Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Planning
Approaches
Techniques and Equipments
Guidelines for Proper Tree Felling
Performance Techniques
Area Clearing Operations
Production Estimates
Land Clearing at different level of Investment
Forestry Tools and
List of Manufacturer and Suppliers of forestry equipments
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................9
2. Planning vegetation clearance ...................................................................................................... 10
3. Approaches to vegetation clearance ............................................................................................. 12
4. Techniques and equipments ......................................................................................................... 13
4.1 Killing standing trees and bushes through Fire ......................................................................... 16
4.2 Uprooting whole trees and bushes .......................................................................................... 21
4.2.1 Hand uprooting tools ................................................................................................................. 21
4.2.2 Hand winch ................................................................................................................................ 22
4.2.3 Tractor (direct pull) .................................................................................................................... 23
4.2.4 Tractor winch ............................................................................................................................. 24
4.2.5 Tractor-mounted tree extractor ................................................................................................ 25
4.2.6 Bulldozing ................................................................................................................................... 25
4.2.7 Two tracklayers with chain ........................................................................................................ 26
4.3 Cutting through the trunk at ground level................................................................................ 27
4.3.1 Hand cutting tools ...................................................................................................................... 27
4.3.2 Hand-held clearing saw .............................................................................................................. 27
4.3.3 Chainsaw .................................................................................................................................... 28
4.3.4 Tractor-mounted slasher ........................................................................................................... 29
4.3.5 Tracklayer with roller-crusher .................................................................................................... 29
4.3.6 Tracklayer with shearing blade .................................................................................................. 30
4.4 Removing stumps ................................................................................................................... 30
4.4.1 Hand digging tools ..................................................................................................................... 30
4.4.2 Root hook ................................................................................................................................... 31
4.4.3 Tractor-mounted stump extractor ............................................................................................. 32
4.4.4 Tractor-mounted stump chipper ............................................................................................... 32
4.4.5 Bulldozers, rakes and root ploughs ............................................................................................ 32
4.5 Removing Large Trees with bulldozer ...................................................................................... 33
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5. Guidelines for proper tree felling .................................................................................................. 35
5.1 Felling Trees ........................................................................................................................... 35
5.2 Making the Cuts...................................................................................................................... 37
5.3 Special Techniques for Felling Difficult Trees ........................................................................... 42
5.4 Limbing and Bucking ............................................................................................................... 44
6. Performance technique ............................................................................................................... 48
7. Area Clearing Operations .............................................................................................................. 50
7.1 Cutting and Piling Patterns............................................................................................................ 50
7.2 Chopping and Disking Patterns ..................................................................................................... 54
8. Production Estimate ..................................................................................................................... 57
8.1 Project Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 57
8.2 Hand Felling................................................................................................................................... 58
8.3 Quick Estimates ............................................................................................................................. 59
9. Land clearance at three levels of investment ................................................................................. 60
9.1 A labour-intensive set using 20 times as many man days to clear an area (capital-
intensive set) ..................................................................................................................................... 60
9. A moderately capital-intensive set........................................................................................... 60
9.3 A capital-intensive set costing about 500 times as much as the most labour-intensive set
............................................................................................................................................................ 60
10. Forestry Tools: ........................................................................................................................... 61
11. Annexure ................................................................................................................................... 68
List of manufactures and suppliers of forestry equipments ............................................................ 68
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List of Figures
4
Figure 27 - Rake for tree-clearing work fitted in place of a bulldozer blade. ............................................. 26
Figure 28 - -Hand Cutting Tools .................................................................................................................. 27
Figure 29 - Clearing Saw .............................................................................................................................. 28
Figure 30 - Using a Chainsaw ...................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 31 - Tractor-mounted vertical axis slasher ...................................................................................... 29
Figure 32 - Roller - crusher .......................................................................................................................... 29
Figure 33 - Tracklayer with shearing blade ................................................................................................. 30
Figure 34 - Hand digging tools .................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 35 - Root hook.................................................................................................................................. 31
Figure 36 - Tractor-mounted stump chipper .............................................................................................. 32
Figure 37 - Four steps for removing large trees with a bulldozer ............................................................... 34
Figure 38 - Retreat path .............................................................................................................................. 36
Figure 39 - Hinge ......................................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 40 - Barber Chair .............................................................................................................................. 40
Figure 41 - Lodged Tree (A Hung Tree) ....................................................................................................... 41
Figure 42 - Dutchman Notch ....................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 43 - Kickback Notch .......................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 44 - Stalled Tree ............................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 45 - Top Bind .................................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 46 - Bottom Bind .............................................................................................................................. 45
Figure 47 - Spring Poles............................................................................................................................... 46
Figure 48 - Limb Lock .................................................................................................................................. 46
Figure 49 - Top Lock .................................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 50 - Tongue and Groove................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 51 - Cutting Vegetation to ground level and piling cut material by counterclockwise method ...... 51
Figure 52 - Cutting Vegetation to ground level and piling cut material by the increasing rectangles
method........................................................................................................................................................ 52
Figure 53 - Clearing on Steep Slope ............................................................................................................ 53
Figure 54 - Cutting and pilling dense growth of small diameter vegetation on level terrain ..................... 53
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Figure 55 - Fleet operation.......................................................................................................................... 54
Figure 56 - Parallel cuts Increasing rectangles ............................................................................................ 55
Figure 57 - Parallel cuts decreasing rectangles ........................................................................................... 55
Figure 58 - Abney Level: Measures slope of the ground and tree height................................................... 61
Figure 59 - Altimeter: Measures elevation or altitude ............................................................................... 61
Figure 60 - Backpack Fire Pump (Manually operated water pump for fighting forest fires) ...................... 61
Figure 61 - Bark Gauge (Determines the thickness of tree bark) ............................................................... 61
Figure 62 - Biltmore Stick (Measures tree diameter, log height, and the volume of timber in a tree) ...... 61
Figure 63 - Caliper Tree (Measures the stem diameter of small trees) ...................................................... 61
Figure 64 - Cant Hook (To roll or turn logs) ................................................................................................ 61
Figure 65 - Chainsaw (Manually felling trees, delimbing & bucking).......................................................... 61
Figure 66 - Clinometer (Measures tree height & slope) ............................................................................. 62
Figure 67 - Cruising Vest (To carry equipment for field work).................................................................... 62
Figure 68 - Diameter Tape (Measures the outside diameter of the main stem of trees) .......................... 62
Figure 69 - Drip Torch (Starts controlled prescribed burns in forests and prairies) ................................... 62
Figure 70 - Fiberglass Tape (Measure horizontal distance) ........................................................................ 62
Figure 71 - Fire Rake (Removes leaf litter and duff to create fire lines) ..................................................... 62
Figure 72 - Fire Swatter (Extinguishes slow spreading ground fires) .......................................................... 63
Figure 73 - Fire Weather Kit (measure weather conditions and determine danger risk levels for forest
fires) ............................................................................................................................................................ 63
Figure 74 - Haga Altimeter (Measures tree height and ground slope) ....................................................... 63
Figure 75 - Hand Level (Determines horizontal level)................................................................................. 63
Figure 76 - Helmet System (Combination hard hat, ear and eye protection required in logging) ............. 63
Figure 77 - Hip Chain (Measures distance over any terrain and through forests) ..................................... 63
Figure 78 - Increment Borer (Extracts small cylinders of wood from the bark to pith of a tree. Used to age
and determine growth of trees) ................................................................................................................. 63
Figure 79 - Plastic flagging (to mark an area or object) .............................................................................. 63
Figure 80 - Pulaski Axe (An axe and grubbing hoe tool that can trench and cut roots commonly) ........... 64
Figure 81 - Tree Caliper (Measures tree diameter very accurately) ........................................................... 64
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Figure 82 - PH Meter (to determine the pH) .............................................................................................. 64
Figure 83 - Soil Sampler (Soil Probe) ........................................................................................................... 64
Figure 84 - Soil Test Kit ................................................................................................................................ 64
Figure 85 - Garden (Spading) Fork .............................................................................................................. 64
Figure 86 - Hoe ............................................................................................................................................ 64
Figure 87 - Pruning Saw .............................................................................................................................. 65
Figure 88 - Cutting Tree Shears ................................................................................................................... 65
Figure 89 - Logging Bar Saw (Grips tree, cuts and drops) ........................................................................... 65
Figure 90 - Grapples (Move cut logs out of woods to level) ....................................................................... 65
Figure 91 - JCB 16 tonne Excavators ........................................................................................................... 65
Figure 92 - Tree Removal machine ............................................................................................................. 65
Figure 93 - Tree Cutting Machine ............................................................................................................... 65
Figure 94 - Tree cutting machine ................................................................................................................ 65
Figure 95 - Energy Wood Harvester ............................................................................................................ 66
Figure 96 - Feller Buncher (Tracked - Fixed) ............................................................................................... 66
Figure 97 - Feller Buncher (Tracked - Leveling)........................................................................................... 66
Figure 98 - Feller Buncher - Wheeled ......................................................................................................... 66
Figure 99 - Forestry Swing Machines .......................................................................................................... 66
Figure 100 - Forwarder ............................................................................................................................... 66
Figure 101 – Harvester Tracked .................................................................................................................. 67
Figure 102 - Harvester Wheeled ................................................................................................................. 67
Figure 103 - Harvesting Heads .................................................................................................................... 67
Figure 104 - Cable Skidders ......................................................................................................................... 67
Figure 105 - Grapple Skidders ..................................................................................................................... 67
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List of Tables
8
1. Introduction
Vegetation clearance may be considered as a means of clearing land for cultivation of other crops, for
providing fuel, or for replacing certain trees with others. It is important to consider the consequences of
removing trees before proceeding to techniques for doing so. For field cultivation the preservation of
strips or blocks of trees will limit erosion and will continue to provide wind breaks and shelter for stock.
Careless clearance of trees could cause permanent economic damage through irreversible degradation
of the soil. Before clearance, the soil and forest have a remarkably closed nutrient cycle in which most
nutrients are stored in the biomass and topsoil, and transferred from one to the other via rain-wash,
litter fall, timber fall, root decomposition and plant uptake. Losses from this system are usually
negligible. Lush tropical vegetation can grow without nutrient deficiency symptoms in soils of very low
native fertility. When this nutrient cycle is broken by clearing the vegetation, significant changes in soil
physical properties take place. Soil and air temperatures increase because more solar radiation reaches
the soil surface. Soil moisture regimes are also altered, with less moisture removal from the subsoil than
when forest roots are active. Soil structure deterioration which leads to runoffs and erosion losses
occurs in poorly aggregated topsoil’s subjected to inappropriate management practices. Land-clearing
methods are crucial because certain mechanical operations, particularly those using heavy equipment,
may result in serious damage to soil physical properties, leading to compaction, topsoil removal and
erosion.
Figure 1 - Soil Investigation work for land clearance
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When it has been decided that clearance of the existing vegetation is necessary careful planning will
minimize the negative effects. A detailed land-use plan is required which shows the existing trees,
topography, soils and rainfall pattern; the order, time-scale and extent of clearance; and the planned
tree and crop cover throughout the year. The future production plans will show the range of products to
be extracted and the production method to be used which will determine the kind of clearance that is
required, whether, for example, tree stumps need to be removed or large areas need clearance of
debris for mechanical cultivation. Knowledge of the soils, topography and rainfall will allow adequate
soil conservation measures to be taken. The plan will indicate which trees need felling and which scrub
and brushwood areas need clearing by a certain date, thus showing the size of the task to be
undertaken. Detailed local knowledge of existing tree clearing practices is essential. It may be that these
are adequate for the task, but if not information on the availability of local manpower, equipment and
servicing is required. In the event that these too are inadequate further investigation of sources of
equipment and spares within the country and from overseas is necessary.
The plans will indicate the cropping pattern and the use of trees and animals in the production system.
Production methods will be detailed and full consideration will be given to the transport of goods to and
from the area.
Types of trees present: An inventory of the existing trees should be made taking into account
species and their economic potential, size of tree and distance between trees. The trees for
felling and the areas to be cleared can then be mapped out. Detailed knowledge of the size of
trees for felling the range of their sizes and of whether they are hard or soft woods, will aid
equipment selection.
A soil map of the area: Knowledge of the soils will assist in production plans and in the planning
of adequate soil conservation measures.
A relief map: If there is no adequate map of the area steps should be taken to make a sketch
map. The information gathered in the survey should be plotted on the map.
Rainfall distribution: The frequency and quantity of rainfall should be ascertained. Soil
conservation measures can be planned more effectively if the likely intensity of the rainfall is
also known. Where there is a long dry season the soil may become so hard that it is impossible
to uproot trees or remove stumps until some rain has fallen. Removing the tree cover and
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disturbing the soil will tend to increase soil erosion, so it may be better not to uproot trees just
before the rainy season. However, at the end of the rainy season the soil may be too wet for
tractors to work effectively, Killing trees by burning is only possible in areas where there is a
pronounced dry season and the burning should be left until the end of that season, It may be
necessary to use heavy machinery if the work must be finished quickly and the climate permits
only a short working season in each year.
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stringent precautions must be taken to prevent the fire from getting out of hand and damaging
the nearby fields and trees.
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Uprooting whole trees and bushes
This is generally done by pulling or pushing sideways on the trunk at some height above ground
level. For small trees there are machines which grip the trunk and lift the whole tree vertically
out of the ground.
Removing stumps
Stumps can be pulled or lifted out of the ground; they can be shattered with explosives into
small pieces which can then be removed by hand. Stumps can also be destroyed where they are
by burning them or by chipping them mechanically into very small pieces, or they can simply be
left to decay, In general, it is easier to remove the root with the rest of the tree than to pull it
out afterwards.
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indicated. Otherwise the equipment may have to be brought in from other areas or countries
with specialized manufacturing capability.
Safety points are noted. Most land clearance operations are potentially dangerous if care is not
taken. This section emphasizes any special safety points, and the necessity for using skilled
operators. For every operation some training is essential, during which operators should be
instructed in the safe use of the tools and equipment and be shown the protective clothing that
is necessary for the operation.
Personal protective equipment, for the head, ears, eyes, face, hands, and legs are designed to
prevent or lessen the severity of injuries to loggers.
Figure 2 - Personal Protective Equipment
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Figure 3 - Head Protection Figure 6 - Leg Protection
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4.1 Killing standing trees and bushes through Fire
Fire, if it is hot enough, can completely kill bushes and trees.
Equipment required: Machetes and fire beaters for fire control.
Before the burn:
1. Objectives of the burn are clear and understood.
2. Develop the burn prescription
3. Prepare burn unit and firebreaks
4. Make sure equipment and crew are ready
Small bushes can be completely destroyed by burning, particularly if there is a lot of dry grass
underneath them, It is simplest to burn bushes at the end of the dry season, although the danger of the
fire getting out of control is very high in these conditions. Tall trees are more difficult to burn, but the
heat from burning the grass and bushes may kill the trees by scorching them. Firebreaks, cleared areas
to separate areas to be burnt from surrounding trees, crops, or dwellings, should always be used. There
is some benefit to the subsequent crop from the fertilizer value of the ash.
A common procedure for burning, in areas with an extended dry season, is as follows:
Make firebreaks of sufficient width, all around the area
At the end of the dry season and at a windless time, e.g. early morning, set the tinder alight.
Have a team of fire fighters prepared to stop the spread of the fire.
Making an effective firebreak:
A firebreak must have all the flammable material removed. Removing the vegetation stops the fire from
crossing the firebreak. Even dry roots, just below the surface, have to be removed as fires might burn
along them overnight and escape from the control line during the next day.
Make the line as short and straight as possible. Avoid curves and sharp angles.
Width of the Fire Break:
Depends on the fuel in the burn unit, outside the burn unit, and the risks associated with the
burn
General rule – width of break 2-3 times the height of the flanking fire.
Wider on the down-wind side than on up wind side
Most forest operators will use machinery to make firebreaks. A suitable machine will be a ‘dozer or an
excavator. The machine has to be able to clear away the scrub and logs and get right down to the
mineral earth so that there is nothing left to burn.
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Figure 9 - Avoid curves and sharp angles while making firebreaks line
If a machine is used to make a direct attack on a burning edge it must always have a tanker in support.
The tanker’s job is to protect the machine if it catches on fire. The tanker crew can watch out for any
changes in fire behavior.
The dozer is used to clear a line 3 – 6 meters wide. When working directly on the edge of the flames, all
material must be pushed into the fire to prevent any burning debris falling into the fuel on the unburnt
side. The operator should try not to mix big heaps of dirt in with the burning fuel as these will smoulder
for days and be very hard to mop up. It’s not always possible to avoid this if the edge is burning fiercely.
Sweep the fuel away with the first pass and cut down to the dirt on the second run. Any heaps which are
made should be pushed well into the burn.
Figure 10 - Firebreak Construction
In a parallel attack, where the firebreak is put in a short distance away from the fire edge, it is
important that all the fuel is pushed to the opposite side of the line, away from the approaching fire.
The reason is to stop the build up of fuel in windrows on the fire side. Large piles of burning material are
more likely to cause escapes. In a parallel attack a tanker is also needed to protect the machine as the
strip of fuel between the firebreak and the fire edge has to be burnt out as the line is put in.
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For most firebreak construction two machines working together will be safer and get more done in the
time. ‘Dozers must be equipped with a winch in case they get stuck. Ripper machines will be ok only if
they are working with a winch machine.
Figure 11 - Firebreak example (Hard Fire breaks)
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“jump” the break. Also watch out above as dry trees close to the line will be dangerous when they catch
alight. Firebreaks must stand well back from these hazards – it is better to include them within the burn
area. Ensure crews and machines always have an escape route.
Pre-burn Briefing
Review map of the unit
Size and unit boundaries
Consider risks
Purpose of the burn
Fuel Model
Predicted Weather
Expected fire behavior and smoke dispersal
Revise equipment needs
Re-examine ignition, containment and suppression
Check modes of communication and traffic
Location of vehicles, pumps and telephones
Locate equipment, supplies and water
Re-examine contingencies, fire lines and routes of escape
Adjacent fuels
Weather conditions on site
Document the outfitting of the crew
Operations for the Burn
1. Ignition Plan
Where is the test fire going to be conducted?
What is the ignition pattern (technique) for the burn?
2. Holding Plan
Who is responsible for holding?
Are there any critical control areas, weak points in line and areas needing special control
efforts?
3. Contingency Plan
What actions will you take if the fire gets away?
Do you have sufficient resources to handle a major escape or will you need help?
Where does the help come from?
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Ignition – Tools and Devices
Figure 13 - Drip torch Figure 16 - Aerial ignition
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Safety:
The risk of fire getting out of control is very great.
Firefighters should always be on hand and firebreaks must be used.
Operators need training in fire control.
This operation only requires the simplest equipment to cut down scrub in order to make
firebreaks.
First Aid/First Responder Trained
Location of First Aid Kits
Medical Emergency Procedures
Emergency Evacuation Route
Sources of Emergency Assistance
21
Figure 20 - Mandy pick
These are cheap, easily manufactured tools that can be very effective in the right circumstances.
Safety: No special points need noting.
22
Figure 22 - Heavier type of hand winch
Apart from routine oiling the equipment needs little maintenance and will last a long time. The large
winches will require an ox-cart, or similar, for transport. Hand winches could be made in a small factory.
Safety: Handled carefully this equipment provides an effective safe method for uprooting small trees.
The distance from the winch to the tree trunk should be at least twice the height of the tree to be felled.
Some operator training is necessary for safe operation.
23
Figure 23 - Tractor pulling out a small tree
A tractor winch can exert a greater pull than a tractor pulling directly.
Equipment required: 60 HP wheeled tractor and Winch
The winch is attached to the rear of the tractor and driven mechanically or hydraulically by the tractor
engine. A winch on a wheeled tractor can exert a pull of around 10 tonnes, which is resisted by a soil
anchor fixed to the tractor. The winch and anchor can be fitted on to the tractor in a few hours. The
tractor can be very easily overturned if it is not placed exactly in the line of pull of the winch and the
clutch released at the least sign of the front wheels rising. The driver should be trained carefully.
Normal servicing and maintenance should be carried out regularly. Particular attention should be paid to
the winch Gable.
Figure 24 - Tractor mounted winch
Safety: The tractor should be fitted with a safety frame and should be placed at least at a distance of at
least twice the height of the tree. Additionally there is the danger of the winch cable snapping and
24
injuring an operator if it flies back. As a precaution straddles the cable with a trailer or similar object
around which the cable would wrap itself in the event of it snapping.
Safety: The tree extractor is rather more expensive than a tractor winch, but it is much easier and safer
to use.
4.2.6 Bulldozing
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Normal tracklayer servicing and repair facilities are required. The push-over bar and the rake could be
manufactured in a workshop. Transport of the tracklayer would be by low-loading lorry.
Figure 26 - Bulldozer with push-over bar for tall trees
Safety: Safety mainly depends upon the driver's skill. A safety frame should be fitted to the tracklayer.
Trees can be knocked over by a heavy chain pulled behind two tracklayers.
Equipment required: 2 large tracklayer and chain, 150 – 180 HP tracklayer with bulldozer blade.
Rapid clearing of small and medium-sized trees can be achieved by knocking them down with a heavy
chain pulled behind two large tracklayers. This method is suitable for clearing large, flat areas. It is
sometimes necessary to make two passes; the first to bend the trees over and the second in the
opposite direction, to uproot them. Large iron balls are often placed in the chain to raise the level of
contact with the trees. Swivels should be fitted to prevent twisting or knotting of the chain. Additional
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equipment, such as a bulldozer, is necessary to assist in the felling of larger trees and to remove the
uprooted trees. Skilled operators are required to perform the task effectively and to avoid soil
compaction or topsoil removal.
The contractor from whom the equipment is hired is normally responsible for maintenance, transport to
the site and the provision of drivers.
Safety: This is a relatively safe, but capital intensive, method for clearing large areas.
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Figure 29 - Clearing Saw
Safety: Onlookers should be kept away for their own safety. The operator can be protected from flying
debris by a safety helmet.
4.3.3 Chainsaw
Safety: Operator skill is vital: chainsaws can be very dangerous in unskilled hands. It is advisable to wear
a safety helmet with a visor.
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4.3.4 Tractor-mounted slasher
Normal tractor servicing and repair facilities are required. The chains, blades or flails may need replacing
after a long period of heavy use.
Safety: Keep manufacturer’s guards in place and in good condition for safe operation.
29
Tracklayer servicing and repair facilities must be available. The roller-crusher could be made in a small
factory. The tracklayer and equipment needs transporting to the site on a low loading lorry.
Safety: Normal safety precautions are required when using heavy equipment.
30
Figure 34 - Hand digging tools
The equipment can be maintained by a village blacksmith and can be made in a small factory.
Safety: The hand tools should be used correctly with care, especially when more than one person is
working on a particular stump.
A root hook would last for many years and could be made by a blacksmith or in a small factory.
Mechanical power sources would need normal maintenance and servicing.
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Safety: Precautions should be taken to minimize damage, should the rope or cable snap. If a tractor
mounted winch is used it recommended that the cable be straddled with a trailer or similar object
around which the cable would wrap itself in the event of it snapping.
Tree stumps can be pushed or pulled out of the ground by implements attached to tracklayers.
Equipment required: 150/180 HP tracklayer, Bulldozer blade, rake and Root plough
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When clearing an area in dry or temperate forests, the bulldozer is the most efficient mechanical
equipment for removing small brush, trees, and stumps up to 6 inches in diameter. Although more time
and effort are required, bulldozers can also remove trees up to 30 inches in diameter when tractor-
mounted clearing units and power saws are not available. Because of its ability to push, move, and skid
felled trees and brush, the bulldozer is used extensively as the primary unit of equipment in all clearing
operations
Bulldozers can be used to push out stumps, but rakes are better as they disturb the soil less. Some rakes
are mounted on the front of a tractor (like a bulldozer blade); others are mounted at the back and
resemble very strong tined cultivators.
A root plough is a blade attached to the back of a tractor which cuts through roots below ground level.
The roots can then be pulled out or raked out more easily.
The implements can be fitted to wheeled tractors, but they can only deal with small stumps and the
pneumatic tyres are easily damaged by the stumps. The implements are normally fitted to heavy
tracklayers. Care should be taken to protect the soil. The driver requires special skill.
Normal tracklayer servicing and repair facilities are required. The rake could be manufactured in a small
factory. A low loading lorry would be required for transport.
Safety: Mainly depends on the driver’s skill.
33
Figure 37 - Four steps for removing large trees with a bulldozer
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5. Guidelines for proper tree felling
35
Identifying the Appropriate Felling Direction
This planning step is very important because it determines the location and type of cuts to be made as
well as prevents damage to the tree and harm to yourself.
Clear Fall Path: Along with a clear landing, this is the most important factor in deciding what direction to
fell a tree. Visualize the fall path in all directions and identify those directions that are free of other
trees. Finding a clear path will eliminate lodged trees, throwback, and damage to the tree being felled as
well as the other trees.
Clear Landing: Avoid felling a tree onto stumps, large rocks, or uneven ground. This will prevent cracking
and other damage to the tree.
Lean of Tree: It is generally easier and safer to fell a tree in the direction that it is already leaning. This
makes for a cleaner fall and eliminates the need to use wedges, allowing gravity to do the work.
Ease of Removal: When possible, fell the tree so the butt faces the skid road. Also, fell the tree
consistent with the felling pattern of other trees. This also makes for efficient limbing and removal.
Slope of Ground: Fell in a direction that will minimize the chance that the tree will roll or slide.
Retreat Path: You must plan your escape route and clear a path before you begin cutting
Figure 38 - Retreat path
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Felling Hinge: The hinge is the wood between the undercut (face cut/notch) and the back cut. The
purpose of the hinge is to provide sufficient wood to hold the tree to the stump during the majority of
the tree's fall, and to guide the tree's fall in the intended direction. The position of the hinge will affect
the direction of fall. The size of the hinge is important to prevent splitting, fiber pull, barber chairs, and
other undesirable and unsafe actions.
Figure 39 - Hinge
The notch created by the top and bottom cuts in the picture above is called an "Open-face Notch." You
can compare this notch with the Humbolt and Conventional Notches. Special techniques are used for
difficult trees.
The Top Cut
The top cut is the first of two cuts that result in a V-shaped notch. The notch is made on the side of the
tree that you want it to fall.
The Correct Cut
1. Starting Point: Important -- begin at any height as long as you allow enough room for the undercut
2. Angle of Attack: Important -- cut downward at an angle of 70 degrees
37
3. Ending Point: Stop when the cut reaches ¼ to 1/3 of the trunk's diameter or when the cut reaches
80% of the tree's diameter at chest level
38
3. Ending Point: Very important - stop at the point that will leave a hinge width that is 1/10 the
tree's diameter
This is the simplest of all back cuts. Other back-cutting techniques may be required for felling difficult
trees.
Table 1 - Kinds of Notches
Depth 1/4 - 1/3 of tree 1/4 - 1/3 of tree 1/4 - 1/3 of tree
diameter diameter diameter
Point of notch just before tree hits middle of fall middle of fall
ground closure
39
Degree of safety High Medium Medium
Disadvantages hinge may have to be hinge breaks early hinge breaks early
cut off,
40
Lodged Tree (also called A Hung Tree)
A cut tree that has not fallen completely to the ground, but is lodged or leaning against another
tree. This is extremely dangerous. Do not work in the presence of hung trees. Have these death-
traps pushed or pulled down by a machine.
Caused by poor judgment of felling path or inaccurate cutting.
Figure 41 - Lodged Tree (A Hung Tree)
Dutchman
The seat that interferes with the smooth closing of the notch
Caused when one of the notch cuts is made too deep and extends beyond the endpoint of the
other notch cut, known as "Bypass"
Figure 42 - Dutchman Notch
Kickback
When a falling tree hits the ground or other object it can bounce back causing the log to move
back over the stump with great force. This is the main reason you should never stand or retreat
directly behind the tree.
Increased chance of kickback by not making the back cut above the notch on a conventional or
Humbolt notch.
41
Figure 43 - Kickback Notch
Stalled Tree
A tree that has just begun to fall but is stopped by its own stump. This is almost as dangerous as
a lodged tree and requires a machine to push it over.
Caused by a Dutchman notch
1. The tree starts to fall but stops when the Dutchman closes.
2. The cutter must leave the tree to be pushed down by a skidder or...
3. Cut the hinge or holding wood right off in order to make it fall, resulting in no control of
direction of fall.
Figure 44 - Stalled Tree
42
The amount of back lean that can be overcome is based on the height and diameter of the tree to be
felled. The following method determines the amount of back lean which can be overcome with 2 inches
of wedging.
Wedging Trees with Back Lean
Trees that side scar easily
Larger Trees
Heavy Leaners
Trees leaning the wrong way
Wedging Trees with Back Lean
Determine the height of the tree. This can be estimated quite accurately using one of these
methods:
Pro-Sight method
Clinometer method
Axe handle method
Determine the diameter (not circumference) of the tree at breast height using a tape.
Determine the number of segments in the tree by dividing the height (in feet) by the diameter
(in feet).
Example: a 100 foot tree 24 inches in diameter (2 feet) would yield 50 segments (100 ÷
2).
Example: a 100 foot tree 12 inches in diameter (1 foot) would yield 100 segments (100 ÷
1).
Determine the amount of back lean (in feet) by plumbing the tree
Trees that side scar easily
1. In standard felling, the sides of the hinge between the notch and the back cut are not sawn when
the tree starts to fall.
2. As the tree falls, there is strain on the sides of the tree along the dotted lines. (circled area)
3. Instead of breaking with the hinge, strips along the side of the tree rip off the stump, resulting in
side scars.
To prevent side scarring, corner to a depth of one inch before making the back cut and approx 1/3
diameter of tree.
Felling Larger Trees with slight lean or with heavy tops
A. The notch is made in the normal manner (1/3 dia. of tree).
B. Make corner cuts
C. The number one cut is made as per the diagram, at the same height above the notch as a
standard back cut
43
D. The number two cut is made as per the diagram, at the same plane as cut number one.
E. The number three cut is made at the same plane as the former cuts, leaving the standard
thickness of hinge.
44
NOTE: A wedge section could be removed when sawing cut (2) if the top bind is excessive, to
allow the tree cut to close as cuts (4) and (5) are made
Figure 45 - Top Bind
Bottom Bind
Cuts are similar to those for top bind, except top and bottom cuts are reversed
Figure 46 - Bottom Bind
Spring Poles:
The safest way to release a spring pole is to shave a sufficient amount of wood from the underside of
the spring pole to allow the wood fiber on the top side to release slowly.
45
To decide optimum point of spring pole release, determine a straight vertical line from the stump to
where it meets a straight horizontal line from the highest point of bend, and come down at a 45° angle
from where the two lines intersect.
Figure 47 - Spring Poles
Limb Lock: Back and sideways pressure on limbs can be handled using a limb lock.
If limbs have back pressure on them, they can severely injure a logger when they are severed from the
tree. A good precaution to use in these circumstances is a limb lock. The purpose of a limb lock is to
prevent a limb under pressure from kicking back and striking the leg or pinching the saw. The first cut is
made on either the topside or bottom side of the limb (top and bottom refer to top and bottom of the
limb as if the tree were standing up). It is preferable to make the first cut on the side with compression
pressure and the second cut on the side with stress.
The cut on the top of the limb is made closer to the trunk of the tree and the cut on the bottom is made
further out on the limb. It is important that the two cuts by-pass so that all fiber is severed. This will
create a step in the limb which will prevent the limb from kicking back and hitting the logger.
Figure 48 - Limb Lock
Top Lock: Twisting of trees and butts off the ground create pressure on the stem that can behandled
with a top lock.
If the stem of the tree is under stress, a top lock can be used to prevent the top from kicking up and
striking the logger. The first cut of a top lock is made on the side of the tree that is under compression,
in the top or bottom of the stem. The second cut is made on the side of the tree which is under tension.
This prevents pinching the saw. The top cut is always made closer to the top of the tree and the bottom
cut is made closer to the bottom of the tree (the reverse order of the limb lock). Both cuts must by-pass
so that all fiber is severed.
46
Figure 49 - Top Lock
Tongue and Groove: If there is danger of a tree or portion of a tree rolling on the logger, a tongue and
groove can be used. To make the tongue and groove, the stem of the tree is bored in the center. Then
up and down cuts are made either closer to the top or butt of the tree, so that each of them by-pass the
bore cut, but do not meet. With all fiber servered, the tongue and groove will prevent the tree from
rolling.
Figure 50 - Tongue and Groove
47
6. Performance technique
The use of engineer equipment is the most rapid and efficient method of clearing. The use of such
equipment is limited only by un-usually large trees, stumps, and terrain that decrease the
maneuverability of the equipment and increase maintenance requirements. This type of equipment
includes bulldozers; tree-dozer, tractor mounted units; tractor-mounted clearing units; winches; power
saws; rippers; and motor graders. In addition, pioneer tools are used for some clearing operations. Table
1 summarizes the limitations and proper applications of engineer equipment in clearing operations.
48
Air hoses frequently are fouled and
broken by rolling logs and chunks.
Gasoline chainsaw are far easier to
handle than the pneumatic ones
because there are no hoses to contend
with. They can be used in any type of
terrain with reasonable degree of safety
if operated by skilled operator.
Circular or chain Saw timber for salvages Other unit required for uprooting
saw mounted on Rapid felling stumps and disposing of felled lumber
tractor Excellent for clearing heavy, dense Maneuverability limited in muddy or
growth in rough and broken terrain swampy terrain and in terrain too steep
for tractor to negotiate
May bind a unbalanced tree, requiring
extensive looping of tractor pull line
Ripper Cut free roots Depth of shank penetration limits use to
Loosen surface boulders shallow roots
Loosen soil for stripping Maneuverability limited in muddy or
swampy terrain and in dense, heavy
growth
Grader Light clearing of grass, weeds and Maneuverability limited to level terrain
small brush/vegetation. free of trees, stumps and boulders
Windrow cleared material Careful operation required to prevent
Grade cleared area for drainages damaging blade
49
7. Area Clearing Operations
The first step in organizing the cut area is to establish the daily work area. Areas which are difficult to
clear and those in which the vegetation conceals a gully, stream, or other hazard, should be cleared first.
By clearing these hazardous areas with the most experienced operators, the remainder of the area can
be cleared by less experienced operators with little or no delay. Select these areas and give them
priority during the first part of the operation. When cutting heavy vegetation, the most efficient
procedure is to bypass the large trees and engage only the undergrowth and smaller trees that can be
pushed down in a single pass. A special team of skilled operators should be assigned to follow up and
thin out the large trees as desired. If large trees are engaged in the initial pass, many tractors must sit
idle while one operator works on a tree that he is unable to see clearly. Damage which may affect both
tractor and operator under these circumstances can also be severe because of falling trees. In areas
which contain streams, gullies, or other hazards, continuous observation and control of the clearing
tractors may be necessary. At the close of each work day, allow sufficient time a minimum of 2 hours of
daylight for maintenance of the tractors.
Clearing with an angled shear blade is conducted by the tractors from the outside of the rectangular
area toward the center in a counterclockwise direction. The cut sheds off the training (right) end of the
blade and leaves the uncut area free of fallen debris. If the cut material will not shed, the operator
should make a sharp right turn, followed by a sharp left turn and resume the original line of travel. The
areas must be more carefully laid out if the vegetation is to be windrowed after felling. Piling is most
efficient if windrows are oriented 90° to direction of cut. After the boundaries have been established by
the initial trace, spoil areas for disposal and windrows are selected on the basis of the following factors:
shortest haul, downgrade slope, and general accessibility. Care must be taken when locating windrows
so as not to disrupt the natural drainage of the area. All windrows restrict off-road maneuverability, so
they should be burned or disposed of as quickly as possible. When the diameter and density of the
vegetation is such that the tractor can move forward almost continuously, the most efficient production
is obtained by laying out long areas 200 to 400 feet wide, clearing and piling the vegetation.
Before committing a tractor equipped with the tree-dozer mounting, investigate the soil condition in the
area of operation to determine if it will support the equipment. Use the tree-dozer mounting to make
cuts through any kind of forest except heavy swampland. Shear trees at ground level; sweep them into
piles or windrows, and dispose of them. One tractor equipped with a tree-dozer mounting can clear
approximately 1 to 2 acres per hour, depending on the tree density and size. Use one of the following
clearing methods:
When the tractor can move forward almost continuously, it shears to ground level anything in
its path, Fast production can be obtained by laying out long areas (200 to 400 feet wide) that
can be cut from the outside toward the center in a counterclockwise direction. The cut material
then slides off the trailing (right) end of the tree-dozer mounting and leaves the uncut area free
of fallen debris. The windrows are placed lengthwise on the borders of the areas. Piling is done
by sweeping with the tree-dozer mounting. Sweep a blade width at a time. Work from the
center of each area, at a right angle to the border (figure 51).
50
Another method is shown in figure 52. Again, long areas are laid out in 200-to 400-foot widths,
but the cutting is done from the center toward the sides in a clockwise direction. This allows the
cut material to fall toward the center, which becomes the windrow site. The piling is done with
the tree-dozer mounting, following the pattern outlined on the right side of figure 52. When
windrowing, the operator keeps the cutting edge on the ground while pushing into the windrow
and raises it when backing away. This allows accumulated soil to sift away and lessens soil
deposits in the windrow.
On extreme slopes, rapid production is obtained by working in a semicircular pattern, from left
to right, at approximately right angles to the windrow (53). If the terrain is steep, the windrows
should be on the contour, and the tractor should work from the uphill side and push downhill to
the windrow.
Where the vegetation is dense and small, the highest production can be obtained by cutting and
windrowing simultaneously. Work from left to right at a 90-degree angle to the windrow, with
the trailing edge of the tree-dozer working against the uncut material. This prevents cut material
from sliding off the moldboard and allows the cut material to accumulate on the moldboard.
Figure 51 - Cutting Vegetation to ground level and piling cut material by counterclockwise method
51
Figure 52 - Cutting Vegetation to ground level and piling cut material by the increasing rectangles method
These methods are the best for most relatively level areas. On steep slopes, rapid production is obtained
by working in a semicircular pattern from left to right, pushing the vegetation down slope (fig 53). If the
terrain is steep the windrows should be piled on the contours and the tractor should work from the
uphill side. On level terrain, if the vegetation is dense and small as in light brush, highest production can
be obtained by cutting and windrowing simultaneously. By working counterclockwise in increasing
rectangle, with the trailing edge of the blade working against the uncut material, the operator can
prevent the cut material from sliding off the blade and allow the cut material to accumulate on the
blade. When the blade is filled, the operator stops the tractor, deposits the cut material, forming a
windrow, then turns to the left twice to the starting point and repeats the operation, as shown in figure
54.
52
Figure 53 - Clearing on Steep Slope
Figure 54 - Cutting and pilling dense growth of small diameter vegetation on level terrain
When the moldboard is filled, the operator should stop the tractor and deposit the cut material. The
operator should then reverse to the starting point and repeat the operation to the right ( Figure 54),
53
reducing the time lost in backing up. When the tractor reaches the previously cut material, the operator
should deposit cut material and form another windrow.
The area of vegetation should be laid out as shown in Figure 34, with the operator working in patches,
from inside to outside in a counterclockwise direction and at right angles to the windrows. Sweeping
and piling the resulting debris can be accomplished much faster when tractors are used in teams
traveling abreast.
This technique reduces the time spent. All of these methods of piling are 20 to 30 percent faster with
three to five tractors working abreast. The tractors should work close together when piling the
vegetation to obtain this increased efficiency, but when clearing, the tractors should be a minimum of
30 meters apart to preclude felling trees on each other, colliding due to limited visibility. See figure 55
for a typical fleet operation.
Figure 55 - Fleet operation
There are two basic patterns used when clearing growth with a rolling chopper or disk harrow, as shown
in figures 56. Variations of these two basic methods are made to fit the topography or shape of the area
being cleared. When cutting poles, bamboo, or large saplings, the recommended procedure is to cut in
the same direction as the previous pass using increasing or decreasing rectangles.
54
Figure 56 - Parallel cuts Increasing rectangles
55
Table 3 - Pros and cons of various wood waste handling options
Pile and Burn Simple and cheap Poses fire hazard, hard to get complete
Remove most material burn, wasteful
Releases greenhouses gases, like carbon
into environment
May require permit (check with local
fire department)
Dig, Burn and Bury Simple and cheap Poses fire hazard, hard to get complete
Remove material from sight burn, wasteful
Releases greenhouses gases, like carbon
into environment
Back-filled hole after burning may
develop sinkhole properties
May require permit (check with local
fire department)
Pile and leave Very cheap Unsightly
Some wildlife habitat value Not as valuable for wildlife as
purposefully constructed wildlife brush
pile
Can harbor weed
Mulch with tub Result is useable resources (mulch) Generally more expensive
Removes all material Site variable affects cost
grinder
56
8. Production Estimate
It is extremely difficult to establish specific rules of thumb or other guides for selecting land clearing
equipment, and determining at what rate each type of equipment can clear land. There are simply too
many variables involved. Factors such as type of vegetation, terrain, climate, and underfoot conditions,
coupled with the purpose for clearing, quantity to be chard, and equipment capabilities and limitations
directly influence the selection of equipment and the production rate for any specific clearing job. A
number of steps should be followed in analyzing and planning a land clearing operation. This analysis,
combined with good judgment and common sense, can result in a reasonable estimate of production
rate and time required.
57
Table 4 - Clearing Reconnaissance Form
Tree Diameter 1’ – 2’ 2’ – 3’ 3’ – 4’ 4’ – 6’ Above 6’
No. of tree/acre
% Hardwood
Vines Present Yes/No
Description of root system
Description of under growth
Description of soil
End use of land
Debris disposal method
Soil conservation to be practiced
Grade and Terrain
Water Table condition
Rainfall
Underfoot condition
C. The degree (scope, quality, and relative permanency) of clearing to be accomplished is usually
dictated by the purpose or objective of the clearing operation. However, long-range implications
should always be considered since it frequently is possible to employ alternative techniques that can
also fulfill long term requirements with little or no additional effort. This is especially true when
considering clearing subsurface vegetation and piling the cut vegetation. After determining what
items of equipment are capable of accomplishing the required clearing, production rates for each
type should be determined. The following tasks include those which may be required to accomplish
the clearing objective:
1. Hand clearing
2. Shearing
3. Chaining
4. Spade plow
5. Rolling chopper
6. Harrowing
7. Piling
8. Grubbing
9. Burning
10. Shredding
Without prior experience it is difficult to determine the ability of indigenous personnel to clear land. For
average work output per man-hour, table 2 can be used as a guide. This data should be supplemented
by records maintained by the unit wherever possible to obtain a more accurate estimate. The man-
hours shown are for personnel directly engaged in the clearing task and do not allow for maintenance
and other overhead personnel.
58
Table 5 - Clearing by hand
Operation Unit Man-hours per unit
59
9. Land clearance at three levels of investment
9.1 A labour-intensive set using 20 times as many man days to clear an area (capital-intensive set)
9.3 A capital-intensive set costing about 500 times as much as the most labour-intensive set
60
10. Forestry Tools:
Figure 58 - Abney Level: Measures slope of the ground Figure 62 - Biltmore Stick (Measures tree diameter, log
and tree height height, and the volume of timber in a tree)
61
Figure 66 - Clinometer (Measures tree height & slope) Figure 69 - Drip Torch (Starts controlled prescribed burns
in forests and prairies)
Figure 67 - Cruising Vest (To carry equipment for field Figure 70 - Fiberglass Tape (Measure horizontal distance)
work)
62
Figure 72 - Fire Swatter (Extinguishes slow spreading Figure 76 - Helmet System (Combination hard hat, ear
ground fires) and eye protection required in logging)
63
Figure 80 - Pulaski Axe (An axe and grubbing hoe tool Figure 83 - Soil Sampler (Soil Probe)
that can trench and cut roots commonly)
Figure 81 - Tree Caliper (Measures tree diameter very Figure 84 - Soil Test Kit
accurately)
Figure 86 - Hoe
64
Figure 87 - Pruning Saw Figure 91 - JCB 16 tonne Excavators
65
Figure 95 - Energy Wood Harvester Figure 98 - Feller Buncher - Wheeled
66
Figure 101 – Harvester Tracked Figure 104 - Cable Skidders
67
11. Annexure
Sl.N. Company Name Address Country Email & Web Site Product / Service Types
Arbor Eater
PO Box 76; Hassocks; West Sussex sales@arboreaters.co.uk ;
5 Brushwood UK Log Splitters, Wood Chippers, Saw Benches, Shredder
BN6 0BX +01273 832009 http://www.arboreaters.co.uk/
Chippers Limited
68
Schinkelstraße 97
ATIKA GmbH & 59227 Ahlen info@atika.de;
6 Germany Log Splitters
Co. KG +49 2382 892-0 http://www.atika.de/t3
+49 2382 81812
Fillmannsbach 9
St. Georgen am Fillmannsbach
Circular Saws; Log Splitters (horizontal and vertical);
5144
7 Binderberger Austria Firewood Processors; Timber Grabs and Grapples; Timber
Österreich / Austria
Trailer; Forestry Machinery; Log Trailers & Log Cranes
+43 / 7748 / 8620 - 0, +43 7748
8620-11
Jas P Wilson
Industrial Site
spares@jaspwilson.co.uk;
Coast Road winches; wood chippers; trailers and cranes, harvesters and
8 Jas P Wilson Scotland info@jaspwilson.co.uk ;
Dalbeattie forwarders; Used Machines
http://www.jaspwilson.co.uk/
Scotland
DG5 4QU; 01556 612233
Carlton Company
P.O. Box 68309
12 Carlton Company Milwaukie, Oregon 97268-0309 USA http://www.sawchain.com/ Saw Chains, Bars & Sprockets
U.S.A.
(49) 2255 953 416, (800) 524 0685
69
Via del lavoro, 6
A complete line of Lawn & Garden Equipment from Italy -
Castelgarden I-31033 Castelfranco Veneto
13 Italy http://www.castelgarden.com Tractors, Riders, Mowers, Trimmers, Chainsaws, Blowers,
*New (Treviso) - Italy
Tillers and more...
+39 0423 450111
ECHO Incorporated
400 Oakwood Road marketing@echo-usa.com; Chainsaws, Trimmers, Brushcutters, Edgers, Blowers,
16 Echo USA
Lake Zurich, IL 60047-1564 http://www.echo-usa.com/ Shredders, Tillers, Drills, Etc.
(847) 540-8400
Husqvarna
Husqvarna AB, SE-561 82
18 International SWEDEN http://international.husqvarna.com/ Chain Saws, Lawn and Garden Power Equipment
Huskvarna, SWEDEN
Canada
Roresanden 109, N-4885 Grimstad, corporate@igland-as.com , Forestry Winches; Timber Trailers & Loaders; Firewood
19 IGLAND AS Norway
Norway; +47 37 25 62 00 www.igland-as.com Processor, Mower
70
Central Spares; 3-7 Brook Road; sales@centralspares.co.uk ;
21 Jonsered Wimbourne ; Dorset; BH21 2BH UK http://www.jonsered.co.uk, Equipment for Forests, Parks & Gardens
01202 882000 www.centralspares.co.uk
7349 Statesville Road, Charlotte, Chainsaws, Trimmers, Reel Mowers, Electric Shredders and
23 McCulloch Europe http://www.mccullochpower.com/
NC 28269 More
BLOUNT EUROPE SA
Rue Emile Francqui, 5 info@blount.be;
24 Oregon Belgium Saw chain, Accessories for Chainsaws, Lawnmowers, etc.
B 1435 Mont-Saint-Guibert, www.oregonchain.eu
Belgium; +32 10 30 11 11
71
Andreas Stihl Pvt Ltd.
Delphi Warehousing Complex,
Andreas Stihl Pvt Gut No.-2337 / B / 01, India
30 http://www.stihl.in/ Chainsaws and Power Tools
Ltd. Behind Pune Trade Centre, (Germany)
Wagholi, Pune – 412 207 India;
020-66214242
custsvc@nikko-tanaka-usa.com;
31 Tanaka 1-888-482-6252 USA Trimmers, Edgers, Augers, Chainsaws, etc.
http://www.tanaka-usa.com/
customerservice@Windsoropg.com
32 Windsor 866-393-4400 USA Forestry Tools, Saw Chain, Bars etc.
; http://www.windsorforestry.com/
Wood-Mizer Canada
ContactCanada@woodmizer.com;
33 Wood-Mizer 217 Salem Road Canada Portable Sawmills and Forestry Equipment
http://www.woodmizer.ca/
Manilla, Ontario K0M 2J0
72
irrigation equipment, micro sprinklers, fittings, mini dumpers,
HEGDE AGRO 2 Nd Km.bk Road. Sagar-577401
38 India brush cutters, towable backhoe, earth augers, mini tillers, leaf
IMPEX PVT LTD Karnataka India India
cup machines, chain saws, irrigation equipments
Shindaiwa Inc.
11975 SW Herman Road
43 Shindaiwa Inc. http://www.shindaiwa.com/ Chainsaws
Tualatin, Oregon 97062; (503) 692-
3070
73
Manufacturer of forestry attachments and components,
including high speed disc saw felling heads, intermittent disc
Quadco 30 Industrial Blvd.St. Eustache, QC, info@quadco.com;
46 Canada saw felling heads, shears, harvester heads, processor heads,
Equipment Inc. J7R 5C1, Canada(450)623-3340 http://www.quadco.com
stroke delimbers, brush cutters, saw teeth, saw discs,
Prolenc snubbers and bogie tracks.
PO Box 525
Cotton-Hutcheson cothutch@bellsouth.net; feller bunchers, loaders, skidders, track fellers, cut to length
47 Evergreen, AL, 36401, USA USA
Inc. http://www.cotton-hutcheson.com systems and harvesters.
(251)578-1812
Brown 6001 East Hwy 27, Ozark, AL 36360 Tree Cutter; Rotary Cutters; Shredder; Tandem Disc Harrow;
50 Russia
Manufacturing ; (334) 795-6603 Offset Lift Disc Harrow; Aerator; Turf Aerator
74