grow at a higher rate than the males.
(d) From 14 years onwards, the males grow at a higher rate than the females.
• Effects of nutrition:
(a) Balanced diet is necessary for the healthy growth.
(b) The following table shows the nutrients and their respective functions.
Nutrient Function
2
CHAPTER 2: BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT
1
Uses of Calcium Compounds
4
Distillation Product Use
5
4.7 Sexual Reproductive System of Flowering Plant
Part Function
Sepal Protects the flower at the bud stage
Attracts insects for pollination and
Petal
protects the stamens and pistil
Anther Produces pollen grains
Filament Supports the anther
Stigma Receives pollen grains
4.8 Pollination
• Pollination is the transfer of mature pollen grains from the stamen to the stigma.
Pollination
Self-pollination Cross-pollination
7
4.9 Development of Fruits and Seeds In Plants
After fertilization:
(a) the ovary develop into a fruit.
(b) the ovule develop into a seed.
(c) the sepals, petals, stamens,
style and stigma wither and fall
off.
8
4.11 Vegetative Reproduction In Flowering Plants
• A type of asexual reproduction.
• New plants are produced from certain parts of the parent plant, such as leaf, stem and root.
• The various vegetative parts and example of plants which carry out vegetative reproduction
are shown in the following table.
Vegetative
Reproduction Examples
Rhizome Ginger, lotus, canna, lemon grass, turmeric
Tuber Potato, dahlia
Runner Grass, strawberry. water lettuce
Corm Yam, Chinese turnip
Leaf Bryophyllum, Aloe vena, Begonia
Bulb Onion, hyacinth, lily plant
Sucker Banana tree, pineapple, bamboo
Stem Tapioca, sugarcane, hibiscus plant
9
Uses of Calcium Compounds
4
Distillation Product Use
5
CHAPTER 5: GROWTH
• The graph below shows the growth curves of males and females.
1
(a) The growth rate at infant stage (0-2 years) is the greatest.
(b) The growth rate in males and females is almost the same from 0-12 years.
(c) From 12-14 years, the females grow at a higher rate than the males.
(d) From 14 years onwards, the males grow at a higher rate than the females.
• Effects of nutrition:
(a) Balanced diet is necessary for the healthy growth.
(b) The following table shows the nutrients and their respective functions.
Nutrient Function
2
CHAPTER 2: BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT
1
Uses of Calcium Compounds
4
Distillation Product Use