Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A New Look at
Renal Replacement Therapy
• AKI
AKI is a common complication of critical illness with
is a common complication of critical illness with
as many as 50% of the critically ill developing some
stage of injury.
• Defined as the reduction in or loss of the ability of
the kidneys to excrete waste, balance acid base and
fluids and to stabilize electrolytes
• Much debate about the best definition
Impact
• Results
Results in:
in:
increased morbidity and mortality
use of considerable health care resourses
f id bl h l h
overall increased health care burden
Causes
• Multifactoral
‐ 45 ‐70% related to sepsis
‐ post surgical hypovolemia
i lh l i
‐ drug induced toxicity
Treatment
• Renal Replacement Therapy
p py
‐ should not be delayed
q p
‐ required in 5% of our patients
‐ to correct metabolic derangements
‐ reduce fluid overload
‐ allow for the administration of necessary fluids and
nutrition
Choices???
• Number
Number of renal replacement therapies
of renal replacement therapies
include continuous and intermittent
• Choice depends on availability, expertise,
Choice depends on availability expertise
hemodynamic stability and reason for therapy
Choices
• Continuous renal replacement therapies have
advantages over conventional intermittent
d t ti li t itt t
dialysis with:
‐ improved cardiovascular stability
‐ improved tolerance to ultrafiltration allowing
removal of obligatory fluid loads
‐ ability to maintain solute control especially
ability to maintain solute control especially
in the catabolic patient
Choices
CRRT
‐ CAVH originally developed as an AV
CAVH originally developed as an AV
technique depended on BP and dual access
‐ 1980’s evolved to CVVH then CVVHD using
1980’ l d t CVVH th CVVHD i
blood pump with single access using
volumetric pumps to control affluent and
l ti t t l ffl t d
effluent fluids
‐ refinement of pump systems for CVVHDF
1986 to present
CRRT
Advantages:
g
‐slow volume control with CV
stability and good solute control
y g
Disadvantages:
y p
‐ costly and complex
‐frequent interruptions
‐ continuous anticoagulation
continuous anticoagulation
‐ nursing workload
IHD
Advantages:
‐greater volume removal
in shorter period
Disadvantages:
‐high UF not tolerated
‐ periodic solute and
fluid control problematic
SLED
Advantages:
‐slow fluid removal with
solute control
‐cost efficient with
decreased workload
Disadvantages:
g
‐plumbing
‐ maintenance
What is SLED?
What is SLED?
Sustained Low‐Efficiency Dialysis
H b id b
Hybrid between CRRT and IHD
CRRT d IHD
• low UF rates for HD stability
• low efficient solute removal for less imbalance
• longer and intermittent treatment times
longer and intermittent treatment times
• uses conventional HD machine and dialyzers
• 8 12 h
8‐12 hrs per day, 5–7 days a week
d 5 7d k
What does the Research say?
What does the Research say?
• Bellmo
Bellmo et al, 1993 looked at greater than 20
et al 1993 looked at greater than 20
retrospective studies comparing the impact of
CRRT and IHD on patient outcomes Neither
CRRT and IHD on patient outcomes. Neither
showed superiority in renal recovery or
outcomes
• Marshall et al, 2004 concluded that SLED was
a viable alternative to CRRT
a viable alternative to CRRT.
Research
• Feighen
Feighen et al 2010 found that SLED had
et al 2010 found that SLED had
comparable hemodynamic control to CRRT in
the critically ill
the critically ill
• Kumar et al in 2000 compared 42 patients, 25
with SLED and 17 with CVVH found that SLED
with SLED and 17 with CVVH found that SLED
was well tolerated, offer the same benefits as
CRRT and was technically easier
CRRT and was technically easier.
Why SLED?
Why SLED?
• cost – city water
y
• complexity and
nursing workload
nursing workload
• safety‐ additives,
anticoagulation
• flexibility
• patient rehab
What about the cost?
What about the cost?
CRRT
CRRT SLED
• Filter & circuit $235.00 • Filter $13.00‐$20.00
• Solutions bags $28.00(10
Solutions bags $28.00(10 • Tubing $10.00
Tubing $10.00
bags per day) • Drugs & Solutions $45.00
• More expensive for Citrate • Cost about $300.00 per
anticoagulation
l day
• Cost over $1000.00 per day • Includes RN labour
• Includes RN labour
Includes RN labour
CRRT,SLED, IHD
, ,
CRRT SLED IHD
# Treatment week
# Treatment week 7 days
7 days 5‐6
5 6 days
days 3‐5
3 5 sessions
sessions
# Hours/day 24hrs 8‐12 hrs 4 hrs
Blood Flow 100‐200 200‐300 350 to 400
(ml/min)
Dialysate Flow 20‐30 300‐350 500 to 800
((ml/min)
/ )
Anticoagulation Heparin or Citrate Heparin or Nothing Heparin or Nothing
Hemodynamic ++ +/‐ __ __
S bili
Stability
MD ordering Nephrologists Nephrologist Nephrologist
Intensivist Consult Intensivist Consult
SLED at TOH
• Fall 2010 the ICU group
approached by
Nephrology team
interested in pursuing
SLED
SLED as an option to
ti t
CRRT in the ICU
‐ Meetings in Spring
Meetings in Spring
2011 to plan a pilot
project for the Civic
project for the Civic
Campus
• Site visit at UHN
Demographics
Civic campus
• 33 bed ICU with 28 beds
operational
• Trauma, Neurology,
Neurosurgery, Vascular Gen
S
Surg and Medicine
d M di i
• Approximately 180 nurses,
full and part time
• Fiscal year April 2010 to
March 2011
CRRT days 566 average
CRRT days 566, average
40 days month
Average occupancy > 90%
Demographics
General campus
l
• 32
32 beds with 27
beds with 27
operational
• Oncology, thoracics and
gy,
med surg
pp y
• Approximately 160
nurses full and part‐
time
• Same time frame 367
CRRT days
SLED Pilot/Trial
SLED Pilot/Trial
• p
plan for 3 to 6 month trial with nocturnal treatments
Monday to Friday as per HD availability
• pre printed physician orders developed
• equipment: 2 HD machines + RO units on loan to ICU
for duration of trial
• shared project between HD and ICU nurses
shared project bet een HD and ICU n rses
• Patient criteria included those on only one pressor or
less.
less
• CRRT still available
Model of Delivery
Model of Delivery
Hemo Nurse ICU Nurse
Machine set‐up Review orders & calculate goal
Review orders & calculate goal with hemo
with ICU Intradialytic treatment
Mix dialysate additives management
Program the machine ‐documentation/monitoring
Initiate treatment ‐NS Fluid boluses PRN
Document start treatment notes Basic alarm management
End of treatment
‐document end of treatment
notes on HD flow sheet
C ll h
Call hemo unit for advanced
i f d d
troubleshooting (e.g.
clotted circuit, blood leak)
Training of staff ( ICU)
Training of staff ( ICU)
• Core Group of ICU nurse (40 nurses)
Core Group of ICU nurse (40 nurses)
• 8 hr training sessions (8 to 10 nurses/session)
• training done by company Educator
i i d b d
• trained: troubleshooting , discontinuing,
disinfection, NS flushes
• support from HD nurses at the bedside
pp
Evaluation
ICU Nurse
• Nurse
Nurse comfort with
comfort with • 50%
50% had increased
had increased
treatments comfort
• Less interventions than • 74% less interventions if
CRRT Heparin
pp
• Support from HD • 95% were wells
• Patient comforts ie supported
activities and sleep • 6/8 patients had
interrupted sleep
Evaluation Process HD
Evaluation Process HD
‐time
time spent in ICU (on
spent in ICU (on • 47% felt comfortable
47% felt comfortable
procedure leaving the ICU nurse
troubleshooting • 66% felt they offered
y
bedside support good support
‐time spent on the phone • 69.5 hrs /344hrs
for support treatment spent
assisting
Evaluation process‐Nephrologist
Evaluation process Nephrologist
‐ whether
whether patients could
patients could • 2
2 patients transitioned
patients transitioned
last the weekend to CRRT for the
(66hrs) without dialysis weekend
‐ the relationship • pressors added or
between pressor use increased in 16/43
and ultrafiltration goals treatments
‐ transitioning patterns • 62% patients CRRT to
b
between CRRT, SLED SLED to HD
and HD
Results
• Pilot October 2011 to March 2012
Pilot October 2011 to March 2012
• Eight patients eligible, 7 AKI and 1 CRD
• Total of 43 sessions Monday to Friday
l f 3 i d id
• RN felt more exposure and training needed
• Any increase in workload was usual line issues
q p
or frequent flushes when no Heparin
Challenges
• Machine conversion
• Scheduling issues
• CVC line issues
CVC line issues
• ICU physician staff buy‐in
• Use of SLED pre printed order sheet
Use of SLED pre‐printed order sheet
• UF calculation
• Night to day treatment
• Storage of equipment & disinfection
g q p
After the Pilot
After the Pilot
• Team
Team meeting to review evaluation results
meeting to review evaluation results
• Budget review by senior members
• Plan to move forward with full
l f d i h f ll
implementation corporately
• Three machines and three RO machines
purchased per campus
• CRRT machines aging at this time
Moving Forward from Pilot
Moving Forward from Pilot
• September 2012‐ training at Civic site
• October‐ training at General site
• Go live date : Civic October,
General November
General November
• Full transition January 2013 at Civic
May 2013 at General
New Model
New Model
• SLED Treatments 24/7
SLED Treatments 24/7
• timing patient specific
• Nephrology consult service
h l l i
• ICU nurse start to finish
• partnership with HD for ongoing maintenance
pp
of machines and tech support
• Sharing of information with the educators
Challenges
• CVAD as with CRRT, new line trial
CVAD as with CRRT new line trial
• heparin free patients
• earthquake in Italy
h k i l
• Staff education on RO as well as Dialysis
machine
• Ongoing maintenance and storage of idle
g g g
equipment
References
• Berbece AN, Richardson RMA. Sustained low‐efficiency dialysis in the
Berbece AN Richardson RMA Sustained low efficiency dialysis in the
ICU:Cost anticoagulation, and solute removal. Kidney International(2006)
70,963‐968.
• Bellomo,R. Mansfield,D. Rumble,S. Shapiro, J., Parkin, G. Boyce, N.
A Comparison of Conventional Dialytic Therapy and Acute Continuous
Hemodiafiltration in the Management of Acute Renal failure in the
Critically Ill. Renal Failure (1993) 15(5), 592‐602
• Kumar V.A, Yeun JY, Depner TA, Don B. Extended daily dialysis vs.
Kumar V.A, Yeun JY, Depner TA, Don B. Extended daily dialysis vs.
continuous hemodialysis for ICU patients with acute renal failure: A two‐
year single center report. The International Journal of Artificial Organs
(2004) 27,
371 379
371‐379.
• Marshall, M.R., Tianmin, M., Galler, D., Patrick, A., Rankin, N., Williams A.B
Sustained low‐efficiency daily diafiltration (SLEDD‐f) for critically ill
patients requiring renal replacement therapy: towards an adequate
th
therapy. Nephrology Dialysis Transplant (2004). 19,877‐884.
N h l Di l i T l t (2004) 19 877 884
• Patel R, Pirret AM, Mann S, Sheering CL. Local experience with the use of
sustained low efficiency dialysis for acute renal failure. Intensive and
Critical Care Nursing(2009)25,45‐49.
Acknowledgements
• Sharon
Sharon Slivar RN Educator ICU General
Slivar RN Educator ICU General
Campus
• Nurse Educators from Dialysis unit at TOH
Nurse Educators from Dialysis unit at TOH
• Staff from UHN