Differential Maths - BSN PDF

Fundamentals of Engineering
Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and

Numerical Analysis
Brody Dylan Johnson
St. Louis University
Brody Dylan Johnson (St. Louis University) Fundamentals of Engineering Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and Numerical
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Overview
Overview
Agenda:
Problem solving with Just-In-Time lectures (50 minutes)
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Overview
Overview
Agenda:
Group work with more problems (30 minutes)
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Overview
Overview
Agenda:
Quiz (30 minutes)
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Overview
Overview
Agenda:
Quiz (30 minutes)
Topics:
Calculus: Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus, Centroids and
Moments of Inertia, Vector Calculus.
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Overview
Overview
Agenda:
Quiz (30 minutes)
Topics:
Differential Equations and Transforms: Differential Equations, Fourier
Series, Laplace Transforms, Euler’s Approximation
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Overview
Overview
Agenda:
Quiz (30 minutes)
Topics:
Numerical Analysis: Root Solving with Bisection Method and Newton’s
Method.
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Overview
Overview
Agenda:
Quiz (30 minutes)
Topics:
Numerical Analysis: Root Solving with Bisection Method and Newton’s
Method.
Acknowledgement: Many problems are taken from the Hughes-Hallett,

Gleason, McCallum, et al. Calculus textbook.
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Calculus
Differential Calculus
Problem 1: Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x) = x3 − 3x2 + 20

on [−1, 3].
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Calculus

on [−1, 3].
Solution:
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Calculus

on [−1, 3].
Solution:
Check endpoints and critical points (f 0 (x) = 0).
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Calculus

on [−1, 3].
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 6x, f 0 (x) = 0 =⇒ x = 0, 2.
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Calculus

on [−1, 3].
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 6x, f 0 (x) = 0 =⇒ x = 0, 2.
f 00 (x) = 6x − 6, f 00 (0) < 0 concave down; local max, f 00 (2) >
0 concave up; local min.
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Calculus

on [−1, 3].
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 6x, f 0 (x) = 0 =⇒ x = 0, 2.
Compare values: f (−1) = 16, f (0) = 20, f (2) = 16, f (3) = 20.
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Calculus

on [−1, 3].
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 6x, f 0 (x) = 0 =⇒ x = 0, 2.
Minima: f (x) = 16 at x = −1 or x = 2.
3 / 30 A
Calculus

on [−1, 3].
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 6x, f 0 (x) = 0 =⇒ x = 0, 2.
Minima: f (x) = 16 at x = −1 or x = 2.
Maxima: f (x) = 20 at x = 0 or x = 3.
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Calculus
dy
Problem 2: Find dx if y = xx .
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Calculus
dy
Solution:
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Calculus
dy
Solution:
Apply logarithm and then use implicit differentiation.
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Calculus
dy
Solution:
Differentiate ln y = x ln x w.r.t x.
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Calculus
dy
Solution:
1 dy 1
= ln x + x (product rule).
y dx x
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Calculus
dy
Solution:
1 dy 1
y dx x
dy
= y(ln x + 1).
dx
4 / 30 A
Calculus
dy
Solution:
1 dy 1
y dx x
dy
= y(ln x + 1).
dx
dy
= xx (ln x + 1).
dx
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Calculus
Problem 3: Find the standard form of the tangent line to the hyperbola
x2 − 2y2 = 8 at the point (−4, 2).
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Calculus
x2 − 2y2 = 8 at the point (−4, 2).
Solution:
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Calculus
x2 − 2y2 = 8 at the point (−4, 2).
Solution:
Tangent Line to y = f (x) at x = a: y = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a).
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Calculus
x2 − 2y2 = 8 at the point (−4, 2).
Solution:
dy
Use implicit differentiation to find dx since f is not given explicitly.
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Calculus
x2 − 2y2 = 8 at the point (−4, 2).
Solution:
dy
dy
2x − 4y = 0
dx
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Calculus
x2 − 2y2 = 8 at the point (−4, 2).
Solution:
dy
dy
2x − 4y = 0
dx
dy 2x
= .
dx 4y
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Calculus
x2 − 2y2 = 8 at the point (−4, 2).
Solution:
dy
dy
2x − 4y = 0
dx
dy 2x
= .
dx 4y
dy
−8
= = −1.
8

dx (−4,2)
5 / 30 A
Calculus
x2 − 2y2 = 8 at the point (−4, 2).
Solution:
dy
dy
2x − 4y = 0
dx
dy 2x
= .
dx 4y
dy
−8
= = −1.
8

dx (−4,2)
Tangent line: y = 2 + (−1)(x − (−4)) or y = −x − 2.
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Calculus
Problem 4: Evaluate the following limit.
lim xe−x .
x→∞
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Calculus
lim xe−x .
x→∞
Solution:
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Calculus
lim xe−x .
x→∞
Solution:
Indeterminate form: 0 · ∞. Use L’Hôpital’s Rule.
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Calculus
lim xe−x .
x→∞
Solution:
So,
x H 1 1
lim xe−x = lim x
= lim x = = 0.
x→∞ x→∞ e x→∞ e ∞
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Calculus
lim xe−x .
x→∞
Solution:
So,
x H 1 1
lim xe−x = lim
x
= lim x = = 0.
x→∞ x→∞ e x→∞ e ∞
Recall: L’Hôpital’s Rule states that the limit of an indeterminate form
f (x)/g(x) can be evaluated using the ratio of the derivatives f 0 (x)/g0 (x).
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Calculus
∂m
Problem 5: Find the partial derivative ∂c if
m0
m= p .
1 − v2 /c2
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Calculus
∂m
m0
m= p .
1 − v2 /c2
Solution:
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Calculus
∂m
m0
m= p .
1 − v2 /c2
Solution:
∂z ∂f
Notation: if z = f (x, y) then ∂x = ∂x = fx .
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Calculus
∂m
m0
m= p .
1 − v2 /c2
Solution:
∂z ∂f
Treat other variables as constants and differentiate w.r.t. indicated
variable.
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Calculus
∂m
m0
m= p .
1 − v2 /c2
Solution:
∂z ∂f
variable. " #
∂m ∂ m0 1 m0
= 1 =− (−2)(−v2 /c3 )
∂c ∂c (1 − v2 /c2 ) 2 2 (1 − v2 /c2 ) 32
7 / 30 A
Calculus
∂m
m0
m= p .
1 − v2 /c2
Solution:
∂z ∂f
variable. " #
∂m ∂ m0 1 m0
= 1 =− (−2)(−v2 /c3 )
∂c ∂c (1 − v2 /c2 ) 2 2 (1 − v2 /c2 ) 32
∂m −m0 v2
Simplify. = 3
∂c c3 (1 − v2 /c2 ) 2
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Calculus
5 − 3x
Problem 6: What is the slope of the curve y = when it crosses the
5 + 3x
positive x-axis?
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Calculus
5 − 3x
5 + 3x
positive x-axis?
Solution:
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Calculus
5 − 3x
5 + 3x
positive x-axis?
Solution:
The graph crosses the positive x-axis when y = 0 and x > 0, i.e.,
dy
5 − 3x = 0 or x = 53 . The slope is given by dx .
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Calculus
5 − 3x
5 + 3x
positive x-axis?
Solution:
dy
0 0

d f f g−gf
Quotient Rule: = .
dx g g2
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Calculus
5 − 3x
5 + 3x
positive x-axis?
Solution:
dy
0 0

d f f g−gf
Quotient Rule: = .
dx g g2
dy (−3)(5 + 3x) − (3)(5 − 3x)
= .
dx (5 + 3x)2
8 / 30 A
Calculus
5 − 3x
5 + 3x
positive x-axis?
Solution:
dy
0 0

d f f g−gf
Quotient Rule: = .
dx g g2
dy (−3)(5 + 3x) − (3)(5 − 3x)
= .
dx (5 + 3x)2
dy (−3)(10) − 3(0)
5 = = −0.3.
dx x= 3 102
8 / 30 A
Calculus
Problem 7: The cost of fuel to propel a boat through the water (dollars per
hour) is proportional to the cube of the speed. A certain ferry boat uses $100
of fuel per hour when cruising at 10 miles per hour. Apart from fuel, the cost
of running this ferry (labor, maintenance, and so on) is $675 per hour. At what
speed should it travel so as to minimize the cost per mile traveled?
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Calculus
Solution:
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Calculus
Solution:
Costs must be converted to a per mile basis.
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Calculus
Solution:
Fuel Cost: f (v) = Cv3 (dollars/hour) where v is speed. f (10) = 100 so
C = 0.1.
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Calculus
Solution:
C = 0.1.
Fixed Cost: g(v) = 675 (dollars/hour) is constant w.r.t. speed.
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Calculus
Solution:
C = 0.1.
Total Cost: h(v) = 675 + 0.1v3 (dollars/hour). At speed v it takes 1/v
hours to go one mile.
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Calculus
Solution:
C = 0.1.
Total Cost: h(v) = 675 + 0.1v3 (dollars/hour). At speed v it takes 1/v
hours to go one mile.
Minimize: C(v) = 675/v + 0.1v2 ,
C0 (v)p= −675/v2 + 0.2v = (0.2v3 − 675)/v2 . Critical Point
v = 3 5(675) = 15 miles per hour. (Check that C00 (15) > 0.)
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z 2
2
Problem 8: Calculate the definite integral xex dx
0
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z 2
2
0
Solution:
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z 2
2
0
Solution:
Use u-substitution: u = x2 so du = 2x dx.
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z 2
2
0
Solution:
Don’t forget to change the limits of integration: u(0) = 0, u(2) = 4!
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z 2
2
0
Solution:
Z 2
1 4 u
Z
x2
xe dx = e du.
0 2 0
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z 2
2
0
Solution:
Z 2
1 4 u
Z
x2
xe dx = e du.
0 2 0
Z 2
2 1 4 e4 − 1
xex dx = eu = .
0 2 0 2
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z
Problem 9: Determine the indefinite integral x2 e−x dx
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z
Solution:
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z
Solution:
R R
Integration by parts: u dv = u v − v du.
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z
Solution:
R R
u= x2 , du = 2x dx, dv = e−x
dx, v = −e−x ,
Z Z
x e dx = −x e + 2 xe−x dx.
2 −x 2 −x
11 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z
Solution:
R R
u= x2 , du = 2x dx, dv = e−x
dx, v = −e−x ,
Z Z
2 −x 2 −x
u = x, du = dx, dv = e−x dx, v = −e−x dx,

Z Z
xe dx = −xe + e−x dx = −xe−x − e−x + C
−x −x
11 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
Z
Solution:
R R
u= x2 , du = 2x dx, dv = e−x
dx, v = −e−x ,
Z Z
2 −x 2 −x
u = x, du = dx, dv = e−x dx, v = −e−x dx,

Z Z
xe dx = −xe + e−x dx = −xe−x − e−x + C
−x −x
Finally, (incorporating the 2 again)

Z
x2 e−x dx = −x2 e−x − 2xe−x − 2e−x + C.
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
Problem 10: Find the volume of revolution from x = 1 to x = 3 when
f (x) = x − 1 is rotated about the y-axis.
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
Solution:
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
Solution:
Rb
Volume = a 2πxf (x) dx. (y-axis)
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
Solution:
Rb
Rb
Volume = a π(f (x))2 dx. (x-axis)
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
Solution:
Rb
Rb
Volume = a π(f (x))2 dx. (x-axis)
Here,
Z 3
Volume = 2πx(x − 1) dx
1
3
x2 3

x
= 2π −
3 2 1

26 8 28π
= 2π − = .
3 2 3
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
√
Problem 11: Find the area between the curves y = x and y = x.
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
√
Solution:
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
√
Solution:
√
The curves bound a region over 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 with x ≥ x.
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
√
Solution:
√
√
The area is given by the integral of x − x.
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
√
Solution:
√
√
The area is given by the integral of x − x.
Hence,
Z 1√
Area = x − x dx
0

2 3 1 2 1
= x − x
2
3 2 0
2 1
= −
3 2
1
= .
6
13 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
1
R
Problem 12: Find the indefinite integral x2 +x
dx.
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
1
R
dx.
Solution:
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
1
R
dx.
Solution:
1 1 A B
Partial fractions: = = + .
x2 + x x(x + 1) x x+1
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Calculus
Integral Calculus
1
R
dx.
Solution:
1 1 A B
x2 + x x(x + 1) x x+1
Use cover-up method or common denominator:
1 A B A(x + 1) + Bx
= + = .
x(x + 1) x x+1 x(x + 1)
14 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
1
R
dx.
Solution:
1 1 A B
x2 + x x(x + 1) x x+1
1 A B A(x + 1) + Bx
= + = .
x(x + 1) x x+1 x(x + 1)
Equate terms: A + B = 0 (x terms) and A = 1 (constant terms) so

B = −1.
14 / 30 A
Calculus
Integral Calculus
1
R
dx.
Solution:
1 1 A B
x2 + x x(x + 1) x x+1
1 A B A(x + 1) + Bx
= + = .
x(x + 1) x x+1 x(x + 1)
Equate terms: A + B = 0 (x terms) and A = 1 (constant terms) so

B = −1.
Finally we integrate:
Z Z
1 1 1
2
dx = − dx = ln x − ln (x + 1) + C.
x +x x x+1
14 / 30 A
Calculus
Centroid and Moment of Inertia

Problem 13: Find the centroid of the region bounded by 0 ≤ x ≤ 2,
0 ≤ y ≤ x2 .
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Calculus

0 ≤ y ≤ x2 .
Solution:
15 / 30 A
Calculus

0 ≤ y ≤ x2 .
Solution:
xc = A−1 x dA and yc = A−1
R R
y dA where A = Area.
Z 2
8
A= x2 dx = .
0 3
15 / 30 A
Calculus

0 ≤ y ≤ x2 .
Solution:
R R
Z 2
8
A= x2 dx = .
0 3
x coordinate: Z 2
3 3 1 4 2 3
xc = xf (x) dx = x = .
8 0 84 0 2
15 / 30 A
Calculus

0 ≤ y ≤ x2 .
Solution:
R R
Z 2
8
A= x2 dx = .
0 3
x coordinate: Z 2
3 3 1 4 2 3
xc = xf (x) dx = x = .
8 0 84 0 2
y coordinate:
4
√
Z
3 3 2 3 4
yc = y(2 − y) dy = 2y − y 2 = 1.
8 0 8 3 0
15 / 30 A
Calculus
Problem 14: Find the moment of inertia of a rectangle with side lengths a and
b about its bottom edge (side length a).
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Calculus
Solution:
16 / 30 A
Calculus
Solution:
y2 dA and Iy = x2 dA.
R R
Ix =
16 / 30 A
Calculus
Solution:
R R
Ix =
Imagining the bottom edge as the x-axis we want Ix :
b
ab3
Z
Ix = y2 (a − 0) dy = .
0 3
16 / 30 A
Calculus
Solution:
R R
Ix =
Imagining the bottom edge as the x-axis we want Ix :
b
ab3
Z
Ix = y2 (a − 0) dy = .
0 3
Note: We set this up using dy because points on horizontal slices have

the same distance from the axis of rotation. Points on vertical slices (as
with dx) would not.
16 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Problem 15: Find the gradient of f (x, y, z) = xey + ln (xz).
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Calculus
Vector Calculus

Solution:
17 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus

Solution:
∂~ ∂~ ∂~
Gradient is ∇f where ∇ = ∂x i + ∂y j + ∂z k.
17 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus

Solution:
∂~ ∂~ ∂~
So,
1 1~
∇f (x, y, z) = (ey + )~i + xey~j + k.
x z
17 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus

Solution:
∂~ ∂~ ∂~
So,
1 1
∇f (x, y, z) = (ey + )~i + xey~j + ~k.
x z
The gradient is a vector valued function and is the direction of maximum
increase of f .
17 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus

Solution:
∂~ ∂~ ∂~
So,
1 1
∇f (x, y, z) = (ey + )~i + xey~j + ~k.
x z
The gradient is a vector valued function and is the direction of maximum
increase of f .
Directional derivative in direction of unit vector ~u: D~u f = ∇f · ~u.
17 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Problem 16: Let F(x, y, z) = xy~i + y2 z~j + xz~k. Find DivF and curlF.
18 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Solution:
18 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Solution:
If F(x, y, z) = f (x, y, z)~i + g(x, y, z)~j + h(x, y, z)~k then
∂f ∂g ∂h
DivF(x, y, z) = ∇ · F = + + = y + 2yz + x.
∂x ∂y ∂z
18 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Solution:
If F(x, y, z) = f (x, y, z)~i + g(x, y, z)~j + h(x, y, z)~k then
∂f ∂g ∂h
DivF(x, y, z) = ∇ · F = + + = y + 2yz + x.
∂x ∂y ∂z
The curl of F is given by ∇ × F,
~i ~j ~k ~i ~j ~k

∂ ∂ ∂ =∂ ∂ ∂

curlF(x, y, z) = ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
f (x, y, z) g(x, y, z) h(x, y, z) xy y2 z xz
= (0 − y2 )~i − (z − 0)~j + (0 − x)~k = −y2~i − z~j − x~k.
18 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Problem 17: Find the Laplacian of φ = f (x, y, z) = xyz.
19 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus

Solution:
19 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus

Solution:
∂2φ ∂2φ ∂2φ
The Laplacian of φ is ∇2 φ = ∂x2
+ ∂y2
+ ∂z2
.
19 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus

Solution:
∂2φ ∂2φ ∂2φ
+ ∂y2
+ ∂z2
.
φx = yz, φy = xz, and φz = xy.
19 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus

Solution:
∂2φ ∂2φ ∂2φ
+ ∂y2
+ ∂z2
.
φxx = 0, φyy = 0, and φzz = 0, so ∇2 φ(x, y, z) = 0.
19 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus

Solution:
∂2φ ∂2φ ∂2φ
+ ∂y2
+ ∂z2
.
φxx = 0, φyy = 0, and φzz = 0, so ∇2 φ(x, y, z) = 0.
Functions for which ∇2 φ = 0 are called potential functions.
19 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
Problem 18: Find the equation of the tangent line to the parametric curve
x = t2 , y = sin (2πt) at t = 2.
20 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
x = t2 , y = sin (2πt) at t = 2.
Solution:
20 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
x = t2 , y = sin (2πt) at t = 2.
Solution:
dy dy dx
Chain Rule: dt = dx · dt
20 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
x = t2 , y = sin (2πt) at t = 2.
Solution:
dy dy dx
x0 (t) = 2t, y0 (t) = 2π cos (2πt)
20 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
x = t2 , y = sin (2πt) at t = 2.
Solution:
dy dy dx
x0 (t) = 2t, y0 (t) = 2π cos (2πt)
So x(2) = 4, y(2) = 0, and
dy 2π cos (4π) π
= = .
dx t=2 2(2) 2
20 / 30 A
Calculus
Vector Calculus
x = t2 , y = sin (2πt) at t = 2.
Solution:
dy dy dx
x0 (t) = 2t, y0 (t) = 2π cos (2πt)
So x(2) = 4, y(2) = 0, and
dy 2π cos (4π) π
= = .
dx t=2 2(2) 2
The tangent line is thus y = π2 (x − 4).
20 / 30 A
Differential Equations and Transforms
Differential Equations
Problem 19: Find the particular solution of y00 − 3y0 + 2y = 0 satisfying

y(0) = 1, y0 (0) = 0.
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y(0) = 1, y0 (0) = 0.
Solution:
21 / 30 A

y(0) = 1, y0 (0) = 0.
Solution:
Characteristic Equation: r2 − 3r + 2 = 0 or (r − 2)(r − 1) = 0 so
r = 1, 2.
21 / 30 A

y(0) = 1, y0 (0) = 0.
Solution:
r = 1, 2.
The [homogeneous or complementary] solution is y(x) = Aex + Be2x
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y(0) = 1, y0 (0) = 0.
Solution:
r = 1, 2.
Then y0 (x) = Aex + 2Be2x and
y(0) = 1 = A + B y0 (0) = 0 = A + 2B.
21 / 30 A

y(0) = 1, y0 (0) = 0.
Solution:
r = 1, 2.
Then y0 (x) = Aex + 2Be2x and
y(0) = 1 = A + B y0 (0) = 0 = A + 2B.
B = −1 and A = 2 yield the particular solution: y(x) = 2ex − e2x .
21 / 30 A
Problem 20: Find a particular solution of y00 + 2y0 + y = x2 .
22 / 30 A

Solution:
22 / 30 A

Solution:
Method of undetermined coefficients. Assume yp (x) = Ax2 + Bx + C.
22 / 30 A

Solution:
Differentiate: y0 (x) = 2Ax + B, y00 (x) = 2A.
22 / 30 A

Solution:
Substitute:
(2A) + 2(2Ax + B) + (Ax2 + Bx + C) = x2 .
22 / 30 A

Solution:
Substitute:
(2A) + 2(2Ax + B) + (Ax2 + Bx + C) = x2 .
Equate like terms: x2 forces A = 1, x forces 4A + B = 0 and 1 leads to

2A + 2B + C = 0.
22 / 30 A

Solution:
Substitute:
(2A) + 2(2Ax + B) + (Ax2 + Bx + C) = x2 .
Equate like terms: x2 forces A = 1, x forces 4A + B = 0 and 1 leads to

2A + 2B + C = 0.
A = 1, B = −4, and C = 6.
22 / 30 A
Problem 21: Find the general solution of y0 − 3y = sin (2x).
23 / 30 A

Solution:
23 / 30 A

Solution:
Method of undetermined coefficients. Assume
yp (x) = A cos (2x) + B sin (2x).
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Solution:
yp (x) = A cos (2x) + B sin (2x).
Differentiate: y0 (x) = −2A sin (2x) + 2B cos (2x).
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Solution:
yp (x) = A cos (2x) + B sin (2x).
Substitute:
(−2A sin (2x) + 2B cos (2x)) − 3(A cos (2x) + B sin (2x)) = sin (2x).
23 / 30 A

Solution:
yp (x) = A cos (2x) + B sin (2x).
Substitute:
Equate like terms, sin (2x): −2A − 3B = 1 and cos (2x): 2B − 3A = 0.
23 / 30 A

Solution:
yp (x) = A cos (2x) + B sin (2x).
Substitute:

A = 2/13, B = 3/13 so yp (x) = 2/13 cos (2x) + 3/13 sin (2x).
23 / 30 A

Solution:
yp (x) = A cos (2x) + B sin (2x).
Substitute:

A = 2/13, B = 3/13 so yp (x) = 2/13 cos (2x) + 3/13 sin (2x).
Char. polynomial is r − 3 = 0, so yh (x) = Ae3x and y(x) = yh (x) + yp (x).
23 / 30 A
Fourier Series
Problem 22: Find the Fourier Series of f (x) = x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, as a 1-periodic
function.
24 / 30 A
Fourier Series
function.
Solution:
24 / 30 A
Fourier Series
function.
Solution:
Fourier Series:
∞
a0 X 2πn 2πn
f (x) ≈ + an cos x + bn sin x .
2 T T
n=1
24 / 30 A
Fourier Series
function.
Solution:
Fourier Series:
∞
a0 X 2πn 2πn
2 T T
n=1
Coefficients:
Z T Z T
2 2πn 2 2πn
an = f (x) cos x dx bn = f (x) sin x dx.
T 0 T T 0 T
24 / 30 A
Fourier Series
function.
Solution:
Fourier Series:
∞
a0 X 2πn 2πn
2 T T
n=1
Coefficients:
Z T Z T
2 2πn 2 2πn
an = f (x) cos x dx bn = f (x) sin x dx.
T 0 T T 0 T
In this case, a0 = 1, an = 0, n ≥ 1, and

Z 1
1
bn = 2 x sin 2πnx dx = (Integrate by parts) = − .
0 πn
24 / 30 A
Laplace Transform
Problem 23: Find the Laplace transform of f (t) = eat .
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Laplace Transform
Solution:
25 / 30 A
Laplace Transform
Solution:
Laplace transform: Z ∞
F(s) = f (t)e−st dt.
0
25 / 30 A
Laplace Transform
Solution:
0
In this case,
Z ∞ ∞
1 1
F(s) = e−(s−a)t dt = − e−(s−a)t = . (s > a)

0 (s − a) 0 s−a
25 / 30 A
Laplace Transform
Solution:
0
In this case,
Z ∞ ∞
1 1
F(s) = e−(s−a)t dt = − e−(s−a)t = . (s > a)

0 (s − a) 0 s−a
Laplace transforms behave nicely with derivatives:
L{f 0 (t)} = sF(s) − y(0).
We can use this to solve differential equations.
25 / 30 A
Laplace Transform
Problem 24: Use Laplace transforms to solve y0 + 2y = 0, y(0) = 2.
26 / 30 A
Laplace Transform

Solution:
26 / 30 A
Laplace Transform

Solution:
Apply the Laplace transform to the equation: sY(s) − y(0) + 2Y(s) = 0.
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Laplace Transform

Solution:
So Y(s) = y(0)/(s + 2) = 2/(s + 2).
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Laplace Transform

Solution:
So Y(s) = y(0)/(s + 2) = 2/(s + 2).
We find y(t) by recognizing the form of Y(s) using known Laplace
transforms:
−1 1
y(t) = 2L = 2e−2t .
s+2
26 / 30 A
Laplace Transform
s+4
Problem 25: Find the inverse Laplace transform of Y(s) = s2 +4
.
27 / 30 A
Laplace Transform
s+4
.
Solution:
27 / 30 A
Laplace Transform
s+4
.
Solution:
Consulting a table, the relevant transforms are:
s ω
L{cos ωt} = L{sin ωt} = .
s2 + ω2 s2 + ω2
27 / 30 A
Laplace Transform
s+4
.
Solution:
s ω
s2 + ω2 s2 + ω2
We have
s+4 s 2
Y(s) = 2
= 2 +2 2 .
s +4 s +4 s +4
27 / 30 A
Laplace Transform
s+4
.
Solution:
s ω
s2 + ω2 s2 + ω2
We have
s+4 s 2
Y(s) = 2
= 2 +2 2 .
s +4 s +4 s +4
So y(t) = cos (2t) + 2 sin (2t).
27 / 30 A
Laplace Transform
s+4
.
Solution:
s ω
s2 + ω2 s2 + ω2
We have
s+4 s 2
Y(s) = 2
= 2 +2 2 .
s +4 s +4 s +4
So y(t) = cos (2t) + 2 sin (2t).
Often we must use partial fractions to first factor an expression into
recognizable pieces.
27 / 30 A
Separable ODEs
dy
Problem 26: Solve the initial value problem: (1 + x2 ) dx = 3xy, y(0) = 1.
28 / 30 A
Separable ODEs
dy
Solution:
28 / 30 A
Separable ODEs
dy
Solution:
This differential equation is separable: (integrate RHS using u = 1 + x2 )
Z Z
1 3x 3
dy = dx ln y = ln (1 + x2 ) + C.
y 1 + x2 2
28 / 30 A
Separable ODEs
dy
Solution:
This differential equation is separable: (integrate RHS using u = 1 + x2 )
Z Z
1 3x 3
dy = dx ln y = ln (1 + x2 ) + C.
y 1 + x2 2
3
Exponentiation leads to y = A(1 + x2 ) 2 and since y(0) = 1, we have
A = 1.
28 / 30 A
Euler’s Method
dy
Problem 27: Use Euler’s Method to predict y(0.5) if dx = 1 + xy, y(0) = 0,
and ∆x = 0.25.
29 / 30 A
Euler’s Method
dy
and ∆x = 0.25.
Solution:
29 / 30 A
Euler’s Method
dy
and ∆x = 0.25.
Solution:

dy
Euler’s Method: yk+1 = yk + dx (x ,y ) · ∆x.
k k
29 / 30 A
Euler’s Method
dy
and ∆x = 0.25.
Solution:

dy
k k
y0 = 0 is given, so y1 = 0 + (1 + 0(0)) · 0.25 = 0.25
29 / 30 A
Euler’s Method
dy
and ∆x = 0.25.
Solution:

dy
k k
y0 = 0 is given, so y1 = 0 + (1 + 0(0)) · 0.25 = 0.25

Now, y2 = 0.25 + (1 + (0.25)(0.25)) · 0.25 = 0.515625.
29 / 30 A
Euler’s Method
dy
and ∆x = 0.25.
Solution:

dy
k k
y0 = 0 is given, so y1 = 0 + (1 + 0(0)) · 0.25 = 0.25

Now, y2 = 0.25 + (1 + (0.25)(0.25)) · 0.25 = 0.515625.
Interpret y2 ≈ y(x0 + 2∆x) = y(0.5) so y(0.5) ≈ 0.516.
29 / 30 A
Numerical Analysis
Bisection Method
Problem 28: Use two iterations of the bisection method to approximate a root
of f (x) = x2 − 3x − 2.
30 / 30 A
Numerical Analysis
Bisection Method
of f (x) = x2 − 3x − 2.
Solution:
30 / 30 A
Numerical Analysis
Bisection Method
of f (x) = x2 − 3x − 2.
Solution:
The bisection method starts with points, L0 and R0 for which one of
f (L0 ), f (R0 ) is negative and the other is positive. The intermediate value
theorem says a root lies in between (assuming f is continuous).
30 / 30 A
Numerical Analysis
Bisection Method
of f (x) = x2 − 3x − 2.
Solution:
Notice f (0) = −2 < 0 and f (4) = 2 > 0, so we can use L0 = 0 and
R0 = 4.
30 / 30 A
Numerical Analysis
Bisection Method
of f (x) = x2 − 3x − 2.
Solution:
R0 = 4.
First iteration: Check f (0.5(L0 + R0 )) = f (2) = −10, so set L1 = 2,
R1 = 4.
30 / 30 A
Numerical Analysis
Bisection Method
of f (x) = x2 − 3x − 2.
Solution:
R0 = 4.
R1 = 4.
Second iteration: Check f (0.5(L1 + R1 )) = f (3) = −2, so set L2 = 3,
R2 = 4.
30 / 30 A
Numerical Analysis
Bisection Method
of f (x) = x2 − 3x − 2.
Solution:
R0 = 4.
R1 = 4.
Second iteration: Check f (0.5(L1 + R1 )) = f (3) = −2, so set L2 = 3,
R2 = 4.
At this point our estimate of the root would be x = 3.5. Notice
f (3.5) = −0.25 which is much closer.
30 / 30 A

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Fundamentals of Engineering

Calculus, Differential Equations & Transforms, and

Brody Dylan Johnson

St. Louis University

Acknowledgement: Many problems are taken from the Hughes-Hallett,

Problem 1: Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x) = x3 − 3x2 + 20

Problem 1: Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x) = x3 − 3x2 + 20

Problem 1: Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x) = x3 − 3x2 + 20

Problem 1: Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x) = x3 − 3x2 + 20

Problem 1: Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x) = x3 − 3x2 + 20

Problem 1: Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x) = x3 − 3x2 + 20

Problem 1: Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x) = x3 − 3x2 + 20

Problem 1: Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x) = x3 − 3x2 + 20

Problem 4: Evaluate the following limit.

Problem 4: Evaluate the following limit.

Problem 4: Evaluate the following limit.

Problem 4: Evaluate the following limit.

Problem 4: Evaluate the following limit.

u = x, du = dx, dv = e−x dx, v = −e−x dx,

u = x, du = dx, dv = e−x dx, v = −e−x dx,

Finally, (incorporating the 2 again)

Equate terms: A + B = 0 (x terms) and A = 1 (constant terms) so

Equate terms: A + B = 0 (x terms) and A = 1 (constant terms) so

Centroid and Moment of Inertia

Centroid and Moment of Inertia

Centroid and Moment of Inertia

Centroid and Moment of Inertia

Centroid and Moment of Inertia

Centroid and Moment of Inertia

Centroid and Moment of Inertia

Centroid and Moment of Inertia

Centroid and Moment of Inertia

Centroid and Moment of Inertia

Note: We set this up using dy because points on horizontal slices have

Problem 15: Find the gradient of f (x, y, z) = xey + ln (xz).

Problem 15: Find the gradient of f (x, y, z) = xey + ln (xz).

Problem 15: Find the gradient of f (x, y, z) = xey + ln (xz).

Problem 15: Find the gradient of f (x, y, z) = xey + ln (xz).

Problem 15: Find the gradient of f (x, y, z) = xey + ln (xz).

Problem 15: Find the gradient of f (x, y, z) = xey + ln (xz).

= (0 − y2 )~i − (z − 0)~j + (0 − x)~k = −y2~i − z~j − x~k.

Problem 17: Find the Laplacian of φ = f (x, y, z) = xyz.

Problem 17: Find the Laplacian of φ = f (x, y, z) = xyz.

Problem 17: Find the Laplacian of φ = f (x, y, z) = xyz.

Problem 17: Find the Laplacian of φ = f (x, y, z) = xyz.

Problem 17: Find the Laplacian of φ = f (x, y, z) = xyz.

Problem 17: Find the Laplacian of φ = f (x, y, z) = xyz.

The tangent line is thus y = π2 (x − 4).

Problem 19: Find the particular solution of y00 − 3y0 + 2y = 0 satisfying

Problem 19: Find the particular solution of y00 − 3y0 + 2y = 0 satisfying

Problem 19: Find the particular solution of y00 − 3y0 + 2y = 0 satisfying

Problem 19: Find the particular solution of y00 − 3y0 + 2y = 0 satisfying

Problem 19: Find the particular solution of y00 − 3y0 + 2y = 0 satisfying

y(0) = 1 = A + B y0 (0) = 0 = A + 2B.

Problem 19: Find the particular solution of y00 − 3y0 + 2y = 0 satisfying

y(0) = 1 = A + B y0 (0) = 0 = A + 2B.

B = −1 and A = 2 yield the particular solution: y(x) = 2ex − e2x .

Problem 20: Find a particular solution of y00 + 2y0 + y = x2 .

Problem 20: Find a particular solution of y00 + 2y0 + y = x2 .

Problem 20: Find a particular solution of y00 + 2y0 + y = x2 .

Problem 20: Find a particular solution of y00 + 2y0 + y = x2 .

Problem 20: Find a particular solution of y00 + 2y0 + y = x2 .

(2A) + 2(2Ax + B) + (Ax2 + Bx + C) = x2 .