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Groups of cells which have the same physical characteristics and similar
functions are termed as tissues.
Classification of connective tissue:
1. Connective tissue proper: i) Areolar tissu ii) Adipose tissue
iii) White fibrous tissue iv) Yellow elastic tissue
2. Specialised connective tissue: i) Bone ii) Cartilage
3. Vascular tissue: i) Blood ii) Lymphoid tissue
c) What are true ribs & false ribs? ( 2 marks)
There are 12 pairs of ribs. Anteriorly, the first seven pairs of ribs are attached
to the sternum via costal cartilage & are known as true ribs. The next three
ribs are attached indirectly via seventh rib & known as false ribs
d) Write composition of blood. (2 marks)
Composition
It is composed of a liquid matrix plasma (55%) & different cells suspended
in it (45%).
Plasma- Composition– Water-90-92%, plasma proteins, inorganic salts,
nutrients, waste material, hormones & gases.
Blood cells – Red blood cells or erythrocytes, white blood cells or leucocytes
and platelets or thrombocytes
B.PHARMACY & M. PHARMACY PROJECTS
e) Draw and label lymph node
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f) Mention layers of epidermis of skin. State functions of skin. (
names of layers 1 mark, any 4 functions 2 marks)
Layers of epidermis:
Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum and stratum granulosum & stratum
germinativum Functions of skin:
1. Protection – It forms the water proof layer & protects the inner delicate
structures. It acts as the barrier against the invasion of the microbes, chemicals
&dehydration. The melanin pigment protects against the harmful UV
2. Regulation of body temp.- The temp. is constant at 36.8o When the metabolic
rate of the body increases the body temp increases & vice versa. To ensure
constant body temp, a balance between heat production & heat loss is
maintained by the skin.
3. Formation of vit. D.- 7-dehydroxycholesterol is present in the skin. The UV
light from the sun converts it to vit.
4. Sensation – It contains nerve endings of many sensory nerves which act as
organ of sensation of touch, temp, pressure and
5. Absorption- Some drugs & chemicals are absorbed through the
6. Excretion- Skin is a minor excretory organ & excretes NaCl, urea & sub. like
garlic.
Q4. Solve any four of the following: 12
1. Define and give normal values: (1 mark for each)
2. Tidal volume: It is the volume of air moved in & out of lungs during normal
breathing. Normal value is 500
14
1. Inspiratory reserve volume: It is the amount of air that can be breathed in and
above the tidal volume by the deepest possible inspiration. Normal value is
1800 – 3000
Residual volume: It is the volume of air remaining in lungs after forced Normal
value is 1.2 L in males and 1.1 L in females.
Give physiology of neuromuscular transmission. ( 3 marks)
When a nerve impulse reaches neuromuscular junction, passage of action
potential over the sole feet causes the vesicles of acetylcholine to rupture into
the synaptic cleft. The acetylcholine acts on the cell membrane to increase its
permeability.
This allows spontaneous leakage of Na causing endplate potential. When the
endplate potential increases, it stimulates the entire muscle fibre causing an
action potential to travel in both directions along the fibre. When the action
potential spread to inside of muscle fibre then Ca ions are released. This
causes contraction of muscle fibres. Immediately after action potential is
over, the previously released Ca ions recombine with reticulum and the
muscle contraction stops.
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase present in the synaptic cleft. causes
hydrolysis of acetylcholine. The muscle fibre is repolaised again to receive
successive stimuli.
d) Describe the structure of stomach. ( str 2 marks, diag 1 mark)
Stomach is a J-shaped dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is
continuous with the oesophagus at cardiac sphincter and with duodenum at
pyloric sphincter. It has 2 curvatures – lesser curvature and greater
curvature. The stomach is divided into three regions- fundus, body &
antrum. There are three layers of smooth muscle fibres outer longitudinal,
the middle circular layer & the inner oblique fibres. This helps the churning
movement & peristaltic movement.
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Diagram
:
e) What is endocrine and exocrine gland? Name the endocrine glands.
(each def 1 mark, any 4 endocrine glands 1 mark)
Endocrine glands are ductless glands which release their secretions
(hormones) directly into the blood.
Exocrine gland: The glands that discharge their secretions through the duct
are known as exocrine glands.
Endocrine glands: Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands,
pancreas (islets of Langerhans). adrenal glands, pineal gland, testes in male
and ovaries in female.
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f) Define menstruation. Explain proliferative phase of
menstruation.(def 1 mark, explanation 2 marks)
Menstruation: This is the series of events occurring regularly in females
every 26-30 days throughout the child bearing age. The cycle consists of
menstrual phase for 4 days, proliferative phase for 10 days & secretary phase
for 14 days.
Proliferative phase: It is characterized by release of oestrogen by the
maturing ovarian follicle under the influence of FSH from the anterior
pituitary. Oestrogen stimulates the proliferation of the endometrium in
preparation of the fertilized ovum. The endometrium becomes thicker by
rapid cell multiplication and this is accompanied by an increase in the
number of mucus-secreting glands and blood capillaries. This phase lasts for
10 days and stops when ovulation occurs and oestrogen production is
inhibited i.e. when the ovarian follicle ruptures.
Q.5 Solve any four of the following: (12 marks, 03 marks each)
1. State the factors which accelerate and retard the clotting of blood.
(3 marks, 1.5 marks each)
There are various factors which accelerate and retard the clotting of blood.
(1) Factors accelerating clotting are( any 3 points, 1.5 marks)
The superior vena cava (for upper body) and inferior vena cava (for lower
body) receive deoxygenated /impure blood from various part of the body
through different veins. This deoxygenated/ impure blood they pour into the
right atrium of heart. The blood from right atrium enters the right ventricle
through a tricuspid valve, which prevent back flow of blood from ventricle
into atrium.
The deoxygenated/ impure blood from right ventricle is forced into
pulmonary artery through pulmonary valve. The pulmonary arteries divide
into two branches each enters the right and left lungs. In the lungs, the red
blood cells (RBCs) release carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen. This
oxygenated blood from right and left lungs is collected by four pulmonary
veins and poured into left atrium. From left atrium this blood enters into left
ventricle through bicuspid valve which prevents back flow of blood into left
atrium.This oxygenated blood from left ventricle is forced into the aorta
through aortic valve which prevent back flow of blood into left ventricle.
Give the various functions of medulla oblongata. (03 marks, 1mark
for each function The vital centres consisting of group of cells associated
with autonomic reflex activity lie in Medulla oblongata. They are,
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Cardiac centre– The cardiac centre controls the rate and force of cardiac
contraction and blood
Respiratory centre – The respiratory centre controls the rate and depth of
respiration. Nerve impulses pass to the phrenic and intercostal muscles which
stimulate the contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles, thus initiating
Vasomotor centre – This controls the diameter of blood vessels especially
small arteries and arterioles.
Reflex centre – When irritating substance are present in stomach or
respiratory tract, nerve impulse pass on to the medulla oblongata stimulating
the reflex centre which initiate reflex actions like vomiting, sneezing and
(d) Explain retina of eye. (3marks)
Retina is the innermost layer of the eye. It gets stimulated by the light rays. It
is composed of several layers of nerve cell body & the axons. There are light
sensitive cells mainly of two types: the rods and
The entire retina contains about 7 million cones and 75 to 150 million
Rods function mainly in dim light and provide black-and-white vision, The
rods have rhodopsin or visual purple is photosensitive pigment. It gets
bleached with light & gets regenerated by vit. A. The rods are present more in
the periphery of the
Cones sensitive to bright light & colour. cone opsins (also known as photopsins
or iodopsin) present in cone cells, are used in colour
The central retina has macula lutea or yellow spot made up of only cone cells.
It has central depression called fovea centralis.All the nerve fibres of retina
form the optic nerve. The small area of the retina where the optic nerve leave
the eye is known as optic disc or blind spot as no light sensitive cells are present
here.
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(e) Define nephritis. Give function of kidney. (Definition 1 mark, any 4
functions 2 marks)
State eight (8) functions of liver. (0.5 marks for each function)
Functions of liver
1. Secretion of bile: Bile salts are helpful in digestion and absorption of fats by its
emulsification.
2. Glycogenic function: The hepatic cells by the action of enzymes convert glucose
into glycogen and it is then stored in the
3. Formation of urea: Hepatic cells by the action of the enzyme cause
deamination of amino acid, i.e. amine group is set free which forms
4. Metabolism of fat: Whenever energy is needed, the saturated stored fat is
converted to a form in which it can be used to provide
5. Formation of RBCs in foetal
6. Destruction of RBCs forming bile pigments and
7. Formation of plasma
8. Formation of heparin, a natural anticoagulant in the
9. Storage of iron and vitamin B
10. Maintenance of body temperature: As a number of chemical reactions occur in
the liver, heat is generated which is helpful in maintaining body
11. Excretion of toxic substances: The toxic substances entering the body through
alimentary canal are destroyed in
OR
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1. Carbohydrate metabolism: It helps in maintaining plasma glucose level with
the help of insulin &
2. Fat metabolism: Stored fat can be converted to a form in which it can be used
by the tissue to provide
Protein metabolism: Deamination of amino -removes nitrogenous portion
from amino acid not required for formation of new protein. Urea is formed
from the nitrogenous portion which is excreted in urine. Break down of nucleic
acids to form uric acid which is excreted in urine. Transamination: Removes
the nitrogenous portion of amino acid & attaches it to carbohydrate molecule
forming new non-essential amino acid. .
1. Synthesis of plasma protein & most blood clotting factors from amino
2. Breakdown of RBCs & defense against This is carried out by Kupffer cells.
3. Detoxification of drugs & noxious
Inactivation of hormones
Production of heat
1. Secretion of bile
2. Storage of glycogen, iron, copper, & water fat soluble vit-A, D,E, K, soluble vit.
Like B12.
(b) What is hepatic portal circulation? Give its importance. (4marks;
circulation 3 marks, importance 1 mark)
The portal circulation (3 marks)
In all parts of the body, the venous blood passes from the tissues to the heart
by the direct route.
But, in the portal circulation, venous blood from the capillary bed of the
abdominal parts, the spleen & the pancreas passes to the liver via the portal
vein. The portal vein is formed by union of gastric vein from stomach,
superior & inferior mesenteric veins from small and large intestine, splenic
vein from spleen & cystic vein from gall bladder. The blood
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passes through the secondary capillary bed, the hepatic sinusoid in the liver
before entering the general circulation via the inferior vena cava.
Importance of portal circulation (1mark)
Blood with the high concentration of nutrients absorbed from the stomach &
intestine goes to liver first. In the liver certain modifications takes place
including the blood nutrient level. The venous blood then leaves liver via
hepatic vein & joins the inferior vena cava.
(c) State functions of Semen and Placenta (4 marks, 2 marks each)
Functions of Semen: (2 marks)
1. Increase motility and fertility of spermatozoa.
1. To provide the foetus with nourishment and removal of waste material from
the
2. To act as the foetal lung by providing oxygenation of the fetal blood
3. The placenta also acts as a barrier in preventing certain micro-organisms of
disease reaching the fetus thus protects the
4. The placenta helps the ovaries in the production of estrogen & progesterone
hormones necessary for the continuation and maintenance of
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(d)What is sensory and motor neuron? (1+1 marks). Draw a well labeled
diagram of typical neuron (2 marks).
Sensory neuron (1 mark): They carry information from the body to the
spinal cord. The impulses may then pass to the brain or to connector neurons
of reflex arcs in the spinal cord.
Motor neuron (1 mark): They originate in the brain, spinal cord and
autonomic ganglia. They transmit impulses to the effector organs; muscles
and glands.
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