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% \title[]{\textsc{VLSI Architectures for Next Generation Image/Video Processor
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\title[mtdc\_201614$@$iiitm.ac.in]{\textsc{Analysis of LTE-M based CBTC system for
Urban Rail Metro System\\[5pt]}}
\author{ \textbf{Shreya Gupta (2016DC-14)} }
\institute[]
{
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\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.08]{iiitm-eps-converted-to.pdf}

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\textsc{\bf ABV-Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management
Gwalior},\\
\textsc{\bf Morena Link Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, INDIA - 474010}. \\
\medskip
}
\date{November 09, 2017}
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\begin{document}
\frame{\titlepage}
\section[]{}
%\frame{\tableofcontents}
%(Contents)
\section{Content}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Contents}}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Introduction\\[8pt]
\item Motivation\\[8pt]
\item Objectives\\[8pt]
\item Literature Review\\[8pt]
\item Methodology\\[8pt]
\item Test Results\\[8pt]
\item Conclusion and Future works\\[8pt]
\item References\\[8pt]
\end{enumerate}
\end{frame}

% Slide no. 3%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


\section{Introduction}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Introduction}}
\begin{itemize}
\item Communications-Based Train Control (CBTC)\\[10pt]
\item Integration and need of CBTC system for urban metro rail system \\[10pt]
\item Advantages of CBTC\\[10pt]
\item Long Term Evolution for Metro (LTE-M)\\[10pt]
\item Different Integrated Services \\[10pt]
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%5

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Communications-based train control (CBTC)}}

\begin{figure}[h]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=4.5in]{images/fig1.pdf}}
\end{figure}
\vspace{-1.5em}

\centering {Fig.1 Communications-based train control (CBTC)}

\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Communications-based train control (CBTC)}}
\begin{itemize}
\item CBTC is based on basic principles from
telecommunication and automation.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item CBTC is a railway signalling system that depends on continuous
telecommunications between the train and track-side equipment for train management
and control\citep{6}.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item Emergency breaking profile maintains safety distance between
trains\citep{5}.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item In fig.1, Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) supervise time table and
assigns trip time for all trains\citep{6}.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item Zone Controller (ZC) is the recipient for all position messages sent from
the trains within its region of control. It is also is responsible for route
setting of trains.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item Status of the obstructions such as axle counter blocks, signals,
switches, floodgates and guide-way intruder detection are received in ZC.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item The train status information and movement authorities
are transmitted periodically between mobile terminals (MT)
on the train and wayside access points (APs).

\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Integration and need of CBTC system for urban metro rail
system}}
Along with the growth of urbanization process as well as urban population, urban
rail transit network plays an important role in city public
transportation\citep{5}\citep{3}.
\vspace{1em}

\item \textbf{NEED OF CBTC-}

\begin{itemize}
\item Safety and providing first class quality of service.
\vspace{0.2em}
\item Reducing waiting time.
\vspace{0.2em}
\item Increasing capacity.
\vspace{0.2em}
\item Greatly reducing peak hour congestion.
\vspace{0.2em}
\item Prevent Train Accidents.
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Advantages of CBTC}}
\begin{itemize}
\item Trackside signals and circuits are not used\citep{5}.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item Position is determined by a two way communication between the wayside and
train.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item Train transmits position.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item Wayside transmits a target point.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item The train is able to determine its position with a resolution measured in
centimeters.
\vspace{-0.5em}
\item Uses existing track space more efficiently.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item The system can also adjust train speeds, recover from delays.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item Trains are also able to operate on all tracks in both directions safely.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item Trains in wet weather will adopt a more gentle braking profile to avoid
wheel slippages.

\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{LTE (Long term evolution)}}
\begin{enumerate}

\item In Nov. 2004, 3GPP began a project to define the long-term evolution
(LTE) of Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) cellular technology.
This is present generation (4G) telecommunication standards. \par
\item Multi-service traffic
(voice, video, data) that demands high bandwidth
real-time capabilities, LTE offers an immense
perspective to railway industry\citep{3}.

\end{enumerate}
\item \textbf{ Advantages of LTE-}
\begin{itemize}
\item Higher performance.

\item Backwards compatible.

\item Wide application.

\item High coverage.

\item Reduced delay/latency.

\item Improved spectrum efficiency.


\item Meets the mobility requirements of
CBTC system with target up to 350 km/h\citep{3}.
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{LTE (Long term evolution)}}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=4.5in]{images/4glte.pdf}}
\end{figure}
\vspace{-1.5em}
\centering {Fig.2 Evolution of Radio Access Technologies}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Different Integrated Services }}
\begin{enumerate}

\item \textsc \textbf\textbf{Passenger Information System (PIS)- }PIS provides


real-time multimedia information for passengers in the station or train, such as
weather forecast, train schedules, live news, etc\citep{4}.
\vspace{1em}
\item \textsc \textbf\textbf{Image Monitor System (IMS)- }IMS transfer the
monitoring video in the train cab and carriage to the control center through the
train ground communication system.
\vspace{1em}
\item \textsc \textbf\textbf{Train Operation State Monitoring (TOSM )- }TOSM
use different sensors to gather train parameters such as electrical current,
voltage, temperature, etc., and then transmit all the information to ground monitor
center.

\end{enumerate}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Different Integrated Services }}

\vspace{-1.5em}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=3in]{images/ugkgn-jc5au.eps}}
\end{figure}
\vspace{-1.5em}
\centering{Fig.3 PIS}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{images/train_carriage.eps}
\vspace{-0.5em}
\captionof{Fig.4 }{IMS}
\label{fig:test1}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{images/train-cab.eps}
\captionof{Fig.5 }{IMS}
\label{fig:test2}
\end{minipage}

\vspace{-1.5em}
\end{figure}
\hspace{5em}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{images/tosm.eps}
\vspace{-0.5em}
\captionof{Fig.6 }{TOSM}
\label{fig:test1}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{images/tosm2.eps}
\captionof{Fig.7 }{TOSM}
\label{fig:test2}
\end{minipage}

\vspace{-1.5em}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Motivation}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Motivation}}

\begin{itemize}

\item To control railway traffic and safety related scenarios, CBTC is good key
enabler in urban metro transit.

\vspace{1em}
\item In high mobility metro train environment, LTE technology gives better
results.

\vspace{1em}
\item Exact position of a train is known more precisely by adopting CBTC
system, which is helpful in time-critical applications.

\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Objectives}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Objectives}}

\begin{itemize}

\item Analyze a train ground communication system for Integrated Service in


urban rail transit/metro system using LTE-M technology.
\vspace{1em}
\item Testing the performance of the different integrated services including
the CBTC, PIS, IMS and TOSM.
\vspace{1em}
\item Identify advantages and disadvantages using LTE-M in urban rail Metro
System.

\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Literature Review}}
\resizebox{\linewidth}{!}
{

\begin{tabular}{| p{3cm} | p{5cm} | p{8cm} |}


\hline
\textbf{Author, Year} & \textbf{Title} & \textbf{Objectives and Contribution}\\
\hline
& & \\

Jahanzeb Farooq et al. (2017)& Radio Communication for Communications-Based


Train Control (CBTC): A Tutorial and Survey\citep{5}
&

\begin{itemize}
\item Present the summary of the evolution of the communication technologies
and overview of CBTC standardization efforts used for modern railway signaling.
\item Describes the benefits and drawbacks of using radio communication
technology.

\end{itemize}
\\

\hline
\vspace{0.5em}
Hongwei Wang et al. (2016) &
\vspace{0.5em}
Modeling of Radio Channels With Leaky Coaxial Cable for LTE-M
Based CBTC Systems \citep{2}
&

\begin{itemize}
\item Model the channel of LTE-M with leaky coaxial cable for CBTC systems.
\item Determine the model of small-scale fading.
\item Results show that log-normal distribution is suitable for small-scale
fading.
\\

\end{itemize}
\\
\hline

\vspace{0.5em}
Tao Tang et al. (2016) &
\vspace{0.5em}
Field Test Results Analysis in Urban Rail Transit Train Ground
Communication Systems of Integrated Service Using LTE-M\citep{4}
&
\begin{itemize}
\item Design a train ground communication system for Integrated Service using
LTE-M.
\item Analyze the communication QoS requirement for different train ground
services.
\\

\end{itemize}
\\
\hline

\end{tabular}
}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Literature Review}}
\resizebox{\linewidth}{!}
{

\begin{tabular}{| p{3cm} | p{5cm} | p{8cm} |}


\hline
\textbf{Author, Year} & \textbf{Title} & \textbf{Objectives and Contribution}\\
\hline

& & \\

Nan Zhang et al. (2014) & An Attempt of Using Leaky Cable at 400MHz in CBTC
System\citep{1}
&

\begin{itemize}
\item Introduces a novel train-groundwireless system at 400 MHz based on leaky
cable transmission of CBTC.
\item Adopting 400MHz band is to avoid the interference of civil equipment at
2.4GHz.

\end{itemize}
\\

\hline
\vspace{0.5em}
Wenzhe Sun et al. (2014) &
\vspace{0.5em}
Performance Improvement in
Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC)
Systems using Cognitive Control\citep{6}

&

\begin{itemize}
\item Introduce recent advances in cognitive control to manage information
uncertainties in order to improve CBTC performance.
\item Results shows that cognitive control scheme can improve energy efficiency
in CBTC systems.

\\

\end{itemize}
\\
\hline

\vspace{0.5em}
Khanh Nguyen et al. (2014) &
\vspace{0.5em}
Modelling Communication Based Train Control system for dependability analysis of
the LTE Communication network in train control application\citep{3}

&
\begin{itemize}
\item Modelling CBTC system based on a LTE architecture.
\item Perform preliminary dependability analysis for the data communication
system which is based on the LTE technology.
\\

\end{itemize}
\\
\hline

\end{tabular}

}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Methodology}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Methodology}}
\vspace{-1em}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=4.3in]{images/ltemodel.pdf}}
\end{figure}
\vspace{-2em}
\centering{Fig.8 Designed LTE-M System}

\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{System Equipment }}
\begin{enumerate}

\item \textsc \textbf\textbf{Control center equipment- }This is comprised of


Evolved Packet Core (EPC), CBTC control center, PIS server, IMS server, and the
train state monitor center.
\vspace{1em}

\item \textsc \textbf\textbf{Train station equipment- }This includes Automatic


Train Protection (ATP) and Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) functions .
\vspace{1em}

\item \textsc \textbf\textbf{Wayside equipment- }Wayside equipment refers to LTE


base stations that consists of the Building Base band Unit (BBU) and Remote Radio
Unit (RRU).
\vspace{1em}
\item \textsc \textbf\textbf{Onboard equipment- }This is comprised of two
Customer Premise Equipment (CPEs), PIS screens, IMS cameras, and train state
sensors.
\vspace{1em}
\item \textsc In LTE-M systems, the two CPEs are mobile stations and all the
equipment is connected by switches\citep{4}.
\end{enumerate}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Freqency allocation and anti interference design}}
\textbf{Frequency allocation}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Frequency Band \hspace{1em}:\hspace{0.2em}1447-1467 MHz (20 MHz)
\item CBTC Services\hspace{1.6em} :\hspace{0.2em}1447-1452 MHz (5 MHz)
\item Integrated Services :\hspace{0.2em}1452-1467 MHz (15 MHz)
\end{enumerate}

\textbf{Anti-Interference design}

\begin{itemize}
\item To improve the system anti-interference capacity, leaky coaxial cables
(LCX) is used\citep{1}.
\item LCX is antenna technology which is designed to deliver radio services in
tunnels\citep{2}.
\item As its name implies leaky cable is a cable, which leaks a small amount of the
radio signal throughout, just like a hosepipe with holes drilled at intervals along
its length.

\end{itemize}
\vspace{-0.5em}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=2in]{images/55pzx-ml8yj.eps}}
\end{figure}
\vspace{-2em}
\centering{Fig.9 Leaky coaxial cable}

\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{LCX deployment approach}}

\begin{itemize}

\item Two LCX are used as the transmit media for LTE system.

\item The distance between LCX and train is 1.7m and between the dual LCX is
1.05m.

\item Dual-polarized directional antenna is used on train for transferring


radio signals\citep{1}\citep{2}.

\end{itemize}
\vspace{-0.5em}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=2.8in]{images/lcx2.eps}}
\end{figure}
\vspace{-2em}
\centering {Fig.10 LCX deployment approach}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Losses in LCX}}

\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{7.5cm}
\begin{block}{Coefficient of transmission loss}
\begin{equation}
\alpha_{T} = \frac{P_{t}-P_{s}}{z}*1000
\end{equation}
\end{block}
\end{column}
\end{columns}

\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{7.5cm}
\begin{block}{Coupling loss at z point}
\begin{equation}
L_{c}(z) = P_{t}-P_{s}(z)-(\alpha_{T}*z)
\end{equation}
\end{block}
\end{column}
\end{columns}

\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{7.5cm}
\begin{block}{Maximum transmission distance}
\begin{equation}
d_{m}=\frac{P_{t}-P_{l}-L_{o}-L_{c}}{\delta_{T}}
\end{equation}
\end{block}
\end{column}
\end{columns}

where,\\
$P_{t}$ = Transmitted power \\
$P_{s}$ = Received power \\
$d_{m}$ = Maximum transmission distance\\
z=Distance between transmitter and receiver.\\
$L_{o}$=Sum of insertion loss and vehicle penetration loss\\
By using a particular frequency range, losses in LCX can be reduced\citep{1}.
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Modeling the CBTC channel with LCX}}
The expression of channel model is shown as, \\
\begin{equation}
PL(d)=PL(d_{0})+10Nlog\left(\frac{d}{d_{0}}\right)+X_{\sigma}
\end{equation}
The model of the LTE-M channel with LCX for \textbf{large scale fading} is proposed
as follows,\\
\begin{equation}
PL(d)=PL(d_{0})+nd+X_{\sigma}
\end{equation}

Appling Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) to select the best


fitting model for small scale fading, \\
\begin{equation}
AIC_{i,j}=-2\sum_{S_{i}}^{n=1}log_{e}(l(\hat{\theta}_{i,j}|x_{i,n}))+2k_{j}
\end{equation}

The best fit model of \textbf{small scale


fading} could be determined as the \textbf{Log normal distribution}\citep{2}, given
as
\begin{equation}
P(x;\mu,\sigma)=\frac{1}{x\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}}e^{(\frac{-lnx-\mu}{2\sigma^2})}
,x>0
\end{equation}

\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Test environment}}

\begin{itemize}

\item For testing LTE-M system, Circular Railway which is located in


northeastern Beijing (China) is taken into consideration\citep{4}.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item The length of Circular Railway is 8.51km.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item The Circular Railway contain a total of 9 RRU points and each point
includes 2 RRUs.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item The interval distance of every RRU point is nearly 1km.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item A grade crossing is located between RRU point 1 and RRU point 2.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item A railway tunnel, about 1km, between RRU point 5 and RRU point 7.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item A viaduct, about 700m, is built between RRU point 7 and RRU point 9.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item The environment is similar to the urban area and the urban-rural fringe
area.
\vspace{0.5em}
\item We can get the test data more truly.

\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Test results}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Test results}}
\vspace{-1em}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{images/tranlaten.eps}
\vspace{0.5em}
\captionof{fig.11 }{Transmission delay PDF}
\label{fig:test1}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{images/handlet.eps}
\vspace{1.4em}
\captionof{fig.12 }{Handoff delay PDF}
\label{fig:test2}
\end{minipage}

\vspace{-1.5em}
\end{figure}
\vspace{1.5em}
\begin{itemize}
\item From fig.11, most of the time transmission latency is about 10ms. The mean
of the transmission latency is 11.6ms, which is far less than 100ms, given by the
QoS requirement of the CBTC service.

\item From fig.12, the mean of the handover latency is about 31ms, which is far
less than 150ms, given by the QoS requirement of the CBTC service\citep{4}.

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Test results}}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{images/uplink.eps}
\vspace{0.5em}
\captionof{fig.13 }{Uplink throughput (15MHz bandwidth)}
\label{fig:test1}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{images/downlink.eps}
\vspace{0.5em}
\captionof{fig.14 }{Downlink throughput (15MHz bandwidth)}
\label{fig:test2}
\end{minipage}

\vspace{-1.5em}
\end{figure}
\vspace{1.5em}
\begin{itemize}
\item From fig 13, the throughput of the UL with 15MHz bandwidth is 17.1
Mbps(average value).

\item From fig 14, the throughput of the DL with 15MHz bandwidth is 19.3
Mbps(average value).
\item Both values are greater than QoS requirement of PIS(6Mbps) and IMS(4Mbps)
services\citep{4}.

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Test results}}

\item \textbf{LTE-M system stability test-}


\begin{table}[h!]
\centering
\begin{tabular} {| p{6cm} | p{5cm} |}
\hline
CBTC average transmission
delay $<$150ms \par
Average handoff delay$<$150ms & Maximum: 90ms-220ms \par
Average: 23ms-32ms
\\
\hline
& \\
Availability: 99.98\% & \vspace{-2em} During the test
no communication interruptions
happen
\\
\hline
& \\
IMS PIS meets requirements & \vspace{-2em} 6Mbps PIS service \par
4Mbps IMS service \par
video quality is good
not choppy
\\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\end{table}

\item \textbf{Disadvantages of LTE-M system-}


\begin{itemize}
\item The designed system need 20MHz wireless spectrum.
\item The spectrum requirement is extremely demanding, given a
sparse spectrum resources\citep{4}.
\item Therefore, designing an LTE-M
system with less wireless spectrum is quite desirable.

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Conclusion}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Conclusion and Future work}}
\begin{itemize}
\item Analysis of LTE-M based CBTC system for different integrated services in
urban rail metro system.
\item The effective field test perform on circular rail line in Beijing(China).
\item Leaky coaxial cable used for anti-interference design of LTE-M system.
\item By using a particular frequency range, losses in LCX can be reduced.
\item The performance of the integrated services have been tested.
\item Test results shows the advantages and disadvantages of using LTE-M in urban
rail.
\item In engineering, some directions for designing LTE-M based system have been
given.

\par
\vspace{1.5em}
\textbf{Future Work-}
\item Model a LTE-M framework with less wireless spectrum.

\item Implementation of this CBTC system in Indian metro station environment based
on the proposed channel model.
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{References}}
\bibliography{ref_ppt}
\bibliographystyle{ieeetr}
\nocite{1}
\nocite{2}
\nocite{3}
\nocite{4}
\nocite{5}
\nocite{6}
\end{frame}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\textsc{Gallery}}
\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=1.7in]{images/viaduct.jpg}
\hspace{1em}
\includegraphics[width=1.5in]{images/grade-crossing.jpg}
\end{figure}
\vspace{-0.5em}
\centering{Viaduct and grade crossing}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{.4\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.3\linewidth]{images/rrb.jpg}
\vspace{0.5em}
\captionof{}{RRB}
\label{fig:test1}
\end{minipage}%
\begin{minipage}{.5\textwidth}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.3\linewidth]{images/camera.jpg}
\hspace{6em}
\includegraphics[width=0.3\linewidth]{images/LCD.jpg}
\vspace{1.5em}
\captionof{IMS cameras and }{PIS screens}
\label{fig:test2}
\end{minipage} \par
\Large{{\textbf{Thank you..}}}
\vspace{2em}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

\end{document}

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