--e contents of the Geography and History ESO I lNlClA DUAL I Unit Presentation

:'clect are offered both in prrnted format - the book you are I Content DeveloPment
-o ding in your hands - and digital format - the associated I Key concePts
: grtal book lNlClA DUAL. The guidelines on these two pages I Consolidation
.'.Íl rho* you how to get the maximum benefit out of the I Final task
: gital and print formats combined. The units are supportqd bY appendices, which incluce ¿
-'rs volume consists of 7 units, which are structured as follows: collection of related maPS, as well as an index of keY ter'-rs
from each unit.

UNIT PRESENTATION
The opening spread provides a striking and evocative topic-relevant
image, desgned to stimulate interest and curiosity' On the first
page, there is a user-friendly feature:
You willlearn to... :this section explains what is going to be
covered in each unit step by step. lt also pr,ovides clear learning
objectives, outlining what you should be able to accomplish
by the unit's end.

CONTENT DEVELOPMENT
-^ese pages present the core material you have to study.
'ycu may find that you are already familiar with some of the
: -3.ect ratter covered.
Tie tmpcrtaril section provides extra supporting information
n,nrch complements the main content and enhances or
yr:i¡
deepens your knowledge of the subject matter' The }r*l
kr¡ov¿? ieature provides interesting and quirky additional
facts and informatron. Both sections will help you develop and
expand your knowledge by introducing important concepts'
interestiÁg facts, specific topic vocabulary, relevant data and
further recommended sources of reading.
At the end of each section, there are carefully chosen activities
that will enable you to put what you have learned into practice.
These activities are organised according to whether they
involve lower-order thinking skills (Remember, Understand
and Apply), or higher-order thinking skills (Analyse, Evaluate,
Create).
The units have charts, maps, data tables, photos, drawings and
other graphic elements to complement the content covered,
and exemplify and develop key points, helping you to better
understand, absorb and retain new information'
KEY CONCEPTS
-^ s section aims to highlight and summarise the most important unit content. This provides
'-':^er support to help you absorb key concepts.

ffi

CONSOLIDATION
The tasks presented on this twotpaOe spread are designed to
require you to put your learning into practice, helping you to
identify how well you have absorbed the unit's content and how
successfully you can apply this knowledge, as well as identifying
areas for improvement that may require some revision.
The icons which appear on the upper part of the page indicate
I .-. specific task types. Here; and throughout the unit, a range
- of different tasks requiring the use of a variety of skills are
employed.

FINAL TASK
-^ s is a group-work prolect section, where you have the
:cccrtunity to apply the knowledge, skills and techniques
in the unit in a team environment.
"a'red
--e development of the task is carried out in three stages:
' preparation, (2) procedure and (3)communication and
pu blication.

-, ::e end, you will be given the opportunity to evaluate your

3,'.r proQress, answering eight questions which prompt you
.: 'eflect on what you have learnt.

CONTENTS IN DIGITAL FORIVIAT

The digital content of Geography and History or section-specific digital features (Reading
ESO 1 lNlClA DUAL is referenced in this volume comprehension, lnteractive activities, Cinema
so that you are aware at all stages of when you can room, Virtual explorers. . .).
o or should use the digital book. Some activities in the book have l,'!i¡e text to
Sta rt I On the opening page of each unit, the start indicate the presence of a digital hyperlink that
button @ inai.ut.ithat there is digital content will allow you to access a related page, video or
available. This digital feature, called lnteresfing map from the associated digital book, lNlClA
l: ',;n
load
factsl introduces the topic in an engaging way. DUAL.
{ It presents a documentary and some questions You will also find the audio icon S linked to
--UU
with the aim of awakening your curiosity for the the Key concepts sect¡on.
sublect matter of the unit.
r" Some project sections display the portfolio icon
t The download icon ¿1, marks a point where I , allowing you to archive all the work you do
UI U there is associated general digital content
 BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY :
' three major branches: '
á.onr.uphy is divlded into
" ; Ph'tti:al'geographv: the
branch of geograpny I
features of the Planet
* that deals with
'nt t*nu'iututáf ) and the elements
I

irij,,ilr;;outü,
ihr", #; l.l átt.a ii, such as climate and
currents.
.- iiñ.n geography: the branch -of geographv
people
,i,;i;¿;É;iit ti"ituJv of the differént
and cultures'
.i tH. *áiio, their communities
,.i ir,.ii relations across space uldincludtng
of areas
,plÍ:l
if.rü nrrn.t'.r covers a range
and development'
r,.ufit , ..ánomics, politici
.- ffiü;ié.ágitpii1,'the branch of seosraphv
and definins the
,iH"i;;;"lt; iotniltvlns
(fór example: c9u¡iries'
different regions
;i;;i;.;' .iot tr"'*o'ld and slydylnp lneir
their human
[;ió;;;h.t;cteristics' such as
and natural elements'

GEOGRAP}IIC INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES (GIT)

Geographic lnformatlonTechnologies (GlT)are the main tools used for repr:esenting and
analysing our planet's geography. They include Digital Cartography (maps and plans),
Remote Sensing and Geographic lnformation Systems (GlS).

'§
t,

Remote sensing is a way to obtain geographic

information by scanning an area using digital
equrpment, for example satellites, cameras,
buoys... (in the image, a Saharan sandstorm
over the Canary lslands)
: G15 are computer hardware and soi.,, '
systems that let you capture, store, chec.: '-
display large amounts of data spec' :
positions on the Earth's surface, for exa-:
topography data, temperature data, '¿ -',
data... (in the image, a representa. l-
different parameters of the lndian ::=,
temperature, rainfall, topography. ..)

t¿t
 é4

';-¡.1-.:i:t '. "'1

WHY THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPFIY

IS WORTHWHILE
Geography is a practical science that is useful in
everyday life. lt teaches,you, for example,
how to get
y9y1lea¡inOs with rhe hetp of the srÁ rnJih. sturr,
now t0 tnterpret and use maps to navigate
and/
0r recognise key area features and how
<***. t-o iOenti[)
drllerent climatic features and understand
climaté
:1 trends. lt also teaches you skills you
cán-apply in
other areas of study añd the *ór.f,p1.i.,
,L,n u, ;!
now r0,anatyse and interpret graphs and
charts. ¡,,

rnr0ugn Geography you will come to *

understand
wnen, how and why-phenomena such
as rain,
snow, waves, tides and earthquakes are produced.
You will also learn to recognise and
uiidáistand
the,physica I cha ra crerisric, ót O itt.i.nt
i.g ünr, a,
well as the reasons for and extent of áZonori,
development in those.regions, unA f.lá*
i.gional
populations have developid and
are distribüted.

ET
Relate the following concepts to their appropriate 3. Look at the photos on this page: describe them
branch of Geography: and indicate what economic activities are carried
§ Spanish provinces out in each of the different geographical settings.
§ Wind patterns in the South Pacific
$ Differences between rural and urban habitats @
§ Amazon river flow 4. Now having read these two pages, write a short
§ Economic sectors introduction to the field of geography, explaining:
§ The population of young people in Morocco § What geography is.

§ Topographical modelling § What the three branches of geography are.

2. Explain, in your own words, what Geographic $ The key tools of the discipline.
lnformation Technologies are, covering the three § lts usefulness and relevance to work and everyday
different types geographers use. life.
I
PLANET EARTH AND ITS
=Ü REPRESENTATION

YOU WILL LEARN TO...

''-:-:::",
#ffi
ldentify the characteristics
of planet Ear1h.
Explain the effects of the Earth's
rotation and revolution.
Recognise the causes of the
four seasons in the Northern
Hemisphere.
Distinguish between longitude
and latitude.
Locate places on a map using
geographic coordinates.
Classify and distinguish between
I
different types of maps and map §d
projections. r n,{*
Differentiate between similar time
zones on a time zone map.

#ry
. .,'.*.... -i
;u:§d3§"

-d

-T
 *§'§q¡.iü,§

§,

.i§

s :t L

A well-mapped route
For centuries, our ancestors argued
Earth's shape and about its place in the
universe. They reached the correct
conclusions with the help of the Sun
and the stars and found ways of
locating our planet. They also learned
how to represent the Earth's surface, by making
maps. Accurate map-making was a matter of life
or death for travellers and sailors. Nowadays, with
much more advanced technological resources, we
are able to locate our exact position and find our

When you travel to the countryside, are you able to plan a route there and back again without any problems?
At the end of this unit you are going to put into practice some basic geographical orientation techniques
that will make travelling safer.

t
_ *."d .
 §. ñuñN§§ N§\ñ"§$ñ
The Earth is an almost perfect sphere, but slightly flattened at the North Pole and the
South Pole.
The total surface area of the Earth is approximately 510 million km2. Only 30% (about
150 miilion km2) is land (continents and islands). The remainingT0% (around 360
million km2) rs covered by water (oceans, seas, lakes and rivers).

'1.1" The Earth im the §m§mn §ysterm

The Earth is one of eight planets that, together with the Sun, make up our Solar
System. The solar system is comprised of the following celestial bodiesr:
A star, calied the Sun, whtch produces its own light.
PIanets, which rotate on their axes and revolve around the Sun, and don't
produce their own light.
Satellites, which are smaller than planets and rotate on their axes and revolve
around some planets. The Earth's satellite is the Moon.
The distance between the Earth and the Sun is approximately 150 million km. The
distance between the Earth and the Moon is approximately 384000 km.

The position of the planets in the Solar System, from closest to furthest from the
Sun, is: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Pluto,
which used to be included in this group, is no longer considered a planet because
of its smallsize.

'§"2" §u¡r §o§ar §ystem §m t§'te §"Jnüverse

The Universe is made up of more than a hundred billion galaxies. These galaxies come
in many shapes; spherical, elliptical, spiral and irregular. Our Solar System is located in
a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way.

A galaxy is made up of a combination of planets, stars. gas clouds and cosmic

dust.

:;

t0
-\
 Moon
a
a
t:
Eerúr Mars

& ',a-
d

- t.. 3,.&

,'a, nr"
| .,r,

asteroid belt

1.3. The existence of life on §arth

Tne existence of life on Earth depends on three main factors:
The distance from the Sun which creates the appropriate temperature, not too
hot (Venus has an average temperature of 457 oC) or too cold (Uranus has an
average temperature of -220'C).
The presence of abundant water, where the first forms of life appeared. Water
sJpports life and is essential for survival.
The existence of an atmosphere, a layer of gases which surrounds the Earth and
protects life from dangerous solar radiation.

Understand
f . Look at the picture of the Solar System: Which planet is the closest to the Sun? Which is the biggest planet?
What other celestial bodies are in the Solar System?
2. Explain in your own words the factors that enable life to exist on Earth.
3. @ lirten and say the celestial body.

4. Name the Earth's satellite.

5. What is the narne of the galaxy our Solar System is in? what shape is it?

5. Find out what the asteroid belt is. Make a fact file with information.
7. Find out how long each planet takes to revolve around the Sun once. Write the information in your notebook-

II
§. ffi ffiffiffi m"&pffi §tr ffiffiffi ffim§ru&§ffi§

The geographic coordinates system is a network of imaginary horizontal and 140" E 160'E
vertical lines that are drawn on globes or maps. These lines are called parallels 4rrtir.,
.r¡Cle
(lines of latitude) and meridians (lines of longitude).
60,
N
Parallels and meridians form an imaginary geographical network, in the form of a grida,
which allows us to locate the exact position of any place in the world.

3.1. Parallels tü L
lne Equator rs an rmagrnary 40" N
{
circle around the widest part of
the Earth lt is 4Q075 km long"
It divides our planet into two Tropic of Cancer
equal halves or hemispheres, 20" N
a Greek, word meaning half
a sphere. The top half is the Equator
Northern Hemisphere and the
bottom hálf is the Southern
Hemisphere. 20" s

Tropic of CaPricorn
Parallels are imaginary lines
that circle the Ear:th parallel
to the Equator. Aoos N

o I
1:212 500 000
,*o*
The Equator. is 0' latitude. After that, there are 90 parallels to the north and another tSS
90 to the south.
Some of these parallels are very important. ln the Northern Hemisphere, there is the
Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle.
The area between the Equator and the tropics (the lntertropical Convergence Zone)
has low latitudes; the area between the tropics and the polar circles are medium
latitudes and the area between the polar circles and the Poles has high latitudes. I^ i\€ S"§[,un", 4
\{pr^{<ohctre
0\ iS tÜ
3.2. Meridians
i,-rqo ic t 'Cea', cctrr
The prime meridian or {'r7
Greenwich meridian is 0" at\ ¡\U
aÑá ¿
longitude. lt rs named after the ,,*rC\(
¡tl

British observatory at Greenwich

because the prime meridian runs
'
{ k-* m,tnü"*e'o d ?
through the observatory. This
is the point of reference for all wic
§b"* {'
Oc:k" L+s (:i:i-)
other mendians.
*
There are 180 marn meridians to
the east and another 1 B0 to the
west.
\o§/
r§ffi
"d
u'§-
east '1

agrid, oattern of straight

Meridians are imaginary squares
semi-circles that go from pole 5intersect. io rnee: 3' :'
to pole.
 HOW TO LOCATE A POINT ON
A city in the Southern Hemisphere
and west of the Greenwich meridian. lts coordinates are
atitude 34" 36' 47" soufh and longitude 58" 22'38" west
Understand
Explain the relation between parallels and latitude
and between meridians and longitude.
EHr=¡
13., Look at the map and answer the questions.
'-' il Are all the meridians and parallels on our planet the
same? Name the biggest and a smaller one.
t ln which hemisphere is there more land covered by water?
§ What latitude is the lberian Peninsula? What is
longitude?
14. Look at a physical rnap of Spain. What latitude is the
northernmost point of the lberian Peninsula? And
the southernmost point?
EII.RTFI
Any point we want to find on the Earth's
surface can be located where a parallel
(latitude) and a meridian (longitude)
i nte rsect5.
Latitude is the angular distance
between any point on Earth and the
Equator.
Latitude ranges6 between 0" and 90o
north and between 0o and 90" south.
Because it is an angular distance it is
measured in degrees, minutes and
seconds. The maximum degree of
latitude, 90o, corresponds to the poles.
Longitude is the angular distance
between any point on the Earth and
the prime merldian or Greenwich
meridian.
Longitude ranges between 0' and 180o
east and between 0o and 180' longitude
west. Like latitude, it is measured in
degrees, minutes and seconds.
lf we measure the latitude and longitude
of a place we can find its exact location.
Greenwich meridian. lts coordinates are latitude 52' 31' 02" north
and longitude 13" 24' 37" east.
15. Look at a world political map. lndicate the
hemisphere where the following cities are located:
Moscow, Canberra, Barcelona and Pretoria.
16. Print out an outline world political map and mark
the following coordinates.
I Latitude 37'22' 36" N and longitude 05" 59' 13'1 W
I Latitude 35" 36' 54" N and longitude 139" 34' 53" E
I Latitude lgo 25' 42" N and longitude gg'07' 40" W
I Latitude 31" 56'51" S and longitude 115" 12'26" E
its 17. ln an atlas, find cities located at the above
coordinates. Then label the outline world map
with the cities and their coordinates.
Plcrci [r:r rlh ond its represental¡en 15
 .+"

L
4. THE REPRESENTAT¡ON OF THE EARTH
Cartography is the science of studying and making maps.
Did you know?

The most difficult thing about making maps is how to represent the Earth's sphere on ln the 16th century, fte
a flat surface Map projections make this possible. ca rtog her erardus Mercator
ra p G
put an image of úte
4.1. Map project¡ons mythological Titan Atlas on the
cover of his books of maps-
A projection is the result of projecting a 3D image onto a flat surface. Atlas was condemned to hold
the heavens on his shoulders.
There are many types of map prolections, but the main three are: cylindrical, conical
This is where the name of this
type of book comes from.
and planar.

TYPES OF MAP PRO'ECTION

f-^
A cylindrical projection is made by
wrapping a cylinder around a globe and
projecting the details of the globe onto the
surface to make a world map.
The globe touches the cylinder at the
Equator and so there is more distortion
in the areas further from it. This type of
projection is used to represent the entire
world.

ln a conical projection, the g c:= :

prolected onto a cone. When oper:: -:
it is shaped like a fan.
The globe touches the cone a:

t&
--=
tropics, so it is the best type of prole c : -
for medium latitudes.
On a f lat surface, the merid a.> :-=
converted into straight lines, stari -; . .
the pole and the parallels take the s'':=
of arcs of concentricT circles.

ln a pianar (or azimuth) projection, the

globe is projected onto a f lat surface. The
result is a circular projection. The globe
only touches the flat surface at the pole
which is being mappeds.
This is the best type of projection for
the polar regions. lt also shows a whole
hemisphere
 Tconcentric: two or more objects that
4.2. Maps
share the same centre

i map is the,{fuÉié representation of the whole or part of an area on a flat surface.

8
map (v): to find and record the position
of something
: -:: the ancient past. people have used maps to represent the world. Often, these
:' trve maps represented what people knew about the world at the time, more than
- nS;aa{ hQF,¡heq -€pal
;=:;raphic reality. Until Columbus discovered America in 1492, maps only represented
oo
.-: :ontinents of the Old World: Europe, Africa and Asia. ' 're(r§
(.)
o^ +\( E4¡t\
' ,: , . adays there are many types of maps. rp7§ r.6'n\a,na Lq^§.
Topographic maps represent in detail the relief, cities, towns or villages, roads
ard railways and other features of an area.
Thematic maps show specific aspects of an area. For example, they can be political
,'.,th borders or administrative divrsions), show infrastructure (with motorways or
'a llvay lines), show relief, climate or population.

FRANCE

ANDORRA
GALICIA DE ASTURIAS Vi

tA
cmnnn v uón¡ CATATUNA
Valladólid 'áarcelona
COMUNIDAD
DE MADRID
o Palma
Madrid
.'Toledo de Malloica
EXTREMADURA
pORTUGAL ' CASTILLA-LA MANCHA
ILLES BALEARS
Mérida a?da;oz ciudSd Reat

Murcia 'Alicante

, I 3ookm
N
1:13 033 000

regional borders I 3ookm

provincial boarders
1:13 033 000
CANARIAS o national capital Sta. Cruz
Sta. Cruz motorway
regional capitals de Tenerife
deTeneriff
: Las Palmas'
' Las Palmas main roads
a autonomous communities "
de Gran Canaria de Gran Canaria

:¡ rtical map of Spain Road rnap of Spain

Understand
l""fa. Copy and complete the table in your notebook. f 9. O Listen to the questions about map projections and
Describe the meridians and parallels for each choose the correct answer.
type of projection map.
20. Read Did you know? Explain what a cartographer
does.
21. Compare a physical map and a political map of Spain.
Cylindrica I
Make a table with the features these maps show.
Con ica I

Planar

17
4.3. Street maps and plans
Street maps represent smaller areas than other maps, such as cities or towns.
P aza de
Plans show us how the rnside of buildings are organised. Alonso [4artínez

Plaza de Qr,
^
S¿rta Bá.0¿r¿ '" vtLa ^ l
Street maps are used to show the location of monuments, museums, public buildings ^ j
u4 :.. :
and bus or metro lines. €--l-
\:rl¿ de P¿ . .. -.=
Plans show us the interior organisation of buildings or facilities such as hospitals, D.¿rd de

d5)dte5d5 r: fu
museums and schools. t'^ <I
\:¡i¡C
d C* b¡:
U t-_a,a ra ::
Calle Alm,r¿nr"
4.4. The scale of maps and plans oQ
qo:
ol

*:
Maps and plans represent large areas on small surfaces, so we need to know the ^q

o :__--
relation between real size and the size shown on the map. g. r::-:
Plaza de ALCALT
DÉ Clbe es
Scale is the ratioe between the size of the area represented on the map and the Avuntamiento
CALLE .üjrr.o- § deihdrid
€Spana Bai(o
real size of the area. lt can be expressed numerically and graphically. dp r\ead L¿/¡e \y'o, -a - _

Musol{aval a

I Numeric scale is expressed using a fraction in which the numeraür is the unit of congreso
Museo
Thyssen-
Boká
anror'o \'.-': =
Bornemisz¿
stze on the map and the denominator shows the number of equivalent units in real C:::. ::
drd C¿no\ds ..
- Felroe .. B,i' ::: :
size. A scale of 1:25000 means that one unit. for example 1 cm, represents 25000 P

0e La5trll0
Lalle \
centimetres in real size.
=
!
I Graphic scale indicates the distances on a map using a straight line divided into lcrF-vc/dsL.
r-
}.
ñ
O
Museo
del Prado
::::'';
.,qer¿ai
equal parts, lrke a ruler. ú
ñI
SCALE 1:5 000 o
o
5101520 25 300 m
Q¿k
JARDIN
BoTÁNtco
4t^
c¿,,
''" "Cyo
SCALE 1:200 000 vo..--:
o^ cl¿udio
4681012 14 '16
km €%
/tot
"$rarua"r
Emperador
u' c¿r05v
M**
f,eina S;fii

0 400 800 200 1 ,tu:i" ';Ílr"' 'rT, 2 800 3 200 3 600 4 000 km
t'l o'.'lff:.

Depending on the ratio between the size on the map an¿f the real size of the area,
iffi
le
we use three kinds of scale: small, med¡um and large.
I Large scale maps show a lot of detail because they represent small areas and their Section of a street map of Madr,c
denominator is also small. They have a scale of up to 1:100000 and are used to
represent towns, cities, provinces or sections of rivers.
I Small scale maps show few details because they represent large areas and their
denominator is very large. They are used to represent the world, continents, large
regions of the Earth or med¡um to large countries.

e,'r,ti*r relation between :-

=
number or amount of two tn 'Ii
Large from 1 :1 0 000 to '1
;1 00 000 represented by two numbers
:l l:::r l:Yl'*lqYl l :::
Medium from 1:100000 to 1:500000 not very large regions and countries

Small
lfe.T I ?99_T:"te 1 : ?9 999 990_ kg:::v*ri:xerli ! e.: §:ye ! 1ll .q:

't8
 PLANS AND MAPS
itr
Lml road
A+halt track
il-qr
i(
Main track
5«ondary track
-
Dangerous track
Fmtpath
-tmil '---;-;
Raitway
Gairlift ski station
Conlruction
Teltrommunications tower
.C
-@ 6
áa.,'/"
- ,-2"
X ,r"//.' -
Water pipe
Regional border +-+-+
Municipal border +- -+
l{ational park border
Contour line
Peak suruey point
car park Railway station
Hotel Shelter Hut
Spring Church
Long distance footpath
Short distance footpath
furest
Saub and meadows
Famland and rocks

opographic rnap of Sierra de Guadarrarna with a scale of 'l:25000, by Editorial Aipina {adapted}

l'
D U N ITE .r1-<k
Minsk Ulianovsk É
dt'n samara
TRELAND KINGDOM r,rerslHL¡¡osr"#0,,r"",,,.
'o.,i.¿". wársaw ,a.i*r, - .o.*
u,u,no] -"": "".""' RUSSIA *-.,.
,,o,,n - GERMANy Gome'
'London
*-'
POLAND
ñ Dresden
'

LUXEMBOURG oi^
-;1."" ra
- tto'o*'o '
Muni(h . . MoLDAVTA '"'"'o'ñion"*, . Rostov
,on-'u'o AUsrRta E Budape§t EKisHnov
FRANcE swrrzERLAND'riorr*,oHuttclRYRuMnrulA E***
Ashtrakan¡l

Mitan a."rr"o ,",or"i"

d Po cRoATta -L:
- LoB*harc*
turin
,iAü;r§,o,r¿üfi*o;*,,^
q GEOEGIA
I TA LY --..- EULGARIA
MoNTENEGRo
- aNooRRA MaÉe¡úe Co¡\;td uor,ao* no-t
Sofia
'ob o ¡¡g¡¡¡4 Eslopje tshmbut
zaragoza. BARGELoNA n MACEDONTA tr "ilihtouo*
Yereva¡. Baku '
S PA I N rrma Ankara
ñurr.ltr N
.i\$I"DI' M,hord sdd¡nid NaPles -
PORTUGAL ¿oúMad,id
Lisbon tr
seviile
t
valencia
/b
Mdio^¿

lrgi"r,
_
palemo
T .sicityd
E
GREECEI*
l*"nr
''
(,.!¡Di(
:
smvrna
TURKEY
Adana
-
t
ALGERIA TUN|SIA MALTA t¡Pte &*,o l:40 000 000

,', :. d map 'with e seale of 1: ;l'üül)0e$* {detail *f Furope}

Understand
22. Can you class¡fy these maps according to 24. Look at the street map of Madrid. Following I itraight line,
their scale? calculate the distance between the Prado Museum and the
A map of Cuenca, wrth a scale of '1 :50 000. Reina Sofía Museum.

A map of Spain, with a scale of 1 :1 000 000 25. Look at the map of the Sierra de Guadarrama.
A map of Extremadura, with a scale of § Name the peaks and therr heights.
'1
200 000. -\ Measure the distance between Alto del Telégrafo and A tc l=
23. On a map with a scale of 1:100000, the las Guarramillas.
distance between two points is 10 cm. 26. Look at the map of Europe and calculate the distance
Calculate the real distance. between Madrid and Paris and between Paris and Kiev.

i jts represenlolror 'i9

5. TIME ZONES db
Important
The Earth takes 24 hours to complete one rotation on its axis. Each of these hours
is represented by a vertical strip called a time zone. When it's 12 p.m. at the prime
meridian (0" longitude), c-
the opposite side of the E¿:-
The extent in degrees of each time zone is determined in this way. the Earth's sphere
at the 1B0th meridian (1EC'
has 360'. This is divided into the number of hours the Earth takes to complete one
longitude), it's 12 a.m --:
rotation (360" dividedby 24 hours = 15'). So, each hour is equal to 15'of longitude.
1BOth meridian in the P¿-'
.-

The prime meridian or Greenwich meridian is the starting point for the time zones Ocean coincides with :-:
around the world. lt is called GMT10. lf you travel east from this point you add an hour lnternational Date Line
for every time zone you cross; but if you travel west, you subtract an hour for each
time zone (or, 15" of longitude).
Time zones are mainly used to establish the time difference between different regions IoGMT abbreviation of Greenwich
and countries of the Earth. Mean Time

oc oo oo oc oo oo

27. Think of two places: one is at 60" W; the other at 150" E. lf it is 10 a.m. ffi ¡roo* on the lnternet and find
in Greenwich, what time is it in these two places? 'dout why the majority of üe
28. Look at the world time zone map and respond. countries in the European Union
decided to adopt the same
I Which Spanish autonomous community is in a different time zone from
official time, even though they
the rest?
are in different time zones.
I What time would it be in this autonomous community if were 12 p.m. on the
lberian Peninsula?
The Earth's movements

Rotation is the movement the Earth makes as it turns on its own axis. t Based on its proximity to the Sun, the Earth
One rotation takes 24 hours and causes day and night. is the third planet in the Solar System. lt is
sphere-shaped, slightly flattened at its poles.
Revolution is the movement of the Earth around the Sun. lt takes
365 days and 6 hours and causes the seasons. I The Solar System is located in a spiral galaxy
called the Milky Way.
r The distance from the Sun, the abundance of
coordinates water and the existence of an atmosphere
make life on our planet possible.
Meridians and parallels form an imaginary geographic network
on the Earth's surface which lets us locate the position, or geographic
coordinates, of any place in the world by combining latitude and
longitude.
Parallels are imaginary circles parallel to the Equator. Meridians are
imaginary semi-circles going from pole to pole.
Latitude is the angular distance between any point on Earth and
the Equator (0" latitude). Latitude can be north or south and ranges
from 0" (the Equator) to 90" (at the poles).
Longitude is the angular distance between any point on Earth and
the prime or Greenwich meridian. lt can be east or west and
ranges from 0o (Greenwich) to 180" (the lnternational Date Line
in the Pacific Ocean).

Maps are true and proportionate representations of the Earth, or a

part of the Earth, on a flat surface. The science of making rhaps is
called cartography.
Map projections are used to show the Earth's sphere on a flat surface.
The most common are cylindrical, conical and planar projections.
Maps can be topographical if they show relief or man-made features;
or thematic, if they show specific features (physical, political, climate,
etc.).

Street maps show smaller areas, usually cities, towns, urban

infrastructure or buildings. Plans show the interior organtsation of
buildings.
The scale is the ratio between the size of the area represented on the
map and its true size in reality. The scale can be large, medium or
small, depending on the proportion (or ratio)we use.

Time zones
Time zones are imaginary vertical strips on the Earth's sphere of
'15' longitude each. There are 24 trme zones and each strip is equal N Hot.tirut.
to one hour. f-l Temperate climate

f_l cotd ctimate

Trme zones allow us to estimate the difference between different f-'l Desert ctimate
:reas and countries
Thematic map: climates of America

I p1§
30. Look at the picture of the Solar System on page 33. Explain the differences between the following terms.
10-11 of this unit and copy the following table in
your notebook.
a) Latitude and longitude.
b) Rotation and revolution.
Complete the table with the missing planets.
What is the main cause of the differences c) A large scale map and a small scale map.
in
temperatures between the planets? 34. Copythe following in your notebook in alphabetical
order and write definitions.
]D¡STANCEFROM,i:
PTANET . THE §UItt,: :ri''
(MILLTQN§I.Q_f.l(M) Equator rotation revolution

_?q 167 scale parallel projection

Venus r99 457
Earth Eq 14,8 latitude prime meridian
??9 -87
Jupiter longitude tropics GMT
t79 -121
1t?9 -1 39
Uranus
r35. Write true (T) or false (F) and correct the false
-197
z_8ti71
statements in your notebook.
Neptune 4 500 -220
Latitude can be east or west.
3'1. Look at the image of daylight spreading over Asia. The Equator is at meridian 0o.
a) Why are the continents on the left in shadow? The TropiC of Cancer is in the Northern Hemisphere.
b) Describe which regions of our planet can be seen. The scale is the ratio between the distance
or surface shown on a map and the distance
in reality.
When it's summer in Spain it is winter in China.
All of Spain is at longitude west.
South America and Africa cover both
hemispheres; north and south.

ln a cylindrical projection, the globe is projected

onto a cone.

36. Can you name and define the lines on this map?
Write them in your notebook.

32. Match each area with its corresponding cardinal

point.
Antarctic Circle
Tropic of Capricorn
SOUTH
southern
WEST
eastern

Tropic of Cancer
western
Arctic Circle
NORTH

EAST
I
N

1:365 378 000

ffi
22
 "^. M
/( \-'{ f\J 1
¡

37. ';,e, arrive in Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina i 42.tCopy and completethe sentences in your notebook.
South America), on the 1 July, which season are
a) New York is located a|74" longitude
-,
crl in?
which type of scale is best to show the b) The prime meridian passes through
38. Explain
'ollowing places: America, Madagascar, Cantabria c) The Tropic of Capricorn is in the
and la Vega of Granada? Hemisphere.
39. Answer the following questions. d) The longest day of the year occurs in

' Does a small scale map represent a large area? Does it e) During the autumn equinox the Sun's rays fall
s.ow many details? Why? on the Equator.
: 'iVhat imaginary circle divrdes the Earth into two equal 43. lmagine that your town is the starting point of a trip
halves? around the world in a straight line.
: What is the relation between the distance of the Work out the geographical coordinates of your town.
Earth from the Sun and the existence of life on our Follow the parallel of your town around the world
planet? and choose four places you find interesting.
: At which point do the globe and the map of the Write the name, the complete geographical
Earth's features come into contact in a. planar coordinates and some brief information for each
projection place.
- ?

40. Look at the main islands in the Caribbean, such as

- Cuba and Puerto Rico, on the map of time zones on 44. Write a presentation briefly summarising the
contents of this unit.
page 20 of this unit and explain the following:
ai How many time zones are between these islands and
the lberian Peninsula?
c) What time is it on these islands if it is 3 p.m. in Madrid?

¿11. Look at the map of the different time zones in the United States. lf it's 12 p.m. in London (prime meridian),
what time is it in New York? And in Los Angeles?

-Shours -Thours
Seattle. - 6 hours
(_
t I
- 5 hours
- t,'

5an Francisco a

Los Angeles
a

T I

Houston ¡
N

.
::40 968 000
I--rn,-, rufi
"t -1
 A well-mopped route
You are going to plan a trip (either real or virtual) to a natural setting in the area
you live in. To do this, you will need a map of the area to mark your itinerary. Then, ^ry,*ofjt.*ar
": tvldp
.
-'3ffiof ,s^
in order to follow the route, you will apply some basic geographic orientation
techniques. " "lli'i',.I""
;* ^tu'u'u
J ^toffpas,
Preparation J,)ji,Í:,,",,,,
-
^,//one (OpttA- ¿
ln groups of four or five, choose where you want to go ps and
you can find m¿Ps
and find an adult to accompany you. using
explore PlaLe> (Gooq/e
Then collect maps of the area (even if you can't take Google nraP:
them with you). street vrew''

§
lf you really go on the trip, try and find your way using some of the
following methods.
lf you do a virtual trip, explain the methods you could have used to find
your way.

ORIENTATION WITHOUT INSTRUMENTS

There are many ways you can find your way without using instruments.
Here are some simple ways:

I Observe the position of the Sun. At dawn, stand with your arms
oút in a cross. Point your right arm in the direction of the Sun, in
the east. Your left hand is pointing west; north is in front of you and
behind you is south.
lf you turn your back to the Sun at 12 noon (solar time) your shadow
will point north, your right hand, east; your left hand, west and your
back will face south.

I Observe the shadow of a stick. ln a flat area, push a half metre-long or

longer stick into the ground and observe its shadow.
& Place a stone (A) on the shadow, 50 cm from the stick.

& Three hours later; the shadow will have moved. Place another stone (B)
on the shadow, the same distance from the stick as the first stone. Mark r¡t
a stra¡ght line between both points. B
a\
& Point A indicates west and B, east. lf you mark a line from the stick to the
centre of line (A-B) it will indicate north and behind the stick will be south.

I Observe the trees. ln wet forest areas, the trunks often have moss,
lichen or are darker on one side. This side is usually the side facing north,
which is cooler and wetter than the southern side.
I Observe the Moon. When the Moon is close to its first quarter, or
waxing crescent (1), the tips point west. ln contrast, in the last quarter, or
waning crescent (2), they point east.

I
 )'lueile
rror \ peCtoAcuíá .ñ
RefLoio G ner
.¡r" ;\¿ deÍó! RL.s
hv"ú-a
ORIENTAT¡ON WITH INSTRUMENTS aNcHo DE
oeolal'
Los MUERTo§ I
: Él Racódrcño 14\l
irr Elcanetla
-? i' rji
Nowadays there are many ways to find your way with different instruments. Some .l ".. ¿oJ'
¡ .\1 Á -\'
of these have been invented very recently: 'o oo
ccdáde- .a
od-
ii""'..o-,."u,
-'- PEña srRro
f, ndél¡¡
- -.9
I A compass, placed on a flat surface, will indicate north. {
3 Dtdd"tadP ICANCHO DEL e'
l0rl000l POST|GO)
p* ^ , o
Co¡/ddo de
dr -
/¿En.,¡á

I A map is used to work out a route. Choose specific places to help you follow y" delo,adillo d ,,,etlo'
q, ¡ q!
-
9arñnO ^p
lot " Elcd'lto

your itinerary and mark which direction you need to go in to get to them (for
example, to get to the forest ranger's hut. go west). This will help you find the
right path and correct your route if necessary.
I On a GPS. the coordinates of a place can be introduced and the directions
followed. lt is easy to use, but ask an adult to show you how.
I Many mobile phones now have location tracking services. These show you a
map of the area, your location and what is close by.

Communicat¡on and publicat¡on

Each group presents their experience to the rest of the

class (the route chosen, methods of orientation used and
difficulties). You can present your planned itinerary, images
of the route you took, the methods of orientation you used
and what you did so you did not get lost.
Even if you didn't actually go out on the route, show your
itinerary and explain the methods of orientation you would
have used.

I SELF.ASSESSMENT

l. What instruments would you put in your rucksack for an excursion? Explain what you would use each
instrument for.
2. Which methods of orientation would you recommend to someone who wants to go on an excursion to the
country? Explain why.
3. lf you went somewhere you had never been before, what methods would be the best to avoid getting lost?
4. What information have you got from maps to do this task?
5. Which aspect of orientation did you find the most difficult?
5. Evaluate your participation in group work. Did you participate? What difficulties did you have?
7. Which of the other groups' routes would you like to do? Why?
8. What have you learnt from doing this task?