Professional Documents
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Dr. Rajesh K. N.
Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering
Govt. College of Engineering, Kannur
Shear, torsion and bond: Analysis and design with and without shear
reinforcement at ultimate limit state as per IS 456,
Reinforcement detailing.
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Basic Design Concepts
• The design problem is somewhat the reverse of the analysis problem
• safety under the ultimate limit states in flexure, shear, torsion and
bond,
• serviceability limit states of deflection, crack-width, durability etc.
The minimum limits are necessary to ensure that the concrete can
be placed easily in between and around the bars during the
placement of fresh concrete.
The maximum limits are specified for bars in tension for the
purpose of controlling crack-widths and improving bond.
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Minimum and Maximum Areas of Flexural Reinforcement
•The Code (Cl. 23.2a) specifies a limit of span / 250 to the final
deflection due to all loads (including long-term effects of temperature,
creep and shrinkage).
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Code Recommendations for Span/Effective Depth Ratios
(Cl. 23.2.1)
(l d)max = (l d)basic× kt × kc
The modification factors kt (which varies with pt and fst) and kc (which
varies with pc) are as given in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 of the Code
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Guidelines for selection of member sizes
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
General Guidelines for Beam Sizes
•In general, the recommended ratio of overall depth (D) to width (b) in
rectangular beam sections is in the range of 1.5 to 2.
•In design practice, the overall depths of beams are often fixed in
relation to their spans. Span to overall depth ratios of 10 to 16 are
generally found to be economical in the case of simply supported and
continuous beams.
M u ≤ M uR with xu ≤ xu,max
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Thus Mu ⎛ pt ⎞ ⎡ f y ⎛ pt ⎞⎤ pt ≤ pt ,lim
2
≡ R = 0.87 f y⎜ ⎟ ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟⎥ for
bd ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎣ f ck ⎝ 100 ⎠⎦
• Slabs:
• b is taken as 1000 mm and d is governed by the limiting l/d
ratios for deflection control
•Beams:
•The value of b may be suitably fixed and the value of d
corresponding to any R ≤ Rlim is given by:
Mu
d =
Rb
x 2⎛ ⎞⎡ ⎛x ⎞⎤
In terms of xu/d, Mu = 0.362 f ck bd ⎜ u ⎟ ⎢1 − 0.416 ⎜ u ⎟⎥
⎝ d ⎠⎣ ⎝ d ⎠⎦
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
3. Fixing up b, d and D
xu ,max ⎛ ⎞ 2
M u ,lim = 0.362 f ck bxu ,max ( d − 0.416 xu ,max )
xu ,max
= 0.362 f ck ⎜1 − 0.416 ⎟ bd
d ⎝ d ⎠
For Fe 415 steel, Mu,lim = 0.1389 fck bd2
M u ,l im
For M 25 concrete, 2
= Rlim = 0.1389×25 = 3.472 MPa
bd
⎡ 415 Ast ⎤
377.84 ×106 = 0.87 × 415 × Ast ⎢600 −
⎣ 25 × 350 ⎥⎦
6. Design Checks
5 – 25φ
6.(a) Check for strength in flexure
30+8+25/2
Actual d = 650 – 30 – 8 – 25/2 = 600 mm
⎛ Ast ( req ) ⎞
f s = 0.58 f y ⎜ ⎟= 0.58 × 415 × ⎛⎜ 2090 ⎞⎟ = 204.96 MPa
⎜ Ast ( provided ) ⎟ ⎝ 2454.4 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛l⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 20 ×1.1 ×1 = 22
⎝ d ⎠max
3. Fix up b, d and D
E.g., For Fe 415 steel, Mu,lim = Rlim bd2 = 0.1389 fck bd2
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
4. Determining (Ast)reqd
Mu
Alternatively, use SP:16 to get pt for a given value of and for
bd 2
the given grades of steel and concrete.
5. Design Checks
5.(a) Check for strength in flexure
⎡ f y Ast ⎤
Find actual d provided and get M uR = 0.87 f y Ast ⎢ d − ⎥
⎣ f ck b ⎦
Ensure MuR > Mu . Else, redesign (e.g., by increasing d).
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
5.(b) Check for deflection control:
6. Detailing
Since the breadth and depth of the section are fixed here, it is
necessary to check whether the section is singly or doubly reinforced.
3. Determining ΔAst
Assuming 20 mm φ bars for compression steel,
( ΔAst )reqd =
M u − M u ,lim
=
( 520 − 437.54 ) ×106
= 413.75 mm2
0.87 f y ( d − d )
′ 0.87 × 415 × ( 600 − 48 )
4. Determining Ast
Ast ,reqd = Ast ,lim + ( ΔAst )reqd = 2526.6 + 413.75 = 2940.35 mm2
ΔAst ,reqd =
M u − M u , lim
=
( 520 − 431.7 ) ×106
= 446.18 mm2
0.87 f y ( d − d ′ ) 0.87 f y ( 596 − 48 )
⎛ d′ ⎞ ⎛ 48 ⎞
ε sc = 0.0035 × ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ = 0.0035 ⎜ 1 − ⎟ = 0.002913
⎝ xu ,max ⎠ ⎝ 0.48 × 596 ⎠
From design stress-strain curve f sc ≅ 0.87 f y = 361 MPa
0.87 f y ( ΔAst )
Asc , reqd = 350
f sc − 0.447 f ck 30 clear
46
=
( 0.87 × 415) × 707.2 4 – 16 φ
Provide 4 nos 16 mm ϕ
30 clear
54
[Asc = 804. 2 mm2 > 729.9 mm2 ].
beam section
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
7. Design check
3216.9 804.2
pt = ×100 = 1.542 pc = ×100 = 0.3855
350 × 596 350 × 596
⎛ Ast ( req ) ⎞
f s = 0.58 f y ⎜ ⎟ = 0.58 × 415 × ⎛⎜ 2955.96 ⎞⎟ = 221.18 MPa
⎜ Ast ( provided ) ⎟ ⎝ 3216.9 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛l⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 20 ×1.0 ×1.15 = 23
⎝ d ⎠max
1. For the given b and D, and effective span l check whether the
section is singly or doubly reinforced.
2. Determine Ast,lim
Get actual d and revise the calculations of Mu,lim = 0.1389 fck bd2
M u ,lim M u − M u , lim
Ast ,lim = ΔAst ,reqd =
0.87 f y ( d − 0.416 × xu ,max ) 0.87 f y ( d − d ′)
7. Design check
Get actual d provided.
From design stress-strain curve find f sc corresponding to
⎛ 46 ⎞
ε sc = 0.0035 ⎜ 1 − ⎟
⎝ 0.48 × 596 ⎠
0.87 f y ( Ast − Ast ,lim ) If Asc , provided > Asc* section is under-reinforced.
Asc* =
f sc − 0.447 f ck Else, if Asc , provided < Asc* , increase Asc
9. Detailing
• When the slab is supported only on two opposite sides, the slab
bends in one direction only. Hence, it is called a one-way slab.
one–way
slab two–way slab
l<2b
• When the slab is supported on all four sides, and the length is less
than twice the width, it bends in two directions. Hence, it is called a
two-way slab.
one–way b
slab
l>2b
For
Mu 50.7 × 106 = 1.2675 MPa,
=R= 3
bd 2
10 × 2002
for M 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel, [Table 3, Page 49, SP: 16],
pt = 0.369 +
( 0.385 − 0.369 )
× (1.2675 − 1.25 ) = 0.375
(1.3 − 1.25)
0.375
( Ast ) reqd = × 1000 × 200 = 749.2 mm 2
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Provide 12 mm ϕ bars.
⎛π ⎞
1000 × ⎜ ×122 ⎟
1000 Aφ ⎝4 ⎠
Spacing of bars s= = = 151 mm
Ast 749
5. Detailing
• The complete detailing of the slab is given in Figure. This meets the
Code requirements.
• This is in order to resist any flexural tension that may arise due to
partial fixity at the support
520
(0.1 L)
12φ @ 150c/c
8φ @ 170 c/c
M25
A A Fe415
240 mm THICK
PLAN
12 φ @ 300c/c distributors 8 φ
240 mm
230 SECTION A
–A
⎛l⎞
⎜ d ⎟ = 20 × 1.7 = 34
⎝ ⎠max
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Theoretical Bar Cut-off Points
• The ‘theoretical cut-off point’ for a bar is that point beyond which it
is (theoretically) no longer needed to resist the design moment.
• In a prismatic beam the required area of tension reinforcement
varies nearly linearly with the bending moment
1.The shear at the cut-off point does not exceed two-thirds of the
shear resisting capacity of the section.
2.Excess stirrups are provided over a distance of 0.75d from the cut-
off point having an area Asv and a spacing sv such that:
0.4bw sv d
Asv ≥ sv ≤
fy 8β b
β b is the ratio of the area of bars cut off to the total area of the bars
at the section.
( M uR Vu ) + Lo ≥ Ld
*
Design shear strength with shear reinforcement (Cl. 40.1, Page 72)
If τ v is less than τ
c (Table19, Page 73) minimum stirrup shear
reinforcement has to be provided
0.87 f y Asv d
Vus = for vertical stirrups
sv
0.87 f y Asv d
Vus = ( sin α + cos α ) for inclined stirrups or
sv bars bent up at different cross sections
Vus = 0.87 f y Asv sin α for bars bent up at same cross section
• The Code limits the value of the spacing sv to 0.75d for ‘vertical’
stirrups, and d for inclined stirrups with α = 45°
Check the adequacy of the given section with regard to shear. Assume
that a support reaction introduces transverse compression in the end
region of the member. End supports are 300 mm wide. Take clear span
= 6.7 m and wu (factored load) = 61.69 kN/m
Vu 169.64 ×103
τv = =
bd 350 × 600
= 0.807 MPa < (τ c ,max = 3.1 MPa ) 3 – 25φ
0.87 f y Asv d
Find out spacing of 2–legged 8ϕ vertical stirrups fromV =
us
sv
π
0.87 f y Asv d 0.87 × 415 × 2 × × 82 × 600
sv = = 4 = 409mm
Vus 53.3
The Code (Cl. 41.4.3) specifies a minimum limit to the total area of
transverse reinforcement: (τ ve − τ c ) bs v
Asv ≥
0.87 f y
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Code Provisions for Longitudinal Reinforcement
M e1 = M t + M u M e2 = M t − M u
• In addition, if Me2 > 0 (i.e., Mt > Mu), then a reinforcement area Ast’ is
to be designed to resist this equivalent moment, and this steel is to be
located in the ‘flexural compression zone’.
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Problem 4
Check the adequacy of the given section with regard to shear and
torsion, assuming a torsional moment per metre run of 5kNm. Assume
fixity at the ends of the beam against torsion and flexure. Take effective
span = 7 m and wu (factored load) = 61.69 kN/m
Stress resultants
Max. twisting moment (at support) 350
tul 5×7
Tu = = = 17.5 kNm
2 2
Max. bending moment (at support) 600
650
wul 2 61.69 × 72
Mu = = = 251.9 kNm
12 12
5 – 25φ
Max. shear force (at support)
wu l 61.69 × 7 30+8+25/2
Vu = = = 215.915 kN
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur2 2 Dr.RajeshKN
Stresses
100 As
Ast, provided = 2454.37 mm2 = 1.168
bd
τ c = 0.64 +
( 0.70 − 0.64 )
× (1.168 − 1.0 ) = 0.68 < τ ve
(1.25 − 1.0 )
(Table 19, Page 73)
M t = Tu
(1 + D b ) (1 + 650 350 )
= 29.4 kNm
= 17.5
1.7 1.7
M e1 = M t + M u = 29.4 + 251.9 = 281.3kNm
M e2 = M t − M u < 0
Ultimate resisting moment of section
Asv =
(τ ve − τ c ) bsv =
(1.409 − 0.68) × 350 × 150 = 106 mm2
0.87 f y 0.87 × 415 > Asv provided
⎧ x1 = 250 + 25 + 10 = 283
⎪
sv ≤ ⎨( x1 + y1 ) 4 = ( 283 + 582.5) 4 = 216.38
⎪ 300 mm
⎩
sv provided = 150 mm < sv required. Hence safe.
Shear, torsion and bond: Analysis and design with and without shear
reinforcement at ultimate limit state as per IS 456,
Reinforcement detailing.