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Design of Concrete Structures

Design of Beams and


One-Way Slabs
for Flexure, Shear and Torsion

Dr. Rajesh K. N.
Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering
Govt. College of Engineering, Kannur

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


(Analysis and design in Module II, III and IV should be based on Limit State
Method. Reinforcement detailing shall conform to SP34)

MODULE II (14 hours)

Design of beams with rectangular singly & doubly reinforced sections


and flanged sections for flexure at ultimate limit state as per IS 456.

Design of one way slabs.

Shear, torsion and bond: Analysis and design with and without shear
reinforcement at ultimate limit state as per IS 456,

deflection control, development length, splicing, curtailment, code


requirements.

Reinforcement detailing.

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Basic Design Concepts
• The design problem is somewhat the reverse of the analysis problem

• A complete design of a beam involves considerations of:

• safety under the ultimate limit states in flexure, shear, torsion and
bond,
• serviceability limit states of deflection, crack-width, durability etc.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Requirements of flexural reinforcement
ƒ Concrete Cover

ƒ Clear cover is the distance measured from the exposed concrete


surface (without plaster and other finishes) to the nearest surface
of the reinforcing bar (Ref. Cl. 26.4 & Tables 16, 16A).

Nominal cover requirements based on exposure conditions


Exposure Minimu Nominal Allowance permitted
Condition m Grade Cover (mm)
Mild M 20 20 Can be reduced by 5mm for main
rebars less than 12mm dia
Moderate M 25 30
Severe M 30 45 } Can be reduced by 5mm if concrete
Very severe M 35 50 } grade is M35 or higher
Extreme M 40 75

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ƒ Spacing of Reinforcing Bars (Cl. 26.3, Page 45)

ƒ The Code specifies minimum and maximum limits for the


spacing between parallel reinforcing bars in a layer.

ƒ The minimum limits are necessary to ensure that the concrete can
be placed easily in between and around the bars during the
placement of fresh concrete.

ƒ The maximum limits are specified for bars in tension for the
purpose of controlling crack-widths and improving bond.

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ƒ Minimum and Maximum Areas of Flexural Reinforcement

ƒ Minimum Flexural Reinforcement in Beams (Cl. 26.5.1.1)


( Ast ) min 0.85
=
bd fy
In the case of flanged beams, the width of the web bw should
be considered in lieu of b.

• Minimum Flexural Reinforcement in Slabs

The minimum reinforcement (Ast)min in either direction


in slabs is (Cl. 26.5.2) ⎧ 0.15 % of A for Fe 250
( Ast )min = ⎨
g

⎩ 0.12 % of Ag for Fe 415

ƒ Maximum Flexural Reinforcement in Beams (Cl. 26.5.1 b & 26.5.1.2)

ƒ Tension reinforcement (Ast) as well as compression


reinforcement (Asc) in beams shall be limited to 0.04 bD 6
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Requirements for DEFLECTION Control

•The cross-sectional sizes of flexural members is mostly selected from


deflections control criteria under service loads.

•The Code (Cl. 23.2a) specifies a limit of span / 250 to the final
deflection due to all loads (including long-term effects of temperature,
creep and shrinkage).

•The explicit computation of maximum deflection can be rather


laborious

•Code recommends certain span/effective depth (l / d) ratios which


are expected to satisfy the requirements of deflection control
(Cl. 23.2.1)

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Code Recommendations for Span/Effective Depth Ratios
(Cl. 23.2.1)

(l d)max = (l d)basic× kt × kc

⎧ 7 for cantilever spans



where (l / d )basic = ⎨20 for simply supported spans
⎪26 for continuous spans

The modification factors kt (which varies with pt and fst) and kc (which
varies with pc) are as given in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 of the Code

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Guidelines for selection of member sizes

ƒ Selection of flexural member sizes depends on:

ƒ serviceability criteria (control of deflections and crack-


widths)

ƒ requirements related to the placement of reinforcement

ƒ other structural, economic and architectural considerations

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General Guidelines for Beam Sizes

•In general, the recommended ratio of overall depth (D) to width (b) in
rectangular beam sections is in the range of 1.5 to 2.

•Often, architectural considerations dictate the sizes of beams. In the


case of building frames, the width of beams should, in general, be less
than or equal to the lateral dimension of the columns into which they
frame

•In design practice, the overall depths of beams are often fixed in
relation to their spans. Span to overall depth ratios of 10 to 16 are
generally found to be economical in the case of simply supported and
continuous beams.

•From practical considerations, it is desirable to limit the number of


different beam sizes in the same structure to a few standard modular
sizes, as this will greatly convenience the construction of formwork,
and permit reusability of forms
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DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

•The design problem is to determine the cross-sectional dimensions of a


beam, and the area of tension steel Ast required to resist a known
factored moment Mu.

•Accordingly, the design equation for flexure is:

M u ≤ M uR with xu ≤ xu,max

We know, M uR = 0.87 f y Ast ( d − 0.416 xu ) for xu ≤ xu,max

⎡ 0.416 0.87 f y Ast ⎤


Rearranging, M u = 0.87 f y Ast d ⎢1 − ⎥
⎣ d 0.362 f ck ⎦
b
Mu Ast ⎡ f y Ast ⎤
= 0.87 f y 1−
bd 2 bd ⎢⎣ f ck bd ⎥⎦

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Thus Mu ⎛ pt ⎞ ⎡ f y ⎛ pt ⎞⎤ pt ≤ pt ,lim
2
≡ R = 0.87 f y⎜ ⎟ ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟⎥ for
bd ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎣ f ck ⎝ 100 ⎠⎦

•The minimum value of d corresponding to the limiting case pt =


pt,lim is obtained from

⎧0.1498 fck for Fe 250 xu ,max 0.87 f y Ast ,lim


Mu,lim ⎪ =
Rlim = = ⎨ 0.1389 fck for Fe 415
bd 2 d 0.362 f ck bd
⎪ 0.1338 f for Fe 500
⎩ ck

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Fixing Dimensions of Rectangular Section

• Slabs:
• b is taken as 1000 mm and d is governed by the limiting l/d
ratios for deflection control

• a trial value of d may be assumed as approximately l/25 for


simply supported spans, l/32 for continuous spans and l/8 for
cantilevers

•Beams:
•The value of b may be suitably fixed and the value of d
corresponding to any R ≤ Rlim is given by:
Mu
d =
Rb

where Mu is the factored moment


φ
d = D − (clear cover) − φ tie −
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Determining Area of Tension Steel
Mu
For Mu = MuR and xu < xu,max, ( Ast ) reqd =
0.87 f y ( d − 0.416 xu )

where xu is obtained by solving M u = 0.362 f ck bxu ( d − 0.416 xu )

x 2⎛ ⎞⎡ ⎛x ⎞⎤
In terms of xu/d, Mu = 0.362 f ck bd ⎜ u ⎟ ⎢1 − 0.416 ⎜ u ⎟⎥
⎝ d ⎠⎣ ⎝ d ⎠⎦

Alternative: Use of Design Aids

• The relationship between R ≡ Mu bd 2 and pt are available in the


form of charts or tables for various combinations of fy and fck in SP : 16

• The designed section should be checked for strength (MuR>Mu)and


deflection control (l/d ratio), and suitably redesigned if found
inadequate
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Design Problem 1
A rectangular reinforced concrete beam, under ‘moderate’ exposure
condition, is simply supported on two masonry walls 300 mm thick and
7m apart (centre-to-centre). The beam has to carry, in addition to its
own weight, a distributed live load of 20 kN/m and a dead load of
15 kN/m. Design the beam section for maximum moment at midspan.
Assume Fe 415 steel and M25 concrete.
1. Trial section and Effective span
Take clear cover as 30 mm. (T 16 for moderate exposure condition )
Assume a trial cross-section b = 350 mm, and D = 700 mm (span/10).
Let d = D – 50 = 650 mm.

∴ Effective span (Cl. 22.2 of Code)

⎧7.0 m (distance between supports)


l=⎨
⎩ (7.0 − 0.3) + 0.65 = 7.35 (clear span + d )
Taking the lesser value, l = 7.0 m
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2. Loads and moment
Self-weight ΔwDL = 25 kN m 3 × 0.35 m × 0.7 m = 6.125 kN/m

∴ wDL = 15.0 + 6.125 = 21.125 kN m wLL = 20.0 kN/m (given)

∴ Factored load (as per Code):

wu = 1.5 ( wDL + wLL ) =1.5 (21.125 + 20.0) = 61.69 kN/m

wul 2 61.69 × 7.02


Factored Moment (maximum at midspan) Mu = =
8 8
= 377.836kNm.

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3. Fixing up b, d and D
xu ,max ⎛ ⎞ 2
M u ,lim = 0.362 f ck bxu ,max ( d − 0.416 xu ,max )
xu ,max
= 0.362 f ck ⎜1 − 0.416 ⎟ bd
d ⎝ d ⎠
For Fe 415 steel, Mu,lim = 0.1389 fck bd2

M u ,l im
For M 25 concrete, 2
= Rlim = 0.1389×25 = 3.472 MPa
bd

With b = 350 mm, for a singly reinforced section, the minimum


required effective depth d is:

Mu 377.84 ×106 = 557.57 mm.


d min = =
Rlim b 3.472 × 350

Adopt D = 650 mm.


Assuming 25φ bars, 8φ stirrups and clear cover of 30 mm,
d = 650 – 30 – 8 – 25/ 2 = 600 mm
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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
4. Determining (Ast)reqd
⎡ 0.87 f y Ast ⎤
M u = 0.87 f y Ast [ d − 0.416 xu ] = 0.87 f y Ast ⎢ d − 0.416 ⎥
⎣ 0.362 f ck ⎦
b
⎡ f y Ast ⎤
M u = 0.87 f y Ast ⎢d − ⎥
⎣ f ck ⎦
b

⎡ 415 Ast ⎤
377.84 ×106 = 0.87 × 415 × Ast ⎢600 −
⎣ 25 × 350 ⎥⎦

Solving this quadratic equation ( Ast )reqd = 2090 mm 2

Alternatively, using ‘design aids’


Mu 377.84 × 106
For =R= = 3.00 MPa,
bd 2
350 × 6002
for M 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel,

pt = 0.997 [Table 3, Page 49, SP: 16], ( Ast )reqd = 2090 mm 2


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5. Detailing 350
Provide 5 # 25 ϕ bars

Ast, provided = 2454.37 mm2


600
pt, provided Ast 650
= ×100 = 1.1687
bd

6. Design Checks
5 – 25φ
6.(a) Check for strength in flexure
30+8+25/2
Actual d = 650 – 30 – 8 – 25/2 = 600 mm

⎡ f y Ast ⎤ ⎡ 415 × 2454.37 ⎤


= 0.87 f y Ast ⎢d − ⎥ = 0.87 × 415 × 2454.37 ⎢600 −
25 × 350 ⎥⎦
M uR
⎣ f ck ⎦
b ⎣

MuR = 428.5kNm > Mu = 377.84 kNm — Hence, safe.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


6.(b) Check for deflection control:

For pt =1.1687, and

⎛ Ast ( req ) ⎞
f s = 0.58 f y ⎜ ⎟= 0.58 × 415 × ⎛⎜ 2090 ⎞⎟ = 204.96 MPa
⎜ Ast ( provided ) ⎟ ⎝ 2454.4 ⎠
⎝ ⎠

k t = 1.1 (from Fig. 4 of Code),


and, as pc = 0 (singly reinforced beam), kc = 1 (from Fig. 5 of Code).

⎛l⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 20 ×1.1 ×1 = 22
⎝ d ⎠max

⎛l⎞ 7000 ⎛l⎞


⎜ ⎟ = = 11.6 < ⎜d ⎟ — Hence, OK.
⎝ d ⎠ provided 600 ⎝ ⎠max

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Design Procedure summarised (Singly reinforced rectangular sections)

1. Select a trial section and get effective span


⎧distance between supports
l=⎨ Take the lesser value.
⎩ clear span + d

2. Find loads and factored moment

3. Fix up b, d and D
E.g., For Fe 415 steel, Mu,lim = Rlim bd2 = 0.1389 fck bd2

Adopt a suitable D, thus get d assuming


Mu
∴ d min = diameter of main bars, stirrups and clear
Rlim b cover.

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
4. Determining (Ast)reqd

⎡ f y Ast ⎤ Solving this quadratic


M u = 0.87 f y Ast ⎢d − ⎥
⎣ f ck b ⎦ equation, get (Ast )reqd

Mu
Alternatively, use SP:16 to get pt for a given value of and for
bd 2
the given grades of steel and concrete.

5. Design Checks
5.(a) Check for strength in flexure
⎡ f y Ast ⎤
Find actual d provided and get M uR = 0.87 f y Ast ⎢ d − ⎥
⎣ f ck b ⎦
Ensure MuR > Mu . Else, redesign (e.g., by increasing d).

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Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
5.(b) Check for deflection control:

Get kt and kc from Fig. 4 & 5 of Code For pt , pc provided and


⎛ Ast ( req ) ⎞
f s = 0.58 f y ⎜ ⎟
⎜ Ast ( provided ) ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛l⎞ ⎛l⎞ ⎛l⎞


Get ⎜ ⎟ and ensure ⎜ ⎟ <⎜ ⎟ Else, redesign.
⎝ d ⎠max ⎝ d ⎠ provided ⎝ d ⎠max

6. Detailing

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Design of doubly reinforced rectangular sections

Design Procedure for Given Mu

• For a given rectangular section the Mu,lim for a singly reinforced


section should be first determined

• If Mu,lim is greater than or equal to the factored moment Mu, the


section should be designed as a singly reinforced section

• Otherwise (for Mu > Mu,lim), the section should be designed as a


doubly reinforced section

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ΔMu is obtained from a couple comprising a (compressive) force (fsc –
0.447fck)Asc and an equal and opposite (tensile) force (0.87fy ∆ Ast ),
with a lever arm d − d ′ ( )
M u − M u,lim (0.87 fy )(ΔAst )
ΔAst = Asc =
0.87 f y ( d − d ′ ) fsc − 0.447 fck

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Design Formula M u = M uR = M u,lim + ΔM u

• where Mu,lim is the limiting moment capacity of a singly


reinforced ‘balanced’ section

• ΔMu is the additional moment capacity desired from the


compression steel Asc and the corresponding additional tension steel

• ∆ Ast is the additional tension steel corresponding to the


compression steel Asc

Ast = Ast ,lim + ΔAst p t = p t ,lim + Δp t

Ast,lim is the tension steel corresponding to Mu,lim

∆ Ast is the additional tension steel corresponding to ΔMu

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Design Problem 2
Design the flexural reinforcement for the beam in Design Problem 1,
if Mu = 520 kNm

Given b=350 mm and D = 650 mm. Effective span l = 7.0 m

Since the breadth and depth of the section are fixed here, it is
necessary to check whether the section is singly or doubly reinforced.

1. Singly reinforced/doubly reinforced?


Let d = D–50 =600 mm.
For Fe 415 steel, Mu,lim = 0.1389 fck bd2 = 437.54 kNm < Mu
Hence the section has to be doubly reinforced.

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2. Determining Ast,lim

0.362 f ck bxu ,max M u ,lim


= OR Ast ,lim =
Ast ,lim
0.87 f y 0.87 f y ( d − 0.416 × xu ,max )

Ast ,lim = 2526.6 mm 2

3. Determining ΔAst
Assuming 20 mm φ bars for compression steel,

d ′ ≈ 48 mm (30 mm clear cover + 8 mm stirrup + φ/2 )

( ΔAst )reqd =
M u − M u ,lim
=
( 520 − 437.54 ) ×106
= 413.75 mm2
0.87 f y ( d − d )
′ 0.87 × 415 × ( 600 − 48 )

4. Determining Ast

Ast ,reqd = Ast ,lim + ( ΔAst )reqd = 2526.6 + 413.75 = 2940.35 mm2

Provide 4 nos 32 mm ϕ [Ast,provided =3216.9mm2] 28


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5. Revising steel areas based on the actual d provided
Actual d (assuming 30 mm clear cover and 8 mm stirrups):
d = 650-(30+8+32/2) = 596 mm < 600 mm assumed earlier

Revising the above calculations with d = 646 mm, assuming 20mm φ


compression steel,

Mu,lim = 0.1389 fck bd2 = 431.7 kNm,


M u ,lim
Ast ,lim = = 2509.7 mm 2
0.87 f y ( d − 0.416 × xu ,max )

ΔAst ,reqd =
M u − M u , lim
=
( 520 − 431.7 ) ×106
= 446.18 mm2
0.87 f y ( d − d ′ ) 0.87 f y ( 596 − 48 )

Ast ,reqd = 2509.7 + 446.18 = 2955.96 mm2, Ast,provided = 3216.9mm2

Hence actual (ΔAst) provided = 3216.9 – 2509.7 =707.2 mm2


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6. Determining Asc

⎛ d′ ⎞ ⎛ 48 ⎞
ε sc = 0.0035 × ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ = 0.0035 ⎜ 1 − ⎟ = 0.002913
⎝ xu ,max ⎠ ⎝ 0.48 × 596 ⎠
From design stress-strain curve f sc ≅ 0.87 f y = 361 MPa

0.87 f y ( ΔAst )
Asc , reqd = 350
f sc − 0.447 f ck 30 clear

46

=
( 0.87 × 415) × 707.2 4 – 16 φ

361 − ( 0.447 × 25) 650



= 729.9 mm2 4 – 32 φ

Provide 4 nos 16 mm ϕ
30 clear
54
[Asc = 804. 2 mm2 > 729.9 mm2 ].
beam section
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7. Design check

Actual d provided: d = 596 mm d ′ = 30 + 16 2 + 8 = 46 mm


⎛ 46 ⎞
ε sc = 0.0035 ⎜ 1 − ⎟ = 0.00294
⎝ 0.48 × 596 ⎠
From design stress-strain curve f sc ≅ 0.87 f y = 361 MPa

0.87 f y ( Ast − Ast ,lim ) 0.87 × 415 × ( 3216.9 − 2509.7 )


A =
*
= = 729.9 mm2
sc
f sc − 0.447 f ck 361 − 0.447 × 25
Asc,provided = 804. 2 mm2

Asc , provided > Asc* Section is under-reinforced. Hence, OK.

(Note: Else, if Asc , provided < Asc* , increase Asc )


Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
8. Check for deflection control

3216.9 804.2
pt = ×100 = 1.542 pc = ×100 = 0.3855
350 × 596 350 × 596
⎛ Ast ( req ) ⎞
f s = 0.58 f y ⎜ ⎟ = 0.58 × 415 × ⎛⎜ 2955.96 ⎞⎟ = 221.18 MPa
⎜ Ast ( provided ) ⎟ ⎝ 3216.9 ⎠
⎝ ⎠

k t = 1.0 (from Fig. 4 of Code),


kc = 1.15 (from Fig. 5 of Code).

⎛l⎞
⎜ ⎟ = 20 ×1.0 ×1.15 = 23
⎝ d ⎠max

⎛l⎞ 7000 ⎛l⎞


⎜ ⎟ = = 11.75 < ⎜d ⎟ — Hence, OK.
⎝ d ⎠ provided 596 ⎝ ⎠max

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Design Procedure summarised (Doubly reinforced rectangular sections)

1. For the given b and D, and effective span l check whether the
section is singly or doubly reinforced.

E.g., For Fe 415 steel, Mu,lim = 0.1389 fck bd2

If Mu,lim < Mu the section has to be doubly reinforced.

2. Determine Ast,lim

0.362 f ck bxu ,max M u ,lim


= OR Ast ,lim =
Ast ,lim
0.87 f y 0.87 f y ( d − 0.416 × xu ,max )

3. Determine ΔAst Assuming dia of compression steel,


M u − M u ,lim
( ΔAst )reqd =
0.87 f y ( d − d ′)

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4. Determine Ast Ast ,reqd = Ast ,lim + ( ΔAst )reqd

Choose dia and number of bars. Get Ast,provided

5. Revise steel areas based on the actual d provided

Get actual d and revise the calculations of Mu,lim = 0.1389 fck bd2

M u ,lim M u − M u , lim
Ast ,lim = ΔAst ,reqd =
0.87 f y ( d − 0.416 × xu ,max ) 0.87 f y ( d − d ′)

Ast , reqd = Ast ,lim + ΔAst , reqd

Hence actual ΔAst , provided = Ast , provided − Ast , lim

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6. Determine Asc
From design stress-strain curve findf corresponding to
sc
⎛ d′ ⎞
ε sc = 0.0035 × ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟
⎝ xu ,max ⎠
0.87 f y ( ΔAst ) Choose dia and number of bars.
Asc , reqd =
f sc − 0.447 f ck Get Asc,provided

7. Design check
Get actual d provided.
From design stress-strain curve find f sc corresponding to
⎛ 46 ⎞
ε sc = 0.0035 ⎜ 1 − ⎟
⎝ 0.48 × 596 ⎠

0.87 f y ( Ast − Ast ,lim ) If Asc , provided > Asc* section is under-reinforced.
Asc* =
f sc − 0.447 f ck Else, if Asc , provided < Asc* , increase Asc

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8. Check for deflection control

Get kt and kc from Fig. 4 & 5 of Code For pt , pc provided and


⎛ Ast ( req ) ⎞
f s = 0.58 f y ⎜ ⎟
⎜ Ast ( provided ) ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛l⎞ ⎛l⎞ ⎛l⎞


Get ⎜ ⎟ and ensure ⎜ ⎟ < ⎜ ⎟ Else, redesign.
⎝ d ⎠max ⎝ d ⎠ provided ⎝ d ⎠max

9. Detailing

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ONE-WAY SLABS AND TWO-WAY SLABS

• When the slab is supported only on two opposite sides, the slab
bends in one direction only. Hence, it is called a one-way slab.

one–way
slab two–way slab
l<2b

• When the slab is supported on all four sides, and the length is less
than twice the width, it bends in two directions. Hence, it is called a
two-way slab.

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• If the length is greater than about twice the width, the bending
along the longitudinal direction is negligible compared to the
transverse (short-span) direction, and the resulting slab action is one-
way.

one–way b
slab
l>2b

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Distribution steel
• To resist secondary moments (arising as a result of the necessity to
resist lateral deformation).

• To resist bending moments in the transverse direction generated


locally when the slab is subject to concentrated loads.

• To resist secondary stresses introduced by shrinkage and


temperature effects

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Design of one-way slabs
Problem 3
Design a one-way slab, with a clear span of 5.0m, simply supported on
230 mm thick masonry walls, and subjected to a live load of 3 kN/m2
and a surface finish load of 1 kN/m2, using Fe 415 steel and M25
concrete. Assume that the slab is subjected to mild exposure condition.

1. Trial depth and effective span


5000
Assume an effective depth d ≈ = 200 mm
25

Let overall depth D = 200 + 40 = 240 mm

⎧5000 + 230 = 5230 mm (c/c distance)


Effective span l =⎨
⎩ 5000 + 200 = 5200 mm

Taking the lesser values (as per Code), l = 5.2 m.


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2. Loads and moment (per metre width)

Distributed load due to self-weight,


ΔwDL = 25 kN m 3 × 0.24 m = 6.0 kN m 2

wDL = 6.0 + 1.0 = 7.0 kN m2 wLL = 3.0 kN m 2

Factored load wu = 1.5( wDL + wLL ) = 1.5 (7.0+3.0) =15.0 kN/m2

Factored Moment (maximum at midspan)

wul 2 15.0 × 5.22


Mu = = = 50.7 kNm
8 8

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3. Determining Ast (main bars)
⎡ f y Ast ⎤
M u = 0.87 f y Ast ⎢d − ⎥
⎣ f ck ⎦
b
⎡ 415 Ast ⎤
50.7 ×106 = 0.87 × 415 × Ast ⎢200 −
⎣ 25 ×1000 ⎥⎦
Solving this quadratic equation ( Ast )reqd = 749 mm 2

Alternatively, using ‘design aids’

For
Mu 50.7 × 106 = 1.2675 MPa,
=R= 3
bd 2
10 × 2002
for M 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel, [Table 3, Page 49, SP: 16],

pt = 0.369 +
( 0.385 − 0.369 )
× (1.2675 − 1.25 ) = 0.375
(1.3 − 1.25)
0.375
( Ast ) reqd = × 1000 × 200 = 749.2 mm 2
100
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Provide 12 mm ϕ bars.
⎛π ⎞
1000 × ⎜ ×122 ⎟
1000 Aφ ⎝4 ⎠
Spacing of bars s= = = 151 mm
Ast 749

⎧3d = 3 × 200 = 600


Maximum spacing (Cl.26.3.3 a) sv ≤ ⎨
⎩ 300 mm

Provide 10 mm ϕ bars at 150 mm c/c spacing as main reinforcement

4. Distribution bars (Cl. 26.5.2.1, Page 48)

( Ast )dist = 0.0012 × 1000 × 240 = 288 mm2/m.

Provide 8 mm ϕ distribution bars.


⎛π ⎞
1000 Aφ 1000 × ⎜ × 82 ⎟
Spacing s= ⎝ 4 ⎠ = 174.53 mm
=
Ast 288
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
⎧5d = 5 × 200 = 1000
Maximum spacing (Cl.26.3.3 b) sv ≤ ⎨
⎩ 450 mm

Provide 8 mm ϕ bars at 170 mm c/c spacing as distribution reinforcement

5. Detailing

• The complete detailing of the slab is given in Figure. This meets the
Code requirements.

• Alternate bars of the main reinforcement are bent up (cranked) near


the supports at a distance of 0.1 l from the support (Cl. D-1.6, Page 90)

• This is in order to resist any flexural tension that may arise due to
partial fixity at the support

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


230 5000 230

520
(0.1 L)
12φ @ 150c/c

8φ @ 170 c/c
M25
A A Fe415
240 mm THICK

PLAN

12 φ @ 300c/c distributors 8 φ

240 mm

520 12φ @ 150 c/c 8 φ @ 170 c/c clear cover 30 mm


(alternate bars (distributors)
bent up)

230 SECTION A
–A

Details of a one-way slab


Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
6. Check for deflection control
Providing a clear cover of 30 mm, d = 240–30–10/2 = 205 mm.
⎛π ⎞
1000 × ⎜ ×102 ⎟ 490.87
⎝ 4 ⎠ pt , provided = ×100
Ast , provided = 1000 × 205
160
= 490.87 mm 2 = 0.2395
⎛ Ast ( req ) ⎞
f s = 0.58 f y ⎜ ⎟ = 0.58 × 415 × ⎛ 478.2 ⎞ = 234.487 MPa
⎜ Ast ( provided ) ⎟ ⎜ 490.87 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

k t = 1.7 (from Fig. 4 of Code),

⎛l⎞
⎜ d ⎟ = 20 × 1.7 = 34
⎝ ⎠max

⎛l⎞ 4200 ⎛l⎞


⎜ ⎟ = = 20.4< ⎜d ⎟ — Hence, OK.
⎝ d ⎠ provided 205 ⎝ ⎠max
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Curtailment of flexural tension reinforcement
• For economy, it is desirable to progressively curtail (‘cut-off’) the
flexural tension reinforcement, according to the decrease in bending
moment.

• Other factors to be considered in fixing actual bar cut-off points

• unexpected shifts in maximum moments,


• development length requirements,
• influence on shear strength
• development of diagonal tension cracks due to the effects of
discontinuity.

• Accordingly, Code (Cl. 26.2.3, Page 44) specifies a number of


requirements

47
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Theoretical Bar Cut-off Points
• The ‘theoretical cut-off point’ for a bar is that point beyond which it
is (theoretically) no longer needed to resist the design moment.
• In a prismatic beam the required area of tension reinforcement
varies nearly linearly with the bending moment

Development length requirements:


• The stress at the end of a bar is zero; it builds up gradually along its
length through bond with the surrounding concrete.

• In order to develop the full design stress (0.87fy) in the bar at a


section, a minimum development length Ld is required on either side of
the section. (Ref: Cl. 26.2.1 of Code)

φ = Nominal diameter of the bar


φσ s σs =
Ld = Stress in bar at the section considered
4τ bd
τ bd = Design bond stress given in Cl. 26.2.1.1
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Code Requirements

1.The shear at the cut-off point does not exceed two-thirds of the
shear resisting capacity of the section.

2.Excess stirrups are provided over a distance of 0.75d from the cut-
off point having an area Asv and a spacing sv such that:
0.4bw sv d
Asv ≥ sv ≤
fy 8β b

β b is the ratio of the area of bars cut off to the total area of the bars
at the section.

3. For 36 mm ϕ and smaller bars,


1. the continuing bars provide at least twice the area required for
flexure at the cut-off point and
2. the shear does not exceed three-fourth of the shear resisting
capacity of the section.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


• The extension of bars beyond the theoretical cut-off points should
not be less than the effective depth or 12 times the bar diameter

• If the anchorage length beyond the zero moment location is


denoted as Lo , then as per Code requirement,

( M uR Vu ) + Lo ≥ Ld
*

• where (MuR/Vu)* = 1.3MuR/Vu at a simple support with a confining


reaction, and MuR/Vu otherwise.

• At a point of inflection, the anchorage length Lo is limited to the


effective depth d or 12φ, whichever is greater.

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Splicing of reinforcement (Cl. 26.2.5)

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Design for SHEAR
Critical sections for shear design

• The maximum shear force usually occurs in a flexural member at


the face of the support,

• When a support reaction introduces transverse compression in the


end region of the member, critical section is located at a distance d
(effective depth) from the face of the support (Cl. 22.6.2.1, Page 36)

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Types of Shear Reinforcement
1. stirrups perpendicular to the beam axis;

2. stirrups inclined (at 45° or more) to the beam axis; and

3. longitudinal bars bent-up (usually, not more than two at a time) at


45° to 60° to the beam axis, combined with stirrups.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Design shear strength without shear reinforcement

Vuc = τ cbd where τ c is obtained from Table19, Page 73

Design shear strength with shear reinforcement (Cl. 40.1, Page 72)

For beams of uniform depth, nominal shear stress at a section is


defined as: V
τv = u
bd
where Vu is the factored shear force at the section

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Code Recommendations on shear reinforcement
If τ v exceeds τ c,max (Table 20, Page 73) the section has to be
suitably redesigned — by increasing the cross-sectional area and/or
improving the grade of concrete

If τ v is less than τ
c (Table19, Page 73) minimum stirrup shear
reinforcement has to be provided

If τ v is between τ c and τ c ,max suitable shear reinforcement has


to be designed for shear (as per Cl. 40.4, Page 72)

Minimum stirrup reinforcement (Cl. 26.5.1.6, Page 48)


Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups should be
provided so that:
Asv 0.4
≥ for τ v > 0.5 τ c
bsv 0.87 f y
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Design of shear reinforcement (Cl. 40.4)

Shear reinforcement has to be provided for a shear force of:

Vus = Vu − Vuc = Vu − τ cbd

Area of shear reinforcement required is calculated from:

0.87 f y Asv d
Vus = for vertical stirrups
sv
0.87 f y Asv d
Vus = ( sin α + cos α ) for inclined stirrups or
sv bars bent up at different cross sections

Vus = 0.87 f y Asv sin α for bars bent up at same cross section

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Spacing of shear reinforcement (Cl. 26.5.1.5, Page 47)

• The Code limits the value of the spacing sv to 0.75d for ‘vertical’
stirrups, and d for inclined stirrups with α = 45°

• In no case shall the spacing exceed 300 mm

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Problem 3

Check the adequacy of the given section with regard to shear. Assume
that a support reaction introduces transverse compression in the end
region of the member. End supports are 300 mm wide. Take clear span
= 6.7 m and wu (factored load) = 61.69 kN/m

Max. factored shear force (at d from support)


61.69 × 7
− 61.69 × ( 0.15 + 0.6 )
350
Vu =
2
= 169.64 kN
600
Nominal shear stress at the section is: 650

Vu 169.64 ×103
τv = =
bd 350 × 600
= 0.807 MPa < (τ c ,max = 3.1 MPa ) 3 – 25φ

(Table 20, Page 73) 30+8+25/2


Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
100 As
Ast, provided = 1472.62 mm2 = 0 .7
bd
τ c = 0.49 +
( 0.57 − 0.49 )
× ( 0.7 − 0.50 ) = 0.554 < τ v
( 0.75 − 0.50 )
(Table 19, Page 73)

Since τ v is between τ c and τ c ,max suitable shear reinforcement


has to be designed (as per Cl. 40.4, Page 72)

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


To find shear reinforcement)
Shear reinforcement has to be provided for a shear force of:

Vus = Vu − Vuc = 169.64 − 116.34 = 53.3 kN


Assume 2–legged 8ϕ vertical stirrups are provided.

0.87 f y Asv d
Find out spacing of 2–legged 8ϕ vertical stirrups fromV =
us
sv
π
0.87 f y Asv d 0.87 × 415 × 2 × × 82 × 600
sv = = 4 = 409mm
Vus 53.3

⎧0.75d = 0.75 × 600 = 450


Maximum spacing sv ≤ ⎨
⎩ 300 mm

Hence provide 300 mm spacing (least of the above).

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Alternate calculation (to find shear reinforcement)
Provide 2–legged 8ϕ vertical stirrups at 350 mm spacing.
Design shear strength without shear reinforcement

Vuc = τ cbd = 0.554 × 350 × 600 = 116.34 × 10 3


N

Design shear strength with a shear reinforcement of 2–legged 8ϕ stirrups


π
Asv , provided = 2 × × 82 =100.53 mm2
4
0.87 × 100.53 × 600
0.87 Asv d
Vus = = = 149.93 kN
sv 350
Total design shear strength = 116.34 + 149.93 = 266.27 kN > (Vu = 233.27 )
Hence safe.

Spacing of stirrups (Cl. 26.5.1.5, Page 47)

⎧0.75d = 0.75 × 600 = 450


Maximum allowed spacing sv ≤ ⎨
⎩ 300 mm
Hence shear reinforcement = 2–legged 8ϕ vertical stirrups at 300 mm spacing.
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Design for TORSION
Torsional reinforcement has to be suitably designed when the torsional
shear stress τ t exceeds the shear strength τ c of the section

Where flexural shear Vu occurs in combination with torsional shear (as


is commonly the case), the combined shear stress has to be considered.

The equivalent nominal shear stress (Cl. 41.3.1, Page 75)


Vu + 1.6 Tu b
τ ve =
bd

If τ ve exceeds τ c,max (Table 20, Page 73) the section has to be


suitably redesigned — by increasing the cross-sectional area (especially
width) and/or improving the grade of concrete

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


If τ ve is less than τ c minimum stirrup reinforcement has to be
provided

If τ ve is between τ c and τ c ,max suitable torsional reinforcement


(both transverse and longitudinal) has to be designed for the combined
effects of shear and torsion (as per Cl. 41.4)

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Code Provisions for Transverse Reinforcement

If Tu and Vu are the factored twisting moment and factored shear


force at the section under consideration,
Tu sv Vu s v
Asv = +
b1d 1 (0.87 f y ) 2.5d 1 (0.87 f y )

Asv = 2At is the total area of two legs of the stirrup;

sv is the centre-to-centre spacing of the stirrups;

b1 and d1 are the centre-to-centre distances between the corner bars


along the width and depth respectively

The Code (Cl. 41.4.3) specifies a minimum limit to the total area of
transverse reinforcement: (τ ve − τ c ) bs v
Asv ≥
0.87 f y
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Code Provisions for Longitudinal Reinforcement

• The torsional moment Tu is converted into an effective bending


moment Mt defined as:
M t = Tu
(1 + D b )
1.7
• ‘Equivalent bending moments’

M e1 = M t + M u M e2 = M t − M u

• The longitudinal reinforcement area Ast is designed to resist the


equivalent moment Me1, and this steel is to be located in the ‘flexural
tension zone’.

• In addition, if Me2 > 0 (i.e., Mt > Mu), then a reinforcement area Ast’ is
to be designed to resist this equivalent moment, and this steel is to be
located in the ‘flexural compression zone’.
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Problem 4
Check the adequacy of the given section with regard to shear and
torsion, assuming a torsional moment per metre run of 5kNm. Assume
fixity at the ends of the beam against torsion and flexure. Take effective
span = 7 m and wu (factored load) = 61.69 kN/m

Stress resultants
Max. twisting moment (at support) 350

tul 5×7
Tu = = = 17.5 kNm
2 2
Max. bending moment (at support) 600
650

wul 2 61.69 × 72
Mu = = = 251.9 kNm
12 12
5 – 25φ
Max. shear force (at support)
wu l 61.69 × 7 30+8+25/2
Vu = = = 215.915 kN
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Stresses

The equivalent nominal shear stress

Vu + 1.6 Tu b 215.915 × 103 + 1.6 ×17.5 × 106 350 = 1.409 MPa


τ ve = =
bd 350 × 600

τ c ,max = 3.1MPa (Table 20, Page 73) τ c ,max > τ ve

100 As
Ast, provided = 2454.37 mm2 = 1.168
bd

τ c = 0.64 +
( 0.70 − 0.64 )
× (1.168 − 1.0 ) = 0.68 < τ ve
(1.25 − 1.0 )
(Table 19, Page 73)

Since τ ve is between τ c and τ c ,max suitable torsional reinforcement


(both transverse and longitudinal) has to be designed for the combined
effects of shear and torsion (as per Cl. 41.4)
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Check for adequacy of longitudinal reinforcement

M t = Tu
(1 + D b ) (1 + 650 350 )
= 29.4 kNm
= 17.5
1.7 1.7
M e1 = M t + M u = 29.4 + 251.9 = 281.3kNm

M e2 = M t − M u < 0
Ultimate resisting moment of section

Ast = 2454.37 mm2 (pt = 1.168) at bottom ‘flexural tension zone’

⎡ f y Ast ⎤ ⎡ 415 × 2454.37 ⎤


M uR = 0.87 f y Ast ⎢d − ⎥ = 0.87 × 415 × 2454.37 ⎢600 − ⎥⎦
⎣ f ck ⎦
b ⎣ 25 × 350
= 428.5kNm > M e = 281.3kNm

Hence longitudinal reinforcement is sufficient.


Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Check for adequacy of transverse reinforcement

Area of 2–legged 8ϕ stirrups provided, Asv = 100.53 mm2

This should exceed the requirements given by Cl 41.4.3


Tu sv Vu s v
Asv = +
b1d 1 (0.87 f y ) 2.5d 1 (0.87 f y )

sv = 150 mm (say), b1 = 350-2x50=250 mm, d1 = 650-50-44=556 mm

17.5 × 103 × 150 215.915 × 103 × 150


Asv = + = 64.59 mm2
250 × 556 ( 0.87 × 415) 2.5 × 556 ( 0.87 × 415) < A provided
sv

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Minimum limit to the total area of transverse reinforcement (Cl. 41.4.3):

Asv =
(τ ve − τ c ) bsv =
(1.409 − 0.68) × 350 × 150 = 106 mm2
0.87 f y 0.87 × 415 > Asv provided

Hence provide 2–legged 10 ϕ stirrups, Asv = 157 mm2

Spacing of torsion reinforcement (Cl. 26.5.1.7, Page 48)

⎧ x1 = 250 + 25 + 10 = 283

sv ≤ ⎨( x1 + y1 ) 4 = ( 283 + 582.5) 4 = 216.38
⎪ 300 mm

sv provided = 150 mm < sv required. Hence safe.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN


Summary
Design of beams with rectangular singly & doubly reinforced sections
and flanged sections for flexure at ultimate limit state as per IS 456.

Design of one way slabs.

Shear, torsion and bond: Analysis and design with and without shear
reinforcement at ultimate limit state as per IS 456,

deflection control, development length, splicing, curtailment, code


requirements.

Reinforcement detailing.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

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