ME2260 : Materials and Design

Interatomic Bonding & Ratna Kumar Annabattula

MDS- 208

Structure of Materials ratna@iitm.ac.in

Phone: +91-44-2257-4719
Interatomic Bonding
 Reading Assignment
Atomic Structure and Bohr’s model
(Chapter 2, up to 2.4)
 Learning Outcomes
❖ Schematically plot attractive, repulsive and net energies versus interatomic
separation for two atoms or ions
❖ Derive the expression for equilibrium separation and bonding energy and
mark them on the above plot
❖ Describe the dependence of bond energy on mechanical properties such as
coefficient of thermal expansion, elastic modulus and melting temperature
❖ Differentiate primary (Ionic, Covalent and Metallic) and secondary
(hydrogen and van der Waals) bonds
❖ Identify the probable bonds between two elements by looking at periodic
table
Periodic Table
Periodic Table
Periodic Table
Inter Atomic Bonding
❖Two Isolated Atoms Interaction
❖ At large distances interactions are
negligible
F N = FA + F R ❖At small distance each atom exerts
force on the other [attractive (FA)
and repulsive (FR)]
F A + FR = 0 at r0 (typically 0.3 nm)
Z r
EN = FN dr
Z1r Z r
= FA dr + FR dr
1 1
= E A + ER
 Interatomic Bonding and CTE
❖ CTE of a material depends on
its interatomic bonding
structure
❖ Mean atomic distance is
constant at absolute zero
❖ With increase in temperature,
thermal energy increases
❖ The mean interatomic distance
increases with temperature l
l = l↵ T
❖ Shape of the bond energy curve T1
dictates the CTE T2
Types of Bonds in Solids
❖ Primary or Chemical Bonds
❖ Ionic Bond
❖ Covalent Bond
❖ Metallic Bond
❖ Secondary or Physical or Van der Waals
Bonds
❖ Atomic or Molecular Dipoles
❖ Hydrogen Bonds
❖ Fluctuating Induced Dipole Bonds
❖ Polar Molecule-Induced Dipole Bonds
❖ Permanent Dipole Bonds
 Types of Bonds in Solids
❖ Primary or Chemical Bonds
❖ Ionic Bond
❖ Covalent Bond
❖ Metallic Bond
❖ Secondary or Physical or Van
der Waals Bonds
❖ Atomic or Molecular
Dipoles
❖ Hydrogen Bonds
❖ Fluctuating Induced Dipole
Bonds
❖ Polar Molecule-Induced
Dipole Bonds Ionic Bond in NaCl
❖ Permanent Dipole Bonds
 Ionic Bond
❖ Large difference in ❖ Coulombic attractive forces
electronegativity ❖ For two isolated atoms, the
attractive energy EA is a function
❖ Electron Transfer
of the interatomic distance
❖ Nondirectional A
Very high bond energies
EA =
❖
r
❖ High melting ❖ The repulsive energy ER is
given by
temperature
B
❖ Hard and brittle materials ER = n
Ionic Bond in NaCl
r
❖ Electric and Thermal
Insulators

Derive the bond energy E0 for a pair of atoms in terms of A, B, and n

Periodic Table

NaCl
MgO
 Covalent bond
❖ Similar electronegativity values
❖ Sharing of electrons
❖ Directional
❖ Eg: H2, Cl2, F2, CH4, H2O,
HNO3, HF etc..)
❖ May be strong as diamond or
weak as bismuth
❖ Semiconductors like SiGe
❖ Polymeric materials
❖ How many covalent bonds are
possible for Cl atom?
❖ What is the maximum number
for a given atom?
❖ 8-Nv (This is called Octet rule)
❖ This octet rule is very much
satisfied until 2nd row elements
and later there may be some
exceptions
 Partially Ionic and covalent Bonds
❖ Very few compounds exhibit pure ionic or covalent
bonding
❖ Degree of the type of bond depends on the position in
periodic table
❖Percent Ionic character (%IC) of a bond between
elements A and B is given by
n h io
2
%ionic character = 1 exp (0.25) (XA XB ) ⇥ 100
Partially Ionic and covalent Bonds
100

90

80

70
% ionic character

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Δ (Electro Negativity)
 Metallic Bond
❖ Sea of electrons or electron cloud
❖ Ion cores
❖ Good conductors of electricity due to
free electrons
❖ Group IA and IIA
❖ Usually found in metals and their alloys
(some ceramics!)
❖ Ductile in nature (Wait until deformation
mechanisms!)
Secondary Bonding

Reading Assignment
 Learning Outcomes (achieved?)
❖ Schematically plot attractive, repulsive and net energies versus interatomic
separation for two atoms or ions
❖ Derive the expression for equilibrium separation and bonding energy and
mark them on the above plot
❖ Describe the dependence of bond energy on mechanical properties such as
coefficient of thermal expansion, elastic modulus and melting temperature
❖ Differentiate primary (Ionic, Covalent and Metallic) and secondary
(hydrogen and van der Waals) bonds
❖ Identify the probable bonds between two elements by looking at periodic
table
 References

❖ Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction by

William D. Callister
❖ www.en.wikipedia.org