LOS ANGELES DE CHIMBOTE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY

"TRAINING RESEARCH ACTIVITY"

Students:
DELGADO RENTERIA ELDY

Teacher:

Lic. Luis Otero Quispe

Sullana – 2018
Contents
1. INTRODUCTION .............................................. .......................................................3
2. Problem Statement ............................. .................................................. .......... 3
3. Objectives .................................... ....................................................................... 3
4. Content ......... .................................................. ......................................................... 4
4.1. ANIMALS ................................................ ..................................................
...... 4
4.1.1. Characteristics of animals ..............................................
..................... 4
4.2. Vertebrate animals ................................................
............................................ 4
4.3. Classification of vertebrate animals ............................................. .......... 5
4.3.1. Fish ................................................ ..................................................
........ 5
4.3.2. Amphibians .................................................
........................................................ 6
4.3.3. The reptiles ................................................
.................................................. .... 7
4.3.4. The birds ................................................
.................................................. .......... 7
4.3.5. The mammals ................................................
.................................................. 8
4.4. THE INVERTEBRATES
......................................................................................... 8
4.4.1. Coelentereos.- ...............................................
.................................................. .... 8
4.4.2. Worms .................................................
.................................................. .......... 9
4.4.3. Molluscs .................................................
.................................................. ........ 9
4.4.4. Echinoderms ................................................. ....................9

4.4.5. Arthropods ................................................. .................................................. ..... 9

5. Conclusions ......................................... .......................................................... 9

6. Bibliographic References: ................... .................................................. ..............10
1. INTRODUCTION
The present investigation work is elaborated with the purpose of making known about
the subject of the animal kingdom, and its classification that in general terms there are
two groups: the vertebrate animals (they have vertebral column) and the invertebrates
(they do not have vertebral column) .
As participants in this world, we have to know about the world that surrounds us, and
even more so with the beings that have the most direct relationship. The variety of
animal is too much, but for its classification main characteristics are taken such as: its
displacement, its way of breathing, its feeding, and its way of reproducing itself.
As mentioned in the first paragraph, the general groups of animals are: vertebrates and
invertebrates, but from within those groups, for each one corresponds its classification.
The classification and the main characteristics that differentiate them, is part of this
work. Likewise, the present one is carried out within the fulfillment of activities
according to the Science and Environment subject program.
2. Problem Statement
How are vertebrate animals and invertebrate animals described?
3. Objectives
General purpose.-
- Describe the main characteristics of vertebrate and invertebrate animals.
Specific objectives.-
- Describe the main characteristics of vertebrate animals and their classification. -
Describe the main characteristics of invertebrate animals and their classification.

4. Content 4.1. ANIMALS

For Lerchundi, A. (2006), animals are eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular
organisms and their main mode of nutrition is ingestion. He also mentions that these
depend directly or indirectly on photosynthetic autotrophs to nourish themselves. From
their diet they point out that they typically digest their food in an internal cavity and
store their energy reserves in the form of glycogen or fat. And, in regard to differences
with plants, animals must actively seek their food or develop strategies for food to meet
them. Thus, the mobility of the whole organism, its parts or both combined, is a
requirement for an animal to live. In general, animals move by means of contractile
cells (muscle fibers) coordinated by a sensory system and neuronal mechanisms of
motor coordination that are not found in any other kingdom.
Reproduction, the sexual one, is the usual pattern in animals although many different
types of them are also capable of rapid asexual reproduction. Lerchundi, A. (2006).
4.1.1. Characteristics of animals
Among the general characteristics of the animal kingdom, PalloL, O. (2009), mentions
the following:
- Pluricellular organisms with eukaryotic cell (metazoans). - Heterotrophic
nutrition. - They have some phase of their life cycle in which they are mobile. - Occupy
all aquatic and terrestrial environments.
4.2. Vertebrate animals
Animals differ especially in the way they feed, move, reproduce and through the
environment in which they live. In a general classification, these have been divided into
vertebrates (those that have spine) and invertebrates (no spine).
For Jiménez, J. (2010), invertebrate animals are characterized by having an internal
skeleton or endoskeleton formed by hard pieces that allows them to maintain their
posture, give strength, bend and be able to move actively. Among its internal parts stand
out the vertebrae that are articulated and hence the name of this group of animals among
which is the human species, in addition to fish (salmon), amphibians (frog), reptiles
(lizard), birds (eagle) and mammals (Iberian lynx).
For Pallol, O. (2009), invertebrates are characterized by the following:
- Bilateral symmetry (body divided into two symmetrical sides, left and right). -
The digestive system is an open tube, with mouth and anus, and attached glands (liver
and pancreas). - The breathing is by gills in the aquatic and lungs in the terrestrial ones.
- Circulatory system closed (the blood never leaves the vessels), with a heart and blood
vessels. - The excretion of waste products is done by the kidneys. - They have an
internal skeleton formed by bones that protects the nervous system (encephalon and
spiral medulla). - They have sexual reproduction. They can be viviparous that give birth
to live young, oviparous, those that lay eggs; or ovoviviparous, reproduce by eggs that
open inside the female. 4.3. Classification of vertebrate animals
The vertebrate animals are divided into five groups: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and
mammals:
4.3.1. Fish
It is one of the most numerous groups of vertebrates. All are aquatic and optimize their
temperature according to the external environment, this term, modern in the natural
sciences, is called Ectothermia.
Of its main characteristics, Jiménez, J. (2010) mentions the following:
- His breathing is gill. To obtain dissolved oxygen in the water, they develop
laminar structures called gills. - Its body is pointed or fusiform, wide in its central part
and narrow at its ends, to facilitate the movement in the water. They also have small
pieces or superimposed plates called scales. - They have extremities for their
displacement in the form of fins, with which they swim. - They have two very specific
structures, one to detect the vibrations in the water that is the lateral line that the animal
crosses from head to tail. On the other hand there is the swim bladder, an internal
structure that fills with gases or empties them allows it to float in different depths. -
According to its skeleton fish are divided into bony as trout or sardine, fine and
transparent scales; both marine and freshwater and with external fertilization and
cartilaginous as the shark or conger with denticular scales, almost all marine and with
internal fertilization.
4.3.2. Amphibians
Wieckowski, K. (2003), points out that amphibians are vertebrates but with a special
characteristic, they have wet skin with glands and their bodies have neither hairs nor
feathers. The majority of amphibians live part of their lives under water and the other
part on land. This group of animals has two stages of life: the larval stage and the adult
stage. There are three orders of amphibians. The first group includes toads and frogs
(order Anuran), the second group is that of salamanders and newts (order Caudata), and
the third group is that of ceciliae, which resemble earthworms and are found only in
tropical countries (order Gymnophiones).
Of the main characteristics, Jiménez, J. (2010), mentions the following:
- His body includes a head, a trunk, four limbs, and a tail. - They are oviparous
and the eggs develop a tadpole or larval stage that, being aquatic, breathes through gills
and develops its extremities
The adult is terrestrial and his breathing is pulmonary. They also have cutaneous
breathing. - Your body temperature depends on the medium in which they are, that is,
they are ectothermic. - There are two large groups: the anurans and the urodels.
4.3.3. The reptiles
"The reptiles were the first vertebrates that totally conquered the terrestrial environment,
developing a skin protected by scales to avoid drying out. Most of the current reptiles
are carnivores "Pallol, O. (2009).
Among its features, include:
- They have a neck, so they can turn their heads, which is very useful to see prey
and hunt. - Skin with very hard horny scales that are periodically replaced by molts.
Some may change color (chameleon). - Breathe through lungs. - They are poikilotherms
and depend on the environmental temperature. They are active during the day or in hot
seasons, and, in the winter, they take refuge and remain inactive. - Its reproduction is
sexual with internal fertilization. They are oviparous. 4.3.4. The birds
"These are animals adapted to the flight, present in various aspects of its anatomy
because in addition to having the body in the form of a spindle, having hollow bones
and developing air sacs after the lungs also facilitate aerial flotation." Paillo, O.
(2009) characterizes them by:

- They have skin covered with feathers. - They do not have teeth, but spikes. -
They have gizzards. - Small lungs that extend in air sacs inside the bones.
They are homeothermic animals. - They are oviparous. - They have a very developed
speech device, the syrinx. 4.3.5. The mammals
It refers to the presence of mammary glands that the females develop to nourish the
young. Evolved from reptiles, they share a common origin with birds and some of their
characteristics such as homeotherm, double and complete circulation, complete
digestive system with attached glands such as liver or pancreas; pulmonary respiration
and internal fertilization.
4.4. THE INVERTEBRATES
Among the general characteristics of invertebrate animals is that they do not have an
internal skeleton. And among others like:
- They are relatively small, since having no internal skeleton, their size is limited.
- They present a simpler body organization than that of vertebrates.
Classification:
They are classified as: sponges, coelenterates, echinoderms, worms, molluscs,
arthropods.
4.4.1. Celentéreos.-
They are sac-shaped and have arms or tentacles around the mouth. Most have stinging
cells on the skin and arms, living in the sea, forming numerous colonies. They present
two forms: polyp shape and jellyfish form, bell type and live free
4.4.2. Worms
The worms have the elongated body, soft and cylindrical, they do not have a skeleton,
they lack articulated appendages, they live in humid soils or in water. Some are
parasites that cause serious diseases. The most common is the earthworm. They are
divided into: Annelids (Sanguijuela), Platelmintos (Tenia) and Nematelmintos
(Intestinal worm).
4.4.3. Molluscs
They are essentially aquatic invertebrates. It consists of three regions: the anterior head,
a ventral foot that serves for locomotion, a highly developed visceral mass. The
digestive system they have is complete (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine and
anus).
 4.4.4. Echinoderms
They are invertebrates that live exclusively in marine environments. Echinoderms
derives from "echinos" (spines) and "derma" (skin). Body not segmented, lack head.
Echinoderms are the only invertebrates that have an aquifer system consisting of tubes,
vesicles, plates and tentacles. The digestive system is formed by a mouth, esophagus,
stomach and intestine and may lack an anus. The breathing is done by tiny gills. At the
end of the arms are also the olfactory tentacles. They can live on the coast and in the
depths; for the most part they are free-living, they remain fixed but do not form
colonies. Echinoderms include starfish (asteroids), snake stars (ophiuroids), sea urchins,
(echinoids), sea cucumbers (hototuroids) and sea lilies (crinoids).
4.4.5. Arthropods
Three out of every four animals are arthropods. Its body is composed of segments, it
carries a pair of appendages, antennae, legs or other organs.
5. Conclusions - There is a great variety of animals and these are classified into two
main groups: vertebrate animals (they have a backbone), or invertebrate animals
(they do not have a backbone.) Of these two groups
other subgroups emerge, whose classification has to do with characteristics such as their
way of moving, their way of feeding, and their sexual reproduction. - Vertebrate
animals are classified as: fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals. - Invertebrate
animals are classified into: sponges, coelenterates, echinoderms, worms, mollusks,
arthropods.
6. Bibliographic References:
Jiménez, J. (2010). "Theme 10: The vertebrate animals". Peru.
Pallol, O. (2009). "Topic 12: Animal Kingdom II". Natural Sciences 1 °.
Lerchundi, A. (2006). "The animal kingdom". Notes Peru.
Santibañez, H., Dominichetti, C. & Sanhueza, Z. (2003). "Animal Knowledge". Chile.
file: /// C: /Users/USER/Downloads/1_Tema_09_Invertebrados.pdf
http://www.didactilandiapt.com/archivos/Invertebrados.pdf

http://www.revilladepomar.net/web/fauna_local/clasificacion_invertebrados.pdf