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VAPOR
POWER
CYCLE
INTRODUCTION
Our focus will be on sub-system A.
Steam turbine
• Steam turbines are devices
convert the energy stored in
steam into rotational mechanical
energy
• The steam turbine may consists of
several stages.
• Each stage can be described by
analyzing the expansion of steam
from a higher pressure to a lower
pressure
• The steam may be wet, dry
saturated or superheated
3
Condenser
• To convert the exhaust steam from the low pressure turbine to
condensate (water) by flowing over the tubes.
• Normally, surface condenser is used in SPP i.e: shell and tube heat
exchanger - in which cooling water is circulated through the tubes.
Boiler
• The heat from combustion of fuel (coal,
natural gas or diesel) boils water in the
boiler to produce steam at a high
pressure and temperature.
• More than half of the electricity generated
in the world is by using coal as the
primary fuel.
• Carnot cycle is the most efficient power cycle operating between two specified
temperature limits
• We can adopt the Carnot cycle first as a prospective ideal cycle for vapor power
plants.
Sequence of Processes:
1-2 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
Qin 2-3 Reversible and isothermal
condensation (in a condenser)
4 1
3-4 Isentropic compression (in a
Win
Wout compressor)
3 2
4-1 Reversible and isothermal heating (in
a boiler)
Qout
The Carnot cycle is NOT a suitable model for actual power cycles because of
several impracticalities associated with it:
Saturated vapor enters the turbine
: limits the maximum temperature
that can be used in the cycle
It is not practical to design (374°C for water)
a compressor that handles
two phases
4 1
3 2
Low net work
output. i.e. The turbine cannot handle steam
W12 – W34 with a high moisture content :
liquid droplets on the turbine
blades causing erosion and wear
PCondenser
Condenser: The amount of heat rejected from condenser, 4
W34 W12
qout = q23 =h2 – h3
3 2
Pump: The work needed to operate the water Q23
pump, s
w pump w34 h4 h3 P4 P3
h3 hf at P3 and 3 f at P3
Net work output, wnet qin qout wturb w pump (h1 h2 ) (h4 h3 )
R
h1 h2 h4 h3 h1 h2 h4 h3
h1 h4 h1 h3 h4 h3
If the water pump work is neglected, then
R
h1 h2 h4 h3 h1 h2
1 3 4 3 h1 h3
h h h h
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2013
THE RANKINE CYCLE
Performance of Ideal Rankine Cycle
Isentropic Efficiency
Indicate the deviation of actual process from the ideal process
The actual expansion (dash line 1-2) and actual compression (dash line 3-4) processes
are irreversible, which will involve friction and heat transfer
Isentropic efficiency of turbine (expansion process) is define as
Actual work output w
T 12
Isentropic work output w12s
T
h1 h2 PBoiler
h1 h2s 1
PCondenser
Isentropic efficiency of pump (compression process) is 4
define as 4s
Isentropic work input w 34 s
T
Actual work input w 34 3 2s 2
h4 s h3 s
h4 h3
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2013
THE RANKINE CYCLE
Performance of Ideal Rankine Cycle
Work Ratio
Work ratio is defined as
1 1 3600
ssc = kg/kJ or scc kg/kWh
w nett wT w P wT w P
A steam power plant operates between a boiler pressure of 5 MPa and a condenser
pressure of 5 kPa. Calculate for these limits the cycle efficiency, work ratio and
specific steam consumption
i. Carnot cycle
ii. for Rankine cycle with dry saturated steam at entry to the turbine
iii. for Rankine cycle of (ii) when the expansion process has an isentropic
efficiency of 85%.
5 MPa
4 1
5 kPa
3 2
h1 = hg = 2794.2 kJ/kg
T s1 = s2 = sg = 5.9737 kJ/kgK
s
s2 s f 5.9737 0.4762
x2 0.694 h1 h2
s fg 7.9176 0.85 h2 h1 0.85 h1 h2 s
h1 h2 s
h2s = hf + x2hfg = 137.75+0.694(2423)
= 1819.3 kJ/kg = 1965.5 kJ / kg
1
T
PBoiler
PCondenser
3 2
Benefits :
increases both the net work output
and heat input to the cycle. The
overall effect is an increase in thermal 1
efficiency of the cycle. T
3 2’ 2
Presently the highest steam
temperature allowed at the turbine inlet
s
is about 620 oC.
1
T h1 = 3434.7 kJ/kg
500 s1 = s2 = 6.9781 kJ/kgK
5 MPa
1302.2 kJ / kg
qin q41 3434.7 142.75 3292.0 kJ / kg
wnet 1302.2
4
th 0.396 (39.6%)
qin 3292.0
5 kPa 3600
ssc 2.765 kg / kWh
3 2 1302.2
w 1302.2
rw net 0.9962
wgross 1302.2 4.995
s
1 6
5 5
P5 = P6 = Preheat
2
6 4
4 2
3
Note: Incorporation of the single reheat in a modern power plant improves the cycle
efficiency by 4 ~ 5 percent.
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2013
Sec 03 – 16/4
With a single reheating process, the total heat input and the total
turbine work output for the ideal cycle become,
3 2
Calculate the cycle efficiency, specific steam consumption and work ratio for a reheat
cycle. The steam conditions at inlet to the high pressure turbine are 5 MPa and 500oC. The
steam is reheated to its initial temperature before entering the low pressure turbine at a
pressure of 0.5 MPa. The condenser pressure is 5 kPa. Assume the efficiency of the
turbines and pump are 100%.
1
5 MPa, 500 oC
1 6
500 oC
Saturated
5 MPa
5 5
P5 = P6 = Preheat
= 0.5 MPa 2
4
6 500 oC
5 kPa
4 3 2
5 kPa
4
sg @ 5 kPa = 8.3938 kJ/kgK
s2 < sg state 2 is mixture
5 kPa
s2 s f 8.0893 0.4762
3 2 x2 0.962
s fg 7.9176
Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal Rankine cycle. Steam enters the
turbine at 15 MPa and 600oC and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. If
the moisture contents of the steam at the exit of the low pressure turbine is not exceed
10.4 percent, determine (a) the pressure at which the steam should be reheated and (b) the
thermal efficiency of the cycle. Assume the steam is reheated to the inlet temperature of
the high pressure turbine.
Boiler
1
Turbine 1
1 kg
1 kg 1 kg
(1-y) kg 6
7 2 7
y kg y kg
Cooling 5 (1-y) kg
Water 4
6 5 4 3 1-y kg
P OWH P
3 2
Pump 2 Open Pump 1 Condenser
Feed
Water
Heater
Always
Compressed liquid Normally
1 kg 1 kg Superheated
Always Saturated 6
liquid y kg 7
5 (1-y) kg
Always 4
Compressed liquid
(1-y) kg
Always Saturated 3 2
liquid
Normally
mixture, x>0.9
wturb h1 h7 1 y h7 h2 1 kg 1 kg
= 1 y h4 h3 h6 h5 5 (1-y) kg
4
w pump,l 3 P4 P3
1-y kg
3 2
w pump,ll 5 P6 P5
Note: The cycle efficiency increases further as the number of feedwater heaters
is increased.
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
IDEAL REGENERATIVE RANKINE
CYCLE
The mass of the steam extracted from the turbine, y, is determined by doing an
energy balance on the feed-water heater.
mh mh
in out y kg
y h7 1 y h4 1 h5
7
Solve to give, y 5
h h4 5 4
h7 h4 1 kg
OFWH
(1-y) kg
The bleed pressure of one or more feed water heaters can be determined by
assuming the bleed temperature to obtain maximum efficiency is approximately
the mean of the saturated temperature of boiler and condenser.
TS1 TS 2
Tbleed
2
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
EAMPLE 8.4
If the Rankine cycle of Example 8.2 is modified to include one open feed water heater
operating at a pressure of 0.5 MPa, calculate the cycle efficiency and the specific steam
consumption.
Boiler
1 5 MPa
Turbine 1
1 kg
1 kg 1 kg
0.5 MPa 5 MPa
(1-y) kg 6
7 2 y kg 7
y kg
5 kPa 5 0.5 MPa
Cooling (1-y) kg
4
Water
6 5 4 3 1-y kg
P OWH P
3 5 kPa 2
Pump 2 Open Pump 1 Condenser
Feed
Water
Heater
W56 = h6 – h5
= 0.001(5000 – 500) y kg 1 kg
7 1 kg
= 4.50 kJ/kg 6 5 MPa
h6 = 640.09 + 4.50 5 4 y kg 7
w turb h1 h7 1 y h7 h2
= 3446.0 2871.3 1 0.189 2871.3 2049.5
=1241.2 kJ/kg
T 1
Boiler
1
1 kg Turbine
1 kg
1 kg 9
8
y1 kg (1- y1)kg
(1- y1 –y2)kg 6
9 7
10 2 10
y1 kg y2 kg y2 kg
Cooling 4 (1- y1- y2)kg
5
Water
8 7 6 5 4 3 (1- y1- y2)kg
P3 OFWH P2 OFWH P1
1 2 3 2
1kg (1-y1) kg (1- y1 –y2)kg Condenser
s
y1h9 1 y1 h6 h7 y1
y 2h10 1 y1 y 2 h4 1 y1 h5 y 2
Boiler T 1
1
1 kg Turbine
1 kg 1 kg
(1-y) kg 6
6 2 5 y kg
y kg 7
4
Cooling (1- y)kg
Pump Water
1 kg 5 4 3 (1- y)kg
P
3 8 2
Closed 7 8 Condenser
Feed Water
Heater y kg Throttle y kg s
h5 h7 h8 hf at P7
TS1 TS 2
Tbleed
2
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
EAMPLE 8.3
If the Rankine cycle of Example 8.3 is modified to include one closed feed water heater
operating at a pressure of 0.5 MPa, calculate the cycle efficiency, the specific steam
consumption and the work ratio.
Solution
The steam enters the turbine at 5 MPa and 500 oC and the condenser pressure is
5 kPa.
Boiler T 1
1
1 kg Turbine
1 kg 1 kg
(1-y) kg 6
6 2 5 y kg
y kg 7
4
Cooling (1- y)kg
Pump Water
1 kg 5 4 3 (1- y)kg
P
3 8 2
Closed 7 8 Condenser
Feed
Water y kg Throttle y kg s
Heater
Solution
The steam enters the turbine at 40 bar and 500 oC and the condenser pressure is
0.025 bar.
WP = W34 = h4 - h3
h1 = 3446.0 kJ/kg = 0.001(5000 – 5)
s1 = 7.0922 kJ/kgK = s7 = s2 = 4.995 kJ/kg
sg at 500 kPa = 6.8207 kJ/kgK < 7.0922 kJ/kgK h4 = 137.75 + 4.995
State 6 is superheated. By interpolationg, = 142.75 kJ/kg
h6 = 2871.3 kJ/kg
h5 = h7 = h8 = hf = 640.09 kJ/kg
sg at 5 kPa = 8.3938 kJ/kgK >7.0922 kJ/kgK
State 2 is mixture. h5 h4 640.09 142.75
y
x2 = (7.0922-0.4762)/8.3938= 0.789 h6 h7 2871.3 640.09
h2 = 137.75 + 0.789(2423.0) = 2049.5 kJ/kg 0.223 kg
w turb h1 h6 1 y h6 h2
= 3446.0 2871.3 1 0.223 2871.3 2049.5
=1213.2 kJ/kg
WP = W34 = h4 - h3
= 0.001(5000 – 5)
= 4.995 kJ/kg
w net 1213.2 4.995
qin h1 h5 = 3446.0 640.09 th 0.431 43.1%
qin 2805.9
=2805.9 kJ/kg 3600 3600
ssc 2.9796 kg/kWh
w net 1213.2 4.995
1213.2 4.995
rw 0.9959
1213.2
1 kg Turbine 1 kg
1 kg
7
9 y1 kg (1-y1)kg
6
y1 kg (1-y1–y2) kg
7 8 2 y2 kg 8
y2 kg 5 11
Cooling 4 10 (1-y1–y2)kg
Water (1-y1–y2)kg
6 5 4 3
P 3 12 2
1 kg
10 11 12 Condenser
9
y1 kg
s
(y1+y2)kg
h5 h11 h12 hf at P8
h6 h9 h10 hf at P7
1 kg Turbine 1 kg
1 kg
8
7
y1 kg (1-y1)kg
y1 kg (1-y1– y2) kg 6
2 y2 kg 9
8 9 5 10
y2 kg 4 (1-y1–y2)kg
Cooling
(1-y1–y2)kg
Water
7 6 5 4 3
P2 P1 3 11 2
1 kg 10 11 Condenser
(y1+y2)kg
h5 h10 h11 hf at P9 s
h4 h3 0.001 P4 P3 x102
h7 h6 0.001 P7 P6 x102
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
IDEAL REGENERATIVE RANKINE
CYCLE
One Closed & One Open Feedwater
Heaters T 1
Boiler
1
1 kg Turbine 1 kg
1 kg
8
y1 kg (1-y1)kg
7
(1-y1– y2) kg 6 10
y1 kg 9
2 y2 kg
9
8 y2 kg 4 (1-y1–y2)kg
5
Cooling
(1-y1–y2)kg
Water
7 6 5 4 3
P2 P1 3 11 2
1 kg (1-y2) kg
Condenser
h7 h10 h11 hf at P7 s
h4 h3 0.001 P4 P3 x102
10 (y1)kg 11
h6 h5 0.001 P6 P5 x102
Mohd Kamal Ariffin, FKM, UTM, 2010
IDEAL REGENERATIVE RANKINE
CYCLE
Reheat Open Feed water Heater
Boiler
T 1 8
8
7
LP Turbine
1 kg
1 kg
1
6 9
1 kg 7
HP Turbine
(1-y) kg
9 2 5 y kg (1-y)kg
y kg 4
Cooling
(1-y)kg
Water
6 5 4 3
P2 P1 3 2
1 kg (1-y) kg
Condenser
s
Closed FWHs
• More complex because of the internal tubing network, thus more expensive.
• Heat transfer is less effective since the two streams are not allowed to be in
direct contact.
• Do not require a separate pump for each FWH since the extracted steam and
the feedwater can be at different pressures.