REVIEWER FOR TOP  And may respond to behavioral

therapy only.
Sigmund Freud
LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE
Psychoanalysis
Freud – believed that the origin of Unconscious
neurosis and psychosis came from the  Unconscious proper
drives. These drives are divided into two
 Preconscious
called sex and aggression.
Conscious
Catharsis – Powerful emotional release
because of a need to relieve
Unconscious – contains drives, urges,
unconscious conflicts.
instincts beyond our awareness
“PURIFICATION/CLEANSING”
Conscious – our own awareness
Josef Breuer – taught Freud about
catharsis and Freud discovered “Free
Preconscious – Unconscious elements
Association” which later on leads to his
which can easily surface through
principal therapeutic technique called
conscious.
“Hypnosis”
PROVINCES OF THE MIND
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
NEUROSIS AND PSYCHOSIS
ID – Pleasure Principle / Irrational
EGO – Reality Principle / Balance
Psychosis
SUPEREGO – Moral Principle/
 Is a term used to describe Conscience – Ego Ideal
symptoms
 Mostly Delusions and Conscience – What we should not do
Hallucinations Ego – Ideal – What we should do
 Altered perception of reality
 Interferes with day to day
functions
 Almost always require
pharmacological treatment

Neurosis
 Mental Distress
 Refers to a group of disorders
 Does not interfere with day to day
functions
Dynamics of Personality
Drives – operate as constant
motivational force. As an internal
stimulus, Drives differ from external
stimuli in that they cannot be avoided
through flight.
Eros – Love, Sex
Thanatos – Aggression, Distraction
Sex Drive - Libido
Aggression Drive – Unnamed
Anxiety
Neurotic Anxiety – Apprehension
about unknown danger
Moral Anxiety – Guilty/ Conscience
Realistic Anxiety – Fear
DEFENSE MECHANISM
Repression – the most basic defense
mechanism. Whenever the ego is
threatened by undesirable id impulses, it
protects itself by repressing those
impulses; that is, it forces threatening
feelings into the unconscious.
For example, a young girl may
permanently repress her hostility for a
younger sister because her hateful
feelings create too much anxiety.
Reaction Formation – on of the ways
in which a repressed impulse may
become conscious is through adopting
a disguise that is directly opposite its
original form.
Example of a reaction formation can be
seen in a young woman who deeply
resents and hates her mother. Because
she knows that society demands
affection toward parents, such
conscious hatred for her mother would
produce too much anxiety. To avoid
painful anxiety, the young woman
concentrates on the opposite impulse—
love. Her “love” for her mother, however,
is not genuine. It is showy, exaggerated,
and overdone.
Displacement – people can redirect
their unacceptable urges onto a variety
of people or objects so that the original
impulse is disguised or concealed.
For example, a woman who is angry at
her roommate may displace her anger
onto her employees, her pet cat, or a
stuffed animal. She remains friendly to
her roommate, but unlike the workings
of a reaction formation, she does not
exaggerate or overdo her friendliness.
Fixation – The process of
psychologically growing up, however, is
not without stressful and anxious
moments. When the prospect of taking
the next step becomes too anxiety
provoking, the ego may resort to the
strategy of remaining at the present,
more comfortable psychological stage.
Regression – Once the libido has
passed a developmental stage, it may,
during times of stress and anxiety, benefits both the individual and the
revert back to that earlier stage. society.

For example, a completely weaned child
may regress to demanding a bottle or
nipple when a baby brother or sister is
born. The attention given to the new
baby poses a threat to the older child.
Freud believed that the art of
Michelangelo, who found an indirect
outlet for his libido in painting and
sculpting, was an excellent example of
sublimation.

Projection – When an internal impulse Stages of Development

provokes too much anxiety, the ego may
reduce that anxiety by attributing the Stages Erogenous Pleasure
unwanted impulse to an external object, of Dev’t Zone
usually another person.
Oral Mouth Oral Sucking
Receptive
Phase /
An extreme type of projection is Oral
Sadistic
paranoia, a mental disorder
Anal Anus Sadistic
characterized by powerful delusions of anal –
Phase phase /
jealousy and persecution. Paranoia is
not an inevitable outcome of projection Phallic
but simply a severe variety of it. Phase

Introjection – a defense mechanism Latency

whereby people incorporate positive Period
qualities of another person into their
Genital
own ego. Period

For example, an adolescent may

introject or adopt the mannerisms,
values, or lifestyle of a movie star. Such
an introjection gives the adolescent an
inflated sense of self-worth and keeps
feelings of inferiority to a minimum.
People introject characteristics that they
see as valuable and that will permit
them to feel better about themselves.

Sublimation – is the Healthiest of all

the defense mechanism because it