REVIEWER IN PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

Public speaking-also called ‘oratory' or ‘oration' (formal speech)

-a process of performing to a live audience
Importance of Public speaking
-inspire and move people to act
-allow to create connection with others
-give hope in perilous situation
-can make people change their minds about the world and their place in it
Public speaking platforms- TED Talks and YouTube
“Public Speaking is a public utterance, public issuance, of the man himself: therefore, the first thing both in time and importance is that the man should be and think
and feel things that are worthy of being given forth.” – public speakers Dale Carnegie and Joseph Berg Esenwein
3 General purpose
 To inform
 To persuade
 To entertain
Types of public speaking
 Informative
 Persuasive
 Ceremonial
 Extemporaneous /Impromptu
 Religious talks
Greco -Roman Tradition- most well-known public speaking traditions that came from West
Corax – Greek teacher of rhetoric
Tisias- student of corax
Rhetoric-
3 basic parts of speech according to Corax
 Introduction
 Evidence
 Conclusion
Protagoras- the father of debate: who made his students argue for and against issues of the day to sharpen their reasoning skills and appreciate different sides of an
issue
Aristotle – father of modern communication
Rhetoric- a treatise wrote by Aristotle
 Logos- logical argument
 Pathos- emotional argument
 Ethos- speaker’s character and credibility
Demosthenes – most famous orator in Ancient Greece
Cicero- most famous Roman orator
- Whose eloquence was described as a “resistless torrent”
- He believed that in order to prepare a speech, one should first think of one’s listeners and their interests, and to use certain strategies,
such as using humor, questions, etc., to engage the audience.
Quintilian- Roman lawyer and educator
- Forwarded the idea that public speakers should be ethical.
Pre-colonial Times- times when the women in the Philippines were allowed to speak in public for the purpose of presiding over religious rituals.
Babaylan- priestesses of the community
Mandirigma- warriors of the community
- Leaders of pre-colonial Philippines
(in Tagalogs)
Karagatan- a game wherein young men and women duel with each other using words when it comes to talking about love
Huwego de Prenda- a game used to entertain guests and the bereaved family during wakes
(during American Period)
Balagtasan- like an ordinary debate except that one has to reason and argue in verse.
Francisco Balagtas- a well-known poet
*Americans brought their public speaking traditions together with them here in the Philippines
*Filipino public speaking traditions brings with it the flamboyant, poetic manner that flourished under Spanish colonization, and the simpler, methodical public speaking
traditions of the west.
Sample speeches of Public Speaking
1. Bataan Has Fallen
-heard over the radio when Bataan feel to the Japanese during WWII
-written by Salvador P. Lopez
-delivered by Third Lieutenant Normandy Ildefonso “Norman” Reyes
Salvador P. Lopez
- Filipino writer, journalist, educator, diplomat and statesman
- Studied at UP (Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy-1933)
- Daily columnist and magazine editor of the Philippine Herald during WWII
World War II
Japan- signed Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy (Sept. 1940)
US- joined the allies in WWII after Japan attacked the US Navy at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii (Dec. 7, 1941)
PH- the Commonwealth of the PH was attacked by the empire of Japan (Dec 8, 1999)
Battle of Bataan
- January 7- April 9, 1942 (3 months)
- Most intense phase of Japan’s invasion of the PH during WWII
- Combination of Filipino and American forces
Bataan Death March
- Forced march from Bataan peninsula through the jungle to San Fernando
- 65 miles in 6 days
About the speech
- About the bravery of the Filipinos
- Fighting the Japanese invaders
Figure of Speech used
- Simile
- Anapora
- Oxymoron-contradiction of two things
Connection of Holy Week and the Fall of Bataan
- The Filipinos believed that like Jesus Christ who have been died for three days and rise again there after, they will also rise and their
struggle will end.
2. The Filipino is worth dying for
- Delivered on August 4, 1980 in New York and was addressed toward then President Marcos during Martial Law
- Written and delivered by Benigno Simeon Aquino, Jr.
Benigno Simeon Aquino, Jr.
- Born on November 27, 1932
- Senator for 5 years
- Political rival of Marcos
- Communist member
- Imprisoned for five years
- April 4, 1975, went on a higher strike for forty days
- Experienced a heart attack while languishing on jail
- August 21, 1983, assassinated and died
Martial Law
- Declared on September 21, 1972
- Proclamation 1081
Ninoy Aquino Day
- Declared holiday through R.A 9256
- Signed into law by Arroyo on Feb. 5, 2004
Content of the Speech
- Fighting for the freedom of the Filipinos stole by Marcos
- Why is the Filipino worth dying for
- Ninoy’s sufferings during ML
- How Filipinos values human life and dignity
Democracy- government for the people
3. Speech at the Troops at Tilbury
- delivered by Queen Elizabeth I to the troops at Tilbury on July 1588
Queen Elizabeth I
- Daughter of Henry Villand and Anne Bolyn
- Queen of England (1533-1603)
Troops at Tilbury- camp at Tilbury
Troops- an assemble company, body of soldiers, soldiers collectively
Armada- fleet of war vessels, great and fortunate navy
Spanish Armada- the fleet sent Against England by Spain in 1588. Defeated by English Navy and almost entirely destroyed by the storm
- Invincible Armada
- Under the command of Duke of Medina Solonia
English Military Achievement – the defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588
About the Speech
- It’s purpose is to defend the country against the Spanish invasion
- In the speech, Elizabeth defends her strengths as a female leader saying “I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the
heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England, too.
4. Second Inaugural Address
- delivered by Abraham Lincoln on March 4, 1865
Inaugural Address
- The first speech made by a President at a ceremony also called inauguration
- Highly associated with president but it can be applied to any kind of official list
Abraham Lincoln
- 16th president of US
- One of America’s greatest heroes due to his role as a Savior of the union and emancipator of the slaves
Emancipator-
American Civil War- most important event in the nation’s history
- Sectional tensions enshrined in the constitution erupted into a brutal war that costs over 600,000 lives and cleaved a nation in two
- Bloodiest war
*For decades, the north and the south fought over several economic and social issues.
*In the south, life revolved around the cultivation of cash crops. The production of the raw materials was dependent on the hard work of the slaves.
*In the North, all people works, while in South, only slaves do the job.

Public Speaking
Introduction. great speakers have been called hypnotic, magnetic and charismatic because of the captivating manner they deliver these speeches.
Performance. speeches are performances.
- A sense of humor helps break the ice, and strategic shows of vulnerability and concern can make the audience feel closer to the speaker.
Best Practices of public Speaking
Plan the Speech- express oneself I’m an expressive and articulate manner.
- Choose one’s words carefully, and to ensure that one’s speech builds on the foundations of logos, pathos, and ethos.
1. Define your purpose.
2. Analyze the audience.
3. Assemble your evidence.
4. Establish your main claim and supporting material.
Eye contact- it is important to engage the audience, and eye contact helps in doing that.
1. Pick three people in the audience.
2. Look at their forehead instead of eyes.
3. Pick people you think you are comfortable with.
Speaking style- one can only find one’s personal style through constant practice.
Hand Gestures- can create as much of an impact as the content of the speech itself. They must always look smooth and natural, rather than robotic or artificial
*don’t look overreacting.
*hands gestures from chest to waist only.
Recording the Speech for Feedback- videotape the speakers and then have these speakers watch themselves.
Peer Evaluation – it is important to have discerning teachers, coaches, or peers to provide feedback when it comes to the effectively of one’s speech. Feedback from
people is important. It will be a great tool in improving one’s speech and one’s speaking style in general.
Appearance- be look credible and worthy of respect. As the way one’s dresses should match the kind of audience one wants to impress.
Clothing- traditional audiences often call for more formal clothing. Suit and tie for men and a pantsuit or formal coat for women.
Good grooming- as long as one looks neat and clean, that should be enough to satisfy most audience’s requirements.
Visual Aids- more dependent on technology
PowerPoint presentation- font size would be type 24 or larger. Text should be in dark colors for easier reading. Should be visually oriented.
*Guidelines about the use of PowerPoint
 Have the same color and background schemes for each slides. Six by six rule.
 Slides should have no more than six bullet points and each bullet point should be no more than six words long.
 Do not overuse animation.
 Make some notes.
 Slide sorter view to see the visual impact of the presentation.
Handouts- ready a handout to the audience so that the audience will not have to scramble when taking notes during the presentation.
Feedback- ask rhetorical or directing actual questions to the audience.

Conclusion. Public speaking is a dynamic performance that is meant to disseminate information, create greater awareness, and evoke emotions in the audience. PS has
been used effectively to promote Human Rights on the street and to create policies in government.

Speech Style
1. Impromptu- speaking on the spur of the moment without prior preparation.
- The speaker gives a few formal message to prepare on the spot.
- Examples: Meeting- the speaker is ask to give a report or respond to a question or a daily conversation.
2. Memorize Speech- Reciting from memory.
- Speech that has been prepared for in advance.
- Used by executives, politicians, lectures who use exact word or appropriate quotation.
- Example: Short Religious or Paternal Rites
*Chinese, Japanese and Korean depend on memorized speech.
*Arab and Mexican-good speakers, comfortably.
3. Manuscript Speech- speaking from a carefully prepared speech/manuscript.
- used by government official giving important policy announcement.
- Also done in television, the speech read for telling.
- Example: Prompters in front of the camera- the manuscript has to concentrate to the ideas of the speech and audience instead of fixing his eyes in the manuscript.
*Electronic Device- use to project manuscript.
- may read the manuscript and appear to the audience.
4. Extemporaneous Speaking- speech to be researched and outlined rehearsed and delivered in a conversational way.
- carefully prepared speech, the main idea in which fix in the speakers mind. The speakers talks around on ideas although the speech is not written in details.
- He knows how he will begin, how to develop his main point and its detailed main point, and how he will conclude.
Rules in Speech Preparation
1. Know your audience and time limit
a. Who are your audience?
b. To what group they do belong?
c. What are the names of some of them?
d. What do they know about the subject or topic?
e. How large is the audience?
f. What facilities and equipment are available?
g. Who is sponsoring the meeting?
h. What is the purpose
i. What is the time limit of your talk?
2. Plan your introduction
a. How you will attract and hold the interests of the audience?
b. Will a joke be appropriate? (Quotation or Anecdote)
c. Reference to a recent event, an honest compliment.
3. Make a brief notes about interesting thing to talk about.
4. Plan your conclusion- like the intro and should not be more than 5% of the entire talk.
Some effective ways of conducting a talk
1. Calling for action.
 2. Appealing to the emotion.
3. Giving summary.
4. Get your subject out of your own interest.
- Remember an audience want to hear what life has taught you and not what you have read from the magazine.
5. Know your subject thoroughly.
- Be well-prepared as much as possible about the subject
6. Practice your talk alone.
- Never memorize your word, but talk extemporaneously.
7. Fill your talk with illustration.
- Give clarity, , conversation and connect to your talks.
8. Be yourself, don’t imitate others.
9. Get yourself in the right mental and emotional condition.
Stage Fright
- Also known as ‘communication apprehension’ or speech anxiety.
2 Types of Stage Fright
1. Facilitative Stage Fright- level of tension is moderate. This certain amount of nervousness is natural and improves performance.
2. Debilitative Stage Fright- level of anxiety is intense so self expression is inhibited and it becomes a serious problem.
Reasons of Stage Fright
1. Unpleasant Past Experience
Example: low self-esteem from critical parents and a traumatic failure at an earlier speech.
2. Irrational Thinking- the beliefs that people attached to events,