Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 14
Circular functions
Objectives
I To use radians and degrees for the measurement of angle.
I To convert radians to degrees, and vice versa.
I To define the circular functions sine, cosine and tangent.
I To explore the symmetry properties of circular functions.
I To find standard exact values of circular functions.
I To understand and sketch the graphs of circular functions.
Following on from our study of polynomial, exponential and logarithmic functions, we meet
a further three important functions in this chapter. Again we use the notation developed in
Chapter 5 for describing functions and their properties.
You have studied trigonometry in earlier years, mainly for angles between 0◦ and 90◦ . In this
chapter we see how the trigonometry you have studied may be extended to form three new
functions: sine, cosine and tangent. We will see that the first two of these functions have the
real numbers as their domain, and the third the real numbers without the odd multiples of π2 .
An important property of these three functions is that they are periodic. That is, they each
repeat their values in regular intervals or periods. In general, a function f is periodic if there
is a positive constant a such that f (x + a) = f (x). The sine and cosine functions each have
period 2π, while the tangent function has period π.
The sine and cosine functions are used to model wave motion, and are therefore central to the
application of mathematics to any problem in which periodic motion is involved – from the
motion of the tides and ocean waves to sound waves and modern telecommunications.
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
484 Chapter 14: Circular functions
I Definition of a radian y
In moving around the circle a distance of 1 unit from A
to P, the angle POA is defined. The measure of this angle is 1 P
1 radian.
1 unit
c
One radian (written 1 ) is the angle subtended at the 1c x
centre of the unit circle by an arc of length 1 unit. –1 0 A 1
–1
Note: Angles formed by moving anticlockwise around the unit circle are defined as positive;
those formed by moving clockwise are defined as negative.
180◦ πc
∴ 1c = or 1◦ =
π 180
Example 1
Convert 30◦ to radians.
Solution Explanation
c
π
1◦ =
180
30 × π πc π
∴ 30◦ = = Multiply by and simplify by cancelling.
180 6 180
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14A Measuring angles in degrees and radians 485
Example 2
πc
Convert to degrees.
4
Solution Explanation
◦
180
1c =
π
πc π × 180 180
∴ = = 45◦ Multiply by and simplify by cancelling.
4 4×π π
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
486 Chapter 14: Circular functions 14A
Section summary
One radian (written 1c ) is the angle subtended at the centre of the unit circle by an arc
of length 1 unit.
To convert:
π 180
• degrees to radians, multiply by • radians to degrees, multiply by .
180 π
Exercise 14A
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14B Defining circular functions: sine and cosine 487
Example 4
3π π
Evaluate sin − and cos − .
2 2
Solution Explanation
3π 3π
sin − =1 The point P − has coordinates (0, 1).
2 2
π π
cos − = 0 The point P − has coordinates (0, −1).
2 2
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
488 Chapter 14: Circular functions 14B
Example 5
5π 7π
Evaluate sin and sin .
2 2
Solution
5π π π
sin = sin 2 21 π = sin 2π + = sin =1
2 2 2
7π 3π 3π
sin = sin 3 21 π = sin 2π + = sin = −1
2 2 2
Example 6
9π
Evaluate sin and cos(27π).
2
Solution
9π π π
sin = sin 4π + = sin =1 cos(27π) = cos(26π + π) = cos π = −1
2 2 2
Section summary
P(θ) = (cos θ, sin θ) y
Exercise 14B
1 For each of the following angles, t, determine the values of sin t and cos t:
3π 3π 5π
Example 4, 5 a t=0 b t= c t=− d t=
2 2 2
9π 7π
Example 5, 6 e t = −3π f t= g t= h t = 4π
2 2
2 Evaluate using your calculator. (Check that your calculator is in radian mode.)
a sin 1.9 b sin 2.3 c sin 4.1 d cos 0.3
e cos 2.1 f cos(−1.6) g sin(−2.1) h sin(−3.8)
Example 6 3 For each of the following angles, θ, determine the values of sin θ and cos θ:
5π 27π 9π
a θ = 27π b θ=− c θ= d θ=−
2 2 2
11π
e θ= f θ = 57π g θ = 211π h θ = −53π
2
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14C 14C Another circular function: tangent 489
Example 7
Evaluate using a calculator. (Give answers to two decimal places.)
a tan 1.3 b tan 1.9 c tan(−2.8) d tan 59◦ e tan 138◦
Solution Explanation
a tan 1.3 = 3.60 Don’t forget that your calculator must be in radian mode.
b tan 1.9 = −2.93 cos 1.9 is negative.
c tan(−2.8) = 0.36 Both cos(−2.8) and sin(−2.8) are negative, so tan is positive.
d tan 59◦ = 1.66 Calculate in degree mode.
e tan 138◦ = −0.90
Exercise 14C
1 Evaluate:
7π 5π π
a tan π b tan(−π) c tan d tan(−2π) e tan f tan −
2 2 2
Example 7 2 Use a calculator to find correct to two decimal places:
a tan 1.6 b tan(−1.2) c tan 136◦ d tan(−54◦ )
e tan 3.9 f tan(−2.5) g tan 239◦
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
490 Chapter 14: Circular functions 14D
Exercise 14D
1 Find the value of the pronumeral for each of the following:
a b c
5 6
x
8 25° 25°
x
θ
3
d e f
θ 10
x
10 5 20°
50°
x 6
g h i
5
x
5 7 40°
x
65° 70°
x
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14E Symmetry properties of circular functions 491
Quadrant 2 Quadrant 1
By symmetry:
sin ( – θ) = b = sinθ
cos( – θ) = –a = – cosθ
tan ( – θ) = b = – tanθ
–a
(0, b)
P( – θ) P(θ) = (cosθ, sinθ)
= (a, b)
(–a, 0)
θ
0
(a, 0)
P( + θ) P(2 – θ)
(0, –b)
Quadrant 3 Quadrant 4
sin ( + θ) = –b = –sinθ sin(2 – θ) = –b = –sinθ
cos ( + θ) = –a = –cosθ cos (2 – θ) = a = cosθ
–b
tan ( + θ) = –a = tanθ tan(2 – θ) = –b
a = –tanθ
y
1st quadrant all are positive (A)
2nd quadrant sin is positive (S)
S A
3rd quadrant tan is positive (T) x
4th quadrant cos is positive (C) T C
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
492 Chapter 14: Circular functions 14E
I Negative of angles y
By symmetry:
1
cos(−θ) = cos θ P(θ )
sin(−θ) = − sin θ
θ
x
− sin θ –1 0 –θ 1
tan(−θ) = = − tan θ
cos θ
P(–θ)
–1
Example 8
If sin x = 0.6, find the value of:
a sin(π − x) b sin(π + x) c sin(2π − x) d sin(−x)
Solution
a sin(π − x) b sin(π + x) c sin(2π − x) d sin(−x)
= sin x = − sin x = − sin x = − sin x
= 0.6 = −0.6 = −0.6 = −0.6
Example 9
If cos x◦ = 0.8, find the value of:
a cos(180 − x)◦ b cos(180 + x)◦ c cos(360 − x)◦ d cos(−x)◦
Solution
a cos(180 − x)◦ b cos(180 + x)◦ c cos(360 − x)◦ d cos(−x)◦
= − cos x◦ = − cos x◦ = cos x◦ = cos x◦
= −0.8 = −0.8 = 0.8 = 0.8
Exercise 14E
Example 8 1 If sin θ = 0.42, cos x = 0.7 and tan α = 0.38, write down the values of:
a sin(π + θ) b cos(π − x) c sin(2π − θ) d tan(π − α)
e sin(π − θ) f tan(2π − α) g cos(π + x) h cos(2π − x)
π π
2 a If cos x = − cos and < x < π, find the value of x.
6 2
π 3π
b If cos x = − cos and π < x < , find the value of x.
6 2
π 3π
c If cos x = cos and < x < 2π, find the value of x.
6 2
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14E 14E Symmetry properties of circular functions 493
Example 9 6 If sin x◦ = 0.7, cos θ◦ = 0.6 and tan α◦ = 0.4, write down the values of:
a sin(180 + x)◦ b cos(180 + θ)◦
c tan(360 − α)◦ d cos(180 − θ)◦
e sin(360 − x)◦ f sin(−x)◦
g tan(360 + α)◦ h cos(−θ)◦
7 a If sin x◦ = sin 60◦ and 90◦ < x◦ < 180◦ , find the value of x.
b If sin x◦ = − sin 60◦ and 180◦ < x◦ < 270◦ , find the value of x.
c If sin x◦ = − sin 60◦ and −90◦ < x◦ < 0◦ , find the value of x.
d If cos x◦ = − cos 60◦ and 90◦ < x◦ < 180◦ , find the value of x.
e If cos x◦ = − cos 60◦ and 180◦ < x◦ < 270◦ , find the value of x.
f If cos x◦ = cos 60◦ and 270◦ < x◦ < 360◦ , find the value of x.
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
494 Chapter 14: Circular functions
π
I Exact values for (45◦ )
4 √ √
For the triangle ABC shown on the right, we have AC = 12 + 12 = 2. C
BC 1
sin 45◦ = = √
AC 2
AB 1 1
cos 45◦ = = √
AC 2
BC 45°
tan 45◦ = =1 A 1 B
AB
Example 10
Evaluate:
a cos 150◦ b sin 690◦
Solution
a cos 150◦ = cos(180 − 30)◦ b sin 690◦ = sin(2 × 360 − 30)◦
√
3 1
= − cos 30 = −
◦ = sin(−30◦ ) = −
2 2
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14F 14F Exact values of circular functions 495
Example 11
Evaluate:
5π 11π
a cos b sin
4 6
Solution
5π π 11π π
a cos = cos π + b sin = sin 2π −
4 4 6 6
π π
= − cos (by symmetry) = − sin (by symmetry)
4 6
1 1
= −√ =−
2 2
Section summary
As an aid to memory, the exact values for circular functions can be tabulated.
Exercise 14F
Example 10 1 Without using a calculator, evaluate the sin, cos and tan of each of the following:
a 120◦ b 135◦ c 210◦ d 240◦ e 315◦
f 390◦ g 420◦ h −135◦ i −300◦ j −60◦
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
496 Chapter 14: Circular functions
3π π π π π 3π 5π 3π 7π 9π 5π 11π
x −π − − − 0 π 2π 3π
4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4
−1 −1 1 1 −1 −1 1 1
y 0 √ −1 √ 0 √ 1 √ 0 √ −1 √ 0 √ 1 √ 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A calculator can be used to plot the graph of y = sin x (for −π ≤ x ≤ 3π). Note that radian
mode must be selected.
y
1 y = sin x
1
√2
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
3π π 0 5π
–π π π π 3π π 3π 7π 2π 9π 5π 11π 3π
– – –
4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4
–1
–1 √2
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14G Graphs of sine and cosine 497
3π π π π π 3π 5π 3π 7π 9π 5π 11π
x −π − − − 0 π 2π 3π
4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4
−1 1 1 −1 −1 1 1 −1
y −1 √ 0 √ 1 √ 0 √ −1 √ 0 √ 1 √ 0 √ −1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
498 Chapter 14: Circular functions
Transformations: dilations
Graph of y = 3 sin(2t) The image of the graph of y = sin t under a dilation of factor 3 from
the t-axis and a dilation of factor 21 from the y-axis is y = 3 sin(2t).
Note: Let f (t) = sin t. Then the graph of y = f (t) is transformed to the graph of y = 3 f (2t).
t
The point with coordinates (t, y) is mapped to the point with coordinates , 3y .
2
π π 3π y
t 0 π
4 2 4 3 y = 3 sin(2t), 0 t π
y = 3 sin(2t) 0 3 0 −3 0 2
1
We make the following observations about the graph of
y = 3 sin(2t): 0
π π 3π π t
amplitude is 3
–1 4 2 4
period is π
–2
–3
Graph of y = 2 cos(3t) The image of the graph of y = cos t under a dilation of factor 2 from
the t-axis and a dilation of factor 31 from the y-axis is y = 2 cos(3t).
π π π 2π y 2π
t 0 y = 2 cos (3t), 0 t
6 3 2 3 3
2
y = 2 cos(3t) 2 0 −2 0 2
1
We make the following observations about the graph of
y = 2 cos(3t): 0
π π π 2π t
amplitude is 2 –1 6 3 2 3
2π
period is
3 –2
Amplitude and period Comparing these results with those for y = sin t and y = cos t, the
following general rules can be stated for a and n positive:
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14G Graphs of sine and cosine 499
Example 12
For each of the following functions with domain R, state the amplitude and period:
1 t
a f (t) = 2 sin(3t) b f (t) = − sin c f (t) = 4 cos(3πt)
2 2
Solution
1
a Amplitude is 2 b Amplitude is 2 c Amplitude is 4
2π 2π 2
Period is Period is 2π ÷ 1
2 = 4π Period is =
3 3π 3
Example 13
For each of the following, give a sequence of transformations which takes the graph of
y = sin x to the graph of y = g(x), and state the amplitude and period of g(x):
a g(x) = 3 sin(2x)
x
b g(x) = 4 sin
2
Solution
a The graph of y = 3 sin(2x) is obtained from the graph of y = sin x by a dilation of
factor 3 from the x-axis and a dilation of factor 21 from the y-axis.
2π
The function g(x) = 3 sin(2x) has amplitude 3 and period = π.
2
x
b The graph of y = 4 sin is obtained from the graph of y = sin x by a dilation of
2
factor 4 from the x-axis and a dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis.
x 1
The function g(x) = 4 sin has amplitude 4 and period 2π ÷ = 4π.
2 2
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
500 Chapter 14: Circular functions
Example 14
Sketch the graph of each of the following functions:
a y = 2 cos(2θ)
1 x
b y = sin
2 2
In each case, show one complete cycle.
Solution Explanation
a y = 2 cos(2θ) The amplitude is 2.
2π
y The period is = π.
2
The graph of y = 2 cos(2θ) is obtained
2 from the graph of y = cos θ by a dilation
of factor 2 from the θ-axis and a dilation
of factor 12 from the y-axis.
0 θ
π π 3π π
4 2 4
–2
1 x
b y= sin The amplitude is 21 .
2 2
y The period is 2π ÷ 1
2 = 4π.
The graph of y = 12 sin( 2x ) is obtained
from the graph of y = sin x by a dilation
1
of factor 12 from the x-axis and a dilation
2
of factor 2 from the y-axis.
0 x
π 2π 3π 4π
1
–
2
Example 15
Sketch the graph of f : [0, 2] → R, f (t) = 3 sin(πt).
Solution Explanation
The amplitude is 3.
3
The period is 2π ÷ π = 2.
t
1 1 3 2 The graph of f (t) = 3 sin(πt) is obtained from the
2 2 graph of y = sin t by a dilation of factor 3 from the
–3 1
t-axis and a dilation of factor from the y-axis.
π
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14G Graphs of sine and cosine 501
–1
Section summary
For positive numbers a and n, the graphs of y = a sin(nt), y = −a sin(nt), y = a cos(nt) and
y = −a cos(nt) all have the following properties:
2π
The period is .
n
The amplitude is a.
The maximal domain is R.
The range is [−a, a].
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
502 Chapter 14: Circular functions 14G
Exercise 14G
Example 12 1 Write down i the period and ii the amplitude of each of the following:
1
a 2 sin θ b 3 sin(2θ) c cos(3θ)
2
1 1
d 3 sin θ e 4 cos(3θ) f − sin(4θ)
2 2
1 πt
g −2 cos θ h 2 cos(πt) i −3 sin
2 2
Example 13 2 For each of the following, give a sequence of transformations which takes the graph of
y = sin x to the graph of y = g(x), and state the amplitude and period of g(x):
a g(x) = 3 sin x b g(x) = sin(5x)
x
c g(x) = sin d g(x) = 2 sin(5x)
3
Example 14 3 Sketch the graph of each of the following, showing one complete cycle. State the
amplitude and period.
θ
a y = 3 sin(2x) b y = 2 cos(3θ) c y = 4 sin
2
1
d y = cos(3x) e y = 4 sin(3x) f y = 5 cos(2x)
2 θ θ
g y = −3 cos h y = 2 cos(4θ) i y = −2 sin
2 3
Example 15 4 Sketch the graph of:
a f : [0, 2] → R, f (t) = 2 cos(πt) b f : [0, 2] → R, f (t) = 3 sin(2πt)
5 2x
6 Sketch the graph of f : [0, 2π] → R, f (x) = cos .
2 3
Hint: For the endpoints, find f (0) and f (2π).
7 For each of the following, give a sequence of transformations which takes the graph of
y = sin x to the graph of y = g(x), and state the amplitude and period of g(x):
x
a g(x) = − sin(5x) b g(x) = sin(−x) c g(x) = 2 sin
x −x 3
d g(x) = −4 sin e g(x) = 2 sin
2 3
8 a On the one set of axes, sketch the graphs of f : [0, 2π] → R, f (x) = sin x and
g : [0, 2π] → R, g(x) = cos x.
b By inspection from these graphs, state the values of x for which sin x = cos x.
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14H Solution of trigonometric equations 503
Example 17
1
Find all solutions to the equation sin θ = for θ ∈ [0, 4π].
2
Solution Explanation
h πi π
The solution for θ ∈ 0, is θ = . By sketching a graph, we can see that there
2 6
are four solutions in the interval [0, 4π].
π 5π
The second solution is θ = π − = . y
6 6
π 13π y = sinθ 1
The third solution is θ = 2π + = . 1 y=
6 6 2
5π 17π θ
The fourth solution is θ = 2π + = . 0
π
6 6 π 2π 3π 4π
6
These four solutions are shown on the –1
graph below.
-1
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
504 Chapter 14: Circular functions
Example 18
Find two values of x:
a sin x = −0.3 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
b cos x◦ = −0.7 with 0◦ ≤ x◦ ≤ 360◦
Solution
h πi
a First solve the equation sin α = 0.3 for α ∈ 0, . Use your calculator to find the
2
solution α = 0.30469 . . .
Now the value of sin x is negative for P(x) in the 3rd and 4th quadrants. From the
symmetry relationships (or from the graph of y = sin x):
3rd quadrant: x = π + 0.30469 . . .
= 3.446 (to 3 d.p.) ( , 0.3)
4th quadrant: x = 2π − 0.30469 . . .
= 5.978 (to 3 d.p.) ( , –0.3) ( , – 0.3)
b First solve the equation cos α◦ = 0.7 for α◦ ∈ [0◦ , 90◦ ]. Use your calculator to find the
solution α◦ = 45.57◦ .
Now the value of cos x◦ is negative for P(x◦ ) in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants.
2nd quadrant: x◦ = 180◦ − 45.57◦
= 134.43◦ (–0.7, ) (0.7, )
3rd quadrant: x = 180 + 45.57
◦ ◦ ◦
= 225.57◦ (–0.7, )
∴ If cos x◦ = −0.7, then x◦ = 134.43◦ or x◦ = 225.57◦ .
Example 19
Find all the values of θ◦ between 0◦ and 360◦ for which:
√
3 1 1
a cos θ =
◦
b sin θ◦ = − c cos θ◦ − √ = 0
2 2 2
Solution Explanation
√
3
a cos θ◦ = cos θ◦ is positive, and so P(θ◦ ) lies in the
2
1st or 4th quadrant.
θ◦ = 30◦ or θ◦ = 360◦ − 30◦
cos(360◦ − θ◦ ) = cos θ◦
θ◦ = 30◦ or θ◦ = 330◦
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14H Solution of trigonometric equations 505
1
b sin θ◦ = − sin θ◦ is negative, and so P(θ◦ ) lies in the
2
3rd or 4th quadrant.
θ◦ = 180◦ + 30◦ or θ◦ = 360◦ − 30◦
sin(180◦ + θ◦ ) = − sin θ◦
θ◦ = 210◦ or θ◦ = 330◦
sin(360◦ − θ◦ ) = − sin θ◦
1
c cos θ◦ − √ = 0
2
1
∴ cos θ◦ = √ cos θ◦ is positive, and so P(θ◦ ) lies in the
2 1st or 4th quadrant.
θ◦ = 45◦ or θ◦ = 360◦ − 45◦
θ◦ = 45◦ or θ◦ = 315◦
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
506 Chapter 14: Circular functions
Example 20 √
3
Solve the equation sin(2θ) = − for θ ∈ [−π, π].
2
Solution
It is clear from the graph that there are four y
solutions.
y = sin(2θ)
To solve the equation, let x = 2θ.
Note: If θ ∈ [−π, π], then we have
x = 2θ ∈ [−2π, 2π]. π θ
–π –π 0 π
Now consider the equation 2 2
√ √3
3 y =–
sin x = − for x ∈ [−2π, 2π] 2
2
The 1st quadrant
√ solution to the equation y
3 π
sin α = is α = .
2 3 y = sin x
Using symmetry,
√ the solutions to
3
sin x = − for x ∈ [0, 2π] are
2 x
π π –2π 0 2π
x = π + and x = 2π −
3 3
√3
4π 5π y =– 2
i.e. x = and x =
3 3
4π 5π
The other two solutions (obtained by subtracting 2π) are x = − 2π and x = − 2π.
3 3
2π π 4π 5π
∴ The required solutions for x are − , − , and .
3 3 3 3
π π 2π 5π
∴ The required solutions for θ are − , − , and .
3 6 3 6
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14H 14H Solution of trigonometric equations 507
Section summary
For solving equations of the form sin t = b and cos t = b:
• First find the solutions in the interval [0, 2π]. This can be done using your
knowledge of exact values and symmetry properties, or with the aid of a calculator.
• Further solutions can be found by adding and subtracting multiples of 2π.
For solving equations of the form a sin(nt) = b and a cos(nt) = b:
• First substitute x = nt. Work out the interval in which solutions for x are required.
Then proceed as in the case above to solve for x.
• Once the solutions for x are found, the solutions for t can be found.
For example: To solve sin(3t) = 21 for t ∈ [0, 2π], first let x = 3t. The equation becomes
sin x = 21 and the required solutions for x are in the interval [0, 6π].
Exercise 14H
Example 18 2 Find, correct to two decimal places, all the values of x between 0 and 2π for which:
a sin x = 0.8 b cos x = −0.4 c sin x = −0.35
d sin x = 0.4 e cos x = −0.7 f cos x = −0.2
Example 19 3 Without using a calculator, find all the values of θ◦ between 0◦ and 360◦ for each of the
following:
√
3 1 1
a cos θ = −
◦
b sin θ◦ = c cos θ◦ = −
2 2 2
√ √
d 2 cos(θ ) + 1 = 0
◦
e 2 sin θ = 3
◦
f 2 sin(θ ) − 1 = 0
◦
4 Without using a calculator, find all the values of x between 0 and 2π for each of the
following:
√ √ √
a 2 cos x = 3 b 2 sin(x) + 1 = 0 c 2 cos(x) − 1 = 0
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
508 Chapter 14: Circular functions
Example 21
On separate axes, draw the graphs of the following functions. Use a calculator to help
establish the shape. Set the window appropriately by noting the range and period.
π π 5π π π π
a y = 3 sin 2 t − , ≤t≤ b y = 2 cos 3 t + , − ≤ t ≤
4 4 4 3 3 3
Solution
2π
a The range is [−3, 3] and the period is π. b The range is [−2, 2] and the period is .
3
y y
3 2
2 1
1
0 t –π –π 0 π π t
–1 π π 3π π 5π 3 6 –1 6 3
–2 4 2 4 4 –2
–3
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14I 14I Sketch graphs of y = a sin n(t ± ε) and y = a cos n(t ± ε) 509
Section summary
The graphs of y = a sin n(t ± ε) and y = a cos n(t ± ε) are translations of the graphs of
y = a sin(nt) and y = a cos(nt) respectively.
The graphs are translated ∓ε units parallel to the t-axis, where ±ε is called the phase.
Exercise 14I
Example 21 1 Sketch the graph of each of the following, showing one complete cycle. State the period
and amplitude, and the greatest and least values of y.
π π
a y = 3 sin θ − b y = sin 2(θ + π) c y = 2 sin 3 θ +
2 4
√ π π
d y = 3 sin 2 θ − e y = 3 sin(2x) f y = 2 cos 3 θ +
2 4
√ π π
g y = 2 sin 2 θ − h y = −3 sin(2x) i y = −3 cos 2 θ +
3 2
π
2 For the function f : [0, 2π] → R, f (x) = cos x − :
3
a find f (0), f (2π) b sketch the graph of f .
π
3 For the function f : [0, 2π] → R, f (x) = sin 2 x − :
3
a find f (0), f (2π) b sketch the graph of f .
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
510 Chapter 14: Circular functions
π
4 For the function f : [−π, π] → R, f (x) = sin 3 x + :
4
a find f (−π), f (π) b sketch the graph of f .
5 Find the equation of the image of y = sin x for each of the following transformations:
a dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis followed by dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis
b dilation of factor 21 from the y-axis followed by dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis
c dilation of factor 3 from the y-axis followed by dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis
π
d dilation of factor 21 from the y-axis followed by translation of units in the positive
3
direction of the x-axis
π
e dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis followed by translation of units in the negative
3
direction of the x-axis
Example 22
Sketch each of the following graphs. Use a calculator to help establish the shape.
π π 5π π π π
a y = 3 sin 2 t − + 2, ≤t≤ b y = 2 cos 3 t + − 1, − ≤ t ≤
4 4 4 3 3 3
Solution
a y b y
π
y = 3sin2 t – +2 y = 2 cos 3 t +
π
5 4 –1
3
4 –π 1 π
3 6 6
t
2 –π 0 π
1 3 –1 3
0 t
π π 3π π 5π –2
–1
4 2 4 4
–3
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14J Sketch graphs of y = a sin n(t ± ε) ± b and y = a cos n(t ± ε) ± b 511
b 2 cos(2x) − 1 = 0 y y = 2 cos (2 x) – 1
1
∴ cos(2x) = 1 π 5π 7π 11π
2
6 6 6 6 2π
0
π 5π 7π 11π x
∴ 2x = , , or
3 3 3 3 –1
π 5π 7π 11π
∴ x= , , or –2
6 6 6 6
The x-axis intercepts are –3
π 5π 7π 11π
, , and .
6 6 6 6
√
π 3
c sin 2 x − =
3 2
π π 2π 7π 8π
∴2 x− = , , or
3 3 3 3 3
y
π π π 7π 4π p
∴ x− = , , or y = 2 sin 2 x – – Ö3
3 6 3 6 3 3
p 2p 3p 5p
π 2π 3π 5π 2 3 2 3 y = 2 – Ö3
∴ x= , , or
2 3 2 3 x
π 2π 0 p 2p
The x-axis intercepts are , , –Ö3
2 3
3π 5π
and .
2 3 (0, –2Ö3)
y = –2 – Ö3
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
512 Chapter 14: Circular functions
Exercise 14J
Example 23 1 Sketch the graph of each of the following for x ∈ [0, 2π]. List the x-axis intercepts of
each graph for this interval.
√ √
a y = 2 sin(x) + 1 b y = 2 sin(2x) − 3 c y = 2 cos(x) + 1
√ π
d y = 2 sin(2x) − 2 e y = 2 sin x − +1
4
2 Sketch the graph of each of the following for x ∈ [−π, 2π]:
π
a y = 2 sin(3x) − 2 b y = 2 cos 3 x − c y = 2 sin(2x) − 3
4
π π
d y = 2 cos(2x) + 1 e y = 2 cos 2 x − −1 f y = 2 sin 2 x + +1
3 6
3 Sketch the graph of each of the following for x ∈ [−π, π]:
π π π √
a y = 2 sin 2 x + +1 b y = −2 sin 2 x + + 1 c y = 2 cos 2 x + + 3
3 6 4
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14K Further symmetry properties and the Pythagorean identity 513
Example 24
If sin θ = 0.3 and cos α = 0.8, find the values of:
π π
a sin − α b cos + θ c sin(−θ)
2 2
Solution
π π
a sin − α = cos α b cos + θ = −sin θ c sin(−θ) = −sin θ
2 2
= 0.8 = −0.3 = −0.3
cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1 –1
Example 25
3 π
Given that sin x = and < x < π, find:
5 2
a cos x b tan x
Solution
3
a Substitute sin x = into the b Using part a, we have
5
Pythagorean identity: sin x
tan x =
cos x + sin x = 1
2 2 cos x
9 3 4
cos2 x + =1 = ÷ −
25 5 5
9 3 5
cos2 x = 1 −
25 = × −
5 4
16
= 3
25 =−
4 4
Therefore cos x = ± . But x is in the
5
4
2nd quadrant, and so cos x = − .
5
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
514 Chapter 14: Circular functions 14K
Section summary
Complementary relationships
π π
sin − θ = cos θ cos − θ = sin θ
2 2
π π
sin + θ = cos θ cos + θ = − sin θ
2 2
Pythagorean identity
cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1
Exercise 14K
Example 24 1 If sin x = 0.3, cos α = 0.6 and tan θ = 0.7, find the values of:
π π
a cos(−α) b sin + α c tan(−θ) d cos −x
2 2
π π π
e sin(−x) f tan − θ g cos + x h sin −α
2 2 2
3π 3π
i sin +α j cos −x
2 2
π π
2 a Given that 0 < θ < and cos θ = sin , find the value of θ.
2 6
π π
b Given that 0 < θ < and sin θ = cos , find the value of θ.
2 6
π π
c Given that 0 < θ < and cos θ = sin , find the value of θ.
2 12
π 3π
d Given that 0 < θ < and sin θ = cos , find the value of θ.
2 7
3 3π
Example 25 3 Given that cos x = and < x < 2π, find sin x and tan x.
5 2
5 π
4 Given that sin x = and < x < π, find cos x and tan x.
13 2
1 3π
5 Given that cos x = and < x < 2π, find sin x and tan x.
5 2
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14L The tangent function 515
3π π π π π 3π 5π 3π 7π 9π 5π 11π
x −π − − − 0 π 2π 3π
4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4
y 0 1 ud −1 0 1 ud −1 0 1 ud −1 0 1 ud −1 0
–π π 3π 5π
x= x= x= x=
2 2 2 2
1
–π π 2π 3π
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
–1
π π 3π 5π
Note: The lines x = − , x = , x= and x = are asymptotes.
2 2 2 2
The x-axis intercepts occur when sin x = 0, which is for x = 0, π, 2π, etc. In general,
x = kπ, where k is an integer.
I Transformations of y = tan x
1
Consider a dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis and a dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis:
(x, y) → ( 12 x, 3y)
If the image of (x, y) under the transformation is (x0 , y0 ), then x0 = 21 x and y0 = 3y. Hence
y0
x = 2x0 and y = .
3
y0
Thus the graph of y = tan x is transformed to the graph of = tan(2x0 ). That is, it is
3
π
transformed to the graph of y = 3 tan(2x). The period of the graph will be .
2
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
516 Chapter 14: Circular functions
Graph of y = a tan(nt)
In general, for a and n positive numbers, the graph of y = a tan(nt) is obtained from the
1
graph of y = tan t by a dilation of factor a from the t-axis and a dilation of factor from
n
the y-axis.
The following are important properties of the function f (t) = a tan(nt):
π
The period is . The range is R.
n
(2k + 1)π
The asymptotes have equations t = , where k is an integer.
2n
kπ
The t-axis intercepts are t = , where k is an integer.
n
Example 26
Sketch the graph of each of the following for x ∈ [−π, π]:
a y = 3 tan(2x) b y = −2 tan(3x)
Solution
π π π π
a Period = = b Period = =
n 2 n 3
(2k + 1)π (2k + 1)π
Asymptotes: x = , k∈Z Asymptotes: x = , k∈Z
4 6
kπ kπ
Axis intercepts: x = , k∈Z Axis intercepts: x = , k∈Z
2 3
y y
–3π –π π 3π
x= x= x= x=
4 4 4 4
0 x
x –π –2π –π 0 π 2π π
–π –π π π
3 3 3 3
2 2
–5π –π –π π π 5π
x= x= x= x= x= x=
6 2 6 6 2 6
I Solution of equations
The techniques for solving equations of the form a tan(nt) = b are similar to those for solving
equations of the form a sin(nt) = b and a cos(nt) = b discussed in Section 14H. An important
difference is that the period of tan is π. The method for obtaining further solutions is to add
and subtract multiples of π.
Example 27
Solve each of the following equations for x ∈ [−π, π]:
√
a tan x = −1 b tan(2x) = 3 c 2 tan(3x) = 0
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14L The tangent function 517
Solution Explanation
a tan x = −1 Since tan x is negative, the point P(x) lies
3π −π in the 2nd or 4th quadrant. Solutions are
∴ x= or
4 4 required for x ∈ [−π, π].
Use tan(π − x) = − tan x and
tan(−x) = − tan x.
√
b tan(2x) = 3
Let a = 2x. The equation becomes Consider solutions for a ∈ [−2π, 2π].
√
tan a = 3 Since tan a is positive, the point P(a) lies in
π 4π −2π −5π the 1st or 3rd quadrant.
∴ a = or or or
3 3 3 3 Use tan(π + x) = tan x.
π 4π −2π −5π
∴ x = or or or Subtract π from each of the first two
6 6 6 6
solutions to obtain the second two.
π 2π −π −5π
= or or or
6 3 3 6
c 2 tan(3x) = 0 The solutions for 3x are to be in the interval
3x = −3π, −2π, −π, 0, π, 2π or 3π [−3π, 3π].
−2π −π π 2π
∴ x = −π, , , 0, , or π
3 3 3 3
Example 28
Sketch the graph of y = tan(2x) + 1 for x ∈ [−π, π].
Solution
The graph of y = tan(2x) + 1 is obtained from the graph of y = tan(2x) by a translation of
1 unit in the positive direction of the y-axis.
For the y-axis intercept, let x = 0. Then y = tan 0 + 1 = 1.
For the x-axis intercepts, consider tan(2x) + 1 = 0.
This implies tan(2x) = −1. y
3π −π 7π −5π
Hence 2x = , , or –3p –p p 3p
4 4 4 4 x= x= x= x=
4 4 4 4
3π −π 7π −5π
and so x= , , or
8 8 8 8
The asymptotes are the same as (–p, 1) 1 (p, 1)
x
those for y = tan(2x), –5p –p 3p 7p
(2k + 1)π 8 8 8 8
that is, x = ,k∈Z
4
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
518 Chapter 14: Circular functions
Exercise 14L
Example 28 4 Sketch the graph of each of the following for x ∈ [−π, π]:
√
a y = 3 tan(x) + 3 b y = tan(x) + 2 c y = 3 tan(x) − 3
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14M Numerical methods with a CAS calculator 519
To see all the intersection points, set the window to −2π ≤ x ≤ 2π and −2 ≤ y ≤ 2.
Select Analysis > G-Solve > Intersection to obtain the first point. To find the other
points, navigate across using the cursor arrows on the hard keyboard.
I Fitting data
Example 30
Fit a sine curve to the points (1, 2.08), (2, 2.3), (3, 0.49), (4, −1.77) and (6, −0.96).
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
520 Chapter 14: Circular functions 14M
Exercise 14M
Example 29 1 Solve each of the following equations for x, correct to two decimal places:
a cos x = x b sin x = 1 − x c cos x = x2 d sin x = x2
Example 30 2 For each of the following sets of data, find a suitable trigonometric rule (model):
a π π 3π
θ 0 π
4 2 4
y 1 2.4 −1 2.4 1
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14N General solution of trigonometric equations 521
Note: An alternative and more concise way to express the general solution of sin x = a is
x = nπ + (−1)n sin−1 (a), where n ∈ Z.
Example 31
Find the general solution of each of the following equations:
√ √
a cos x = 0.5 b 3 tan(3x) = 1 c 2 sin x = 2
Solution
1
a cos x = 0.5 b tan(3x) = √
3
x = 2nπ ± cos−1 (0.5) 1
π 3x = nπ + tan−1 √
= 2nπ ± 3
3 π
(6n ± 1)π = nπ +
= , n∈Z 6
3 (6n + 1)π
=
6
(6n + 1)π
x= , n∈Z
18
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
522 Chapter 14: Circular functions
√
2 1
c sin x = = √
2 2
−1 1
1
x = 2nπ + sin √ or x = (2n + 1)π − sin √ −1
2 2
π π
= 2nπ + = (2n + 1)π −
4 4
(8n + 1)π (8n + 3)π
= , n∈Z = , n∈Z
4 4
b c
b c
Note: The constn(1) and constn(2) are replaced with n in the written answer.
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14N 14N General solution of trigonometric equations 523
Example 32
Find the first three positive solutions of each of the following equations:
√ √
a cos x = 0.5 b 3 tan(3x) = 1 c 2 sin x = 2
Solution
(6n ± 1)π
a The general solution (from Example 31a) is given by x = , n ∈ Z.
3
π 5π 7π
When n = 0, x = ± , and when n = 1, x = or x = .
3 3 3
π 5π 7π
Thus the first three positive solutions of cos x = 0.5 are x = , , .
3 3 3
(6n + 1)π
b The general solution (from Example 31b) is given by x = , n ∈ Z.
18
π 7π 13π
When n = 0, x = , and when n = 1, x = , and when n = 2, x = .
18 18 18
√ π 7π 13π
Thus the first three positive solutions of 3 tan(3x) = 1 are x = , , .
18 18 18
(8n + 1)π (8n + 3)π
c The general solution (from Example 31c) is x = or x = , n ∈ Z.
4 4
π 3π 9π 11π
When n = 0, x = or x = , and when n = 1, x = or x = .
4 4 4 4
√ π 3π 9π
Thus the first three positive solutions of 2 sin x = 2 are x = , , .
4 4 4
Section summary
For a ∈ [−1, 1], the general solution of the equation cos x = a is
x = 2nπ ± cos−1 (a), where n ∈ Z
For a ∈ R, the general solution of the equation tan x = a is
x = nπ + tan−1 (a), where n ∈ Z
For a ∈ [−1, 1], the general solution of the equation sin x = a is
x = 2nπ + sin−1 (a) or x = (2n + 1)π − sin−1 (a), where n ∈ Z
Exercise 14N
Example 32 2 Find the first two positive solutions of each of the following equations:
√ √
a sin x = 0.5 b 2 cos(3x) = 3 c 3 tan x = −3
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
524 Chapter 14: Circular functions
π √
3 Find the general solution of 2 cos 2x + = 2, and hence find all the solutions for x
4
in the interval (−2π, 2π).
√ π
4 Find the general solution of 3 tan − 3x − 1 = 0, and hence find all the solutions for
6
x in the interval [−π, 0].
√
5 Find the general solution of 2 sin(4πx) + 3 = 0, and hence find all the solutions for x
in the interval [−1, 1].
Solution
a y b High tide occurs when
h(t) = 4:
π
4 y = h (t) 4 sin t = 4
6
π
sin t = 1
6
t π π 5π
0 6 12 18 24 t= ,
6 2 2
∴ t = 3, 15
–4
π i.e. high tide occurs at
Note: Period = 2π ÷ = 12 03:00 and 15:00 (3 p.m.).
6
c The high tide has height 4 metres above the mean height.
√
8π 4π − 3 √
d h(8) = 4 sin = 4 sin =4× = −2 3
6 3 2
√
The water is 2 3 metres below the mean height at 8 a.m.
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
14O 14O Applications of circular functions 525
π
e We first consider 4 sin t = 1.
6
π 1
Thus sin t =
6 4
π
∴ t = 0.2526, 2.889, 6.5358, 9.172
6
∴ t = 0.4824, 5.5176, 12.4824, 17.5173
i.e. the water is at height 1 metre at 00:29, 05:31, 12:29, 17:31.
Thus the boat can pass across the harbour bar between 00:29 and 05:31, and between
12:29 and 17:31.
Exercise 14O
Example 33 1 It is suggested that the height, h(t) metres, of the tide above mean sea level during a
particular day at Seabreak is given approximately by the rule
π
h(t) = 5 sin t
6
where t is the number of hours after midnight.
a Draw the graph of y = h(t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 24.
b When was high tide?
c What was the height of the high tide?
d What was the height of the tide at 2 a.m.?
e What was the height of the tide at 2 p.m.?
f A boat can only cross the harbour bar when the tide is at least 2.5 metres above
mean sea level. When could the boat cross the harbour bar on this day?
2 A particle moves on a straight line, OX, and its distance x metres from O at time
t seconds is given by x = 3 + 2 sin(3t).
a Find its greatest distance from O.
b Find its least distance from O.
c Find the times at which it is 5 metres from O for 0 ≤ t ≤ 5.
d Find the times at which it is 3 metres from O for 0 ≤ t ≤ 3.
e Describe the motion of the particle.
3 A particle moves on a straight line, OX, and its distance x metres from O at time
t seconds is given by x = 5 + 2 sin(2πt).
a Find its greatest distance from O.
b Find its least distance from O.
c Find the times at which it is 7 metres from O for 0 ≤ t ≤ 5.
d Find the times at which it is 6 metres from O for 0 ≤ t ≤ 3.
e Describe the motion of the particle.
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
526 Chapter 14: Circular functions 14O
4 A particle moves in a vertical circle of radius 10 m. The height, h(t) m, of the particle
above the ground at time t seconds is given by the function
πt
h(t) = 10 sin + 10 where t ≥ 0
3
a Find the height of the particle above the ground for:
i t=0 ii t = 1 iii t = 2 iv t = 4 v t=5
b Find the period of the motion of the particle.
c Find the greatest height of the particle above the ground.
d Find the first four times that the particle is at a height 15 m above the ground.
e Find the first four times that the particle is at a height 5 m above the ground.
5 The temperature, T ◦ C, in a town over a day is modelled by the function with rule
πt
T = 17 − 8 cos
12
where t is the time in hours after midnight, 0 ≤ t ≤ 24.
a What is the temperature at midnight?
b What are the maximum and minimum temperatures reached?
c At what times of the day, to the nearest minute, are temperatures warmer than 20◦ C?
d Sketch the graph for the temperatures over a day.
6 The depth, D(t) metres, of water at the entrance to aharbour at t hours after midnight
πt
on a particular day is given by D(t) = 10 + 3 sin , 0 ≤ t ≤ 24.
6
a Sketch the graph of D(t) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 24.
b Find the values of t for which D(t) ≥ 8.5.
c Boats which need a depth of w metres are permitted to enter the harbour only if the
depth of the water at the entrance is at least w metres for a continuous period of
1 hour. Find, correct to one decimal place, the largest value of w which satisfies this
condition.
7 The depth of water at the entrance to a harbour t hours after high tide is D metres,
where D = p + q cos(rt)◦ for suitable constants p, q, r. At high tide the depth is 7 m;
at low tide, 6 hours later, the depth is 3 m.
a Show that r = 30 and find the values of p and q.
b Sketch the graph of D against t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 12.
c Find how soon after low tide a ship that requires a depth of at least 4 m of water will
be able to enter the harbour.
8 For each of the following, construct a formula involving a circular function which could
be used to model the situation described:
a Water depths in a canal vary between a minimum of 3 metres and a maximum of
6 metres over a 24-hour period.
b At a certain town just south of the Arctic circle, the number of hours of daylight
varies between 2 and 22 hours during a 365-day year.
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
Chapter 14 review 527
Review
Chapter summary
Definition of a radian y
AS
One radian (written 1c ) is the angle formed at the
Nrich
centre of the unit circle by an arc of length 1 unit. 1
180◦ πc
1c = 1◦ = 1 1 unit
π 180
1c
x
–1 0 1
–1
Sine and cosine y
x-coordinate of P(θ) on unit circle:
x = cosine θ, θ∈R 1
P(θ)
y-coordinate of P(θ) on unit circle:
1 y
y = sine θ, θ∈R θc x
Abbreviated to –1 0 1
x
x = cos θ
y = sin θ –1
Tangent y
If the tangent to the unit circle at A is drawn, then the B
y-coordinate of B is called tangent θ (abbreviated to 1
tan θ). By using similar triangles: tanθ
1
sin θ sinθ
tan θ =
cos θ θc x
–1 0 A
cosθ
–1
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
528 Chapter 14: Circular functions
Review
Symmetry properties of circular functions
θ
x
-1 1
-b
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
Chapter 14 review 529
Review
Graphs of circular functions
y y
1 y = sinθ 1 y = cos θ
2p
θ θ
0 p 0 p p 3p 2p
-1 -1 2 2
Amplitude = 1 Amplitude = 1
Period = 2p Period = 2p
y
y = tan θ
1
θ
-p
- 0 p p p 3p 2π 5p
-1
2 4 2 2 2
Amplitude is undefined
Period = π y
–π 1 π
Graphs of circular functions of the type 6 6
y = a sin n(t ± ε) ± b and y = a cos n(t ± ε) ± b –π 0 π t
π 3
e.g. y = 2 cos 3 t + −1 –1 3
3
• Amplitude, a = 2 –2
2π 2π –3
• Period = =
n 3
π
• The graph is the same shape as y = 2 cos(3t) but is translated units in the negative
3
direction of the t-axis and 1 unit in the negative direction of the y-axis.
Solutions of trigonometric equations of the type sin x◦ = a and cos x◦ = a
e.g. Solve cos x◦ = −0.7 for x ∈ [0, 360].
First look at the 1st quadrant: If cos α◦ = 0.7, then α = 45.6.
Since cos x◦ is negative for P(x◦ ) in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants, the solutions are
x = 180 − 45.6 = 134.4 and x = 180 + 45.6 = 225.6
Technology-free questions
1 Convert each of the following to radian measure in terms of π:
a 330◦ b 810◦ c 1080◦ d 1035◦ e 135◦
f 405◦ g 390◦ h 420◦ i 80◦
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
530 Chapter 14: Circular functions
Review
2 Convert each of the following to degree measure:
5πc 7πc 11πc 3πc 15πc
a b c d e
6 4 4 12 2
3πc πc 11πc 23πc
f − g − h − i −
4 4 4 4
3 Give exact values of each of the following:
11π 7π 11π 7π
a sin b cos − c sin d cos −
4 4 6 6
13π 23π 23 17
e cos f sin g cos − π h sin − π
6 6 3 4
4 State the amplitude and period of each of the following:
θ 1
a 2 sin b −3 sin(4θ) c sin(3θ)
2 2
x 2 2x
d −3 cos(2x) e −4 sin f sin
3 3 3
5 Sketch the graph of each of the following (showing one cycle):
x
a y = 2 sin(2x) b y = −3 cos c y = −2 sin(3x)
3
x π 2π
d y = 2 sin e y = sin x − f y = sin x +
3 4 3
5π π
g y = 2 cos x − h y = −3 cos x +
6 6
6 Solve each of the following equations for θ:
√ √
3 3
a sin θ = − , θ ∈ [−π, π] b sin(2θ) = − , θ ∈ [−π, π]
2 2
π 1 π
c sin θ − = − , θ ∈ [0, 2π] d sin θ + = −1, θ ∈ [0, 2π]
3 2 3
π 1
e sin − θ = − , θ ∈ [0, 2π]
3 2
Multiple-choice questions
1 In a right-angled triangle, the two shorter side lengths are 3 cm and 4 cm. To the nearest
degree, the value of the smallest angle is
A 1◦ B 23◦ C 37◦ D 53◦ E 92◦
2 The minimum value of 3 − 10 cos(2x) is
A −13 B −17 C −23 D −7 E −10
π
3 The range of the function f : [0, 2π] → R, f (x) = 4 sin 2x − is
2
A R B [0, 4] C [−4, 0] D [0, 8] E [−4, 4]
1
4 The period of the graph of y = 3 sin x − π + 4 is
2
A π B 3 C 4π D π+4 E 2π
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
Chapter 14 review 531
1 π
Review
5 The graph of y = sin x is dilated by factor from the y-axis and translated units in
2 4
the positive direction of the x-axis. The equation of the image is
1 π 1 π π
A y = sin x + B y = sin x − C y = 2 sin x −
2 4 2 4 4
π π
D y = sin 2x − E y = sin 2 x −
4 4
6 The period of the function f : R → R, where f (x) = a sin(bx) + c and a, b and c are
positive constants, is
2π 2π b
A a B b C D E
a b 2π
π π
7 One cycle of the graph of y = tan(ax) has vertical asymptotes at x = − and x = .
6 6
A possible value of a is
π 1
A 6 B π C D E 3
6 3
8 The equation 3 sin(x) + 1 = b, where b is a positive real number, has one solution in the
interval [0, 2π]. The value of b is
A 1 B 1.5 C 2 D 3 E 4
9 The number of solutions of the equation b = a sin x, where x ∈ [−2π, 2π] and a and b
are positive real numbers with a > b, is
A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 E 6
10 The depth of water,
πt in metres, in a harbour at a certain point at time t hours is given by
D(t) = 8 + 2 sin , 0 ≤ t ≤ 24. The depth of the water is first 9 m at
6
A t=0 B t=1 C t=2 D t=3 E t=4
Extended-response questions
1 The number of hours of daylight
1 at 1apoint
on the Antarctic Circle is given approxi-
mately by d = 12 + 12 cos π t + , where t is the number of months which have
6 3
elapsed since 1 January.
a i Find d on 21 June (t ≈ 5.7). ii Find d on 21 March (t ≈ 2.7).
b When will there be 5 hours of daylight?
◦
2 The temperature,
πtA C, inside a house at t hours after 4 a.m. is given by the rule
A = 21 − 3 cos , for 0 ≤ t ≤ 24. The
πt temperature, B◦ C, outside the house at the
12
same time is given by B = 22 − 5 cos , for 0 ≤ t ≤ 24.
12
a Find the temperature inside the house at 8 a.m.
b Write down an expression for D = A − B, the difference between the inside and
outside temperatures.
c Sketch the graph of D for 0 ≤ t ≤ 24.
d Determine when the inside temperature is less than the outside temperature.
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
532 Chapter 14: Circular functions
Review
3 At a certain time of the year the depth
π of water, d metres, in the harbour at Bunk Island
is given by the rule d = 3 + 1.8 cos t , where t is the time in hours after 3 a.m.
6 π
a Sketch the graph of the function d = 3 + 1.8 cos t over a 24-hour period from
6
3 a.m. to 3 a.m.
b At what time(s) does high tide occur for t ∈ [0, 24]?
c At what time(s) does low tide occur for t ∈ [0, 24]?
A passenger ferry operates between Main Beach and Bunk Island. It takes 50 minutes
to go from Main Beach to Bunk Island. The ferry only runs between the hours of
8 a.m. and 8 p.m., and is only able to enter the harbour at Bunk Island if the depth of
water is at least 2 metres.
d What is the earliest time the ferry should leave Main Beach so that it arrives at Bunk
Island and can immediately enter the harbour?
e The time to go from Bunk Island to Main Beach is also 50 minutes. The minimum
time the ferry takes at Bunk Island harbour is 5 minutes. The minimum time at Main
Beach is also 5 minutes.
i What is the latest time the ferry can leave Main Beach to complete a round trip
in 105 minutes?
ii How many complete round trips can the ferry make in a day?
4 The depth of water, D metres, at the end of Brighton pier t hours after low tide is given
by the rule D = p − 2 cos(rt), where p and r are suitable constants.
At low tide (t = 0) the depth is 2 metres; at high tide, which occurs 8 hours later, the
depth is 6 metres.
π
a Show that r = and p = 4.
8 π
b Sketch the graph of D = 4 − 2 cos t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 16.
8
c If the first low tide occurs at 4 a.m., when will the next low tide occur?
d At what times will the depth be equal to 4 metres?
The poles that support the Brighton pier stand 7.5 metres above the sea bed.
e How much of a particular pole is exposed at:
i high tide ii 2 p.m.?
Over the years mussels have attached themselves to the pole. A particular mussel is
attached 4 metres from the top of the pole so that some of the time it is exposed and
some of the time it is covered by water.
f For how long will the mussel be covered by water during the time from one low tide
to the next?
Cambridge Senior Maths AC/VCE ISBN 978-1-107-52013-4 © Evans et al. 2016 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 1&2 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.