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antithrombotic therapy post‑PCI
Gregory YH Lip
Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences,
University of Birmingham, UK
Disclosures
Consultant/advisor/speaker:
Consultant for Bayer/Janssen, Biotronik, Boehringer Ingelheim,
Bristol-Myers Squibb/Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo, Medtronic, and Microlife
Speaker for Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb/Pfizer,
Daiichi Sankyo, Medtronic, Microlife, and Roche
No fees are received personally
Management of patients with AF who have undergone PCI must balance the
risk of bleeding with risk of thrombosis
Antithrombotic
NVAF ACS PCI PCI
drugs
Recurrent Increased
Increased Increased risk Increased risk
myocardial risk of
stroke risk of bleeding of bleeding
ischaemia thrombosis
THROMBOSIS BLEEDING
ACS, acute coronary syndrome
Lip et al. Europace 2018
For patients who underwent PCI, major bleeding was associated with
significantly increased in-hospital mortality, regardless of bleeding site
In the CathPCI registry, analysing data from 3.3 million PCI procedures (2004–11):
4 Risk difference = 3.39%
In-hospital (95% CI: 3.20–3.59)
mortality rate (%) 3
P<0.001
2
Non-bleeding Major bleeding
Bleeding is the most common non-cardiac complication of PCI
Antithrombotic therapy that minimizes the risk of bleeding complications might therefore be expected to result in better
short- and long-term clinical outcomes after PCI
Chhatriwalla et al. JAMA 2013
Recommendations on antithrombotic therapy post-PCI for patients with AF
are evolving
In the past, guidelines and consensus statements recommended triple therapy for all patients…
ESC Guidelines
2016 ‘…combination triple therapy with aspirin, clopidogrel and an oral anticoagulant should be
considered for 1–6 months’
Lip et al Eur Heart J 2014; Heidbuchel et al. Europace 2015; Kirchhof et al. Europace 2016; Valgimigli et al. Eur Heart 2017
Now, with new evidence, expert consensus statements have been updated
‘An NOAC (rather than VKA)
should generally be preferred..’
‘If ticagrelor is chosen as the P2Y12
agent, concomitant aspirin not be given
(i.e. avoid triple therapy), as was done in
the RE-DUAL PCI trial.’
“When different therapeutic dosing options (i.e. dabigatran 110 and 150 mg) are available, the intensity of
anticoagulant treatment should be tailored according to the bleeding and thrombotic risk profiles of the patient.”
DAPT, dual antiplatelet therapy; SAPT, single antiplatelet therapy
Angiolillo DJ et al. Circulation 2018;138:527–36
Now, with new evidence, expert consensus statements have been updated
‘…safety of reduced-dose apixaban 2.5 mg BID and
edoxaban 30 mg OD is likely higher, true efficacy in
stroke prevention is unknown when […] used in the
absence of factors qualifying patients for dose
reduction, and should therefore generally not be
used, even when DAPT […] is given in conjunction.’
‘With DAT, dabigatran 150 mg plus P2Y12 is
preferred, unless dose reduction criteria for
dabigatran are present.’
1. Periprocedural administration of aspirin and clopidogrel during PCI is recommended irrespective of the treatment strategy; as dual therapy, potent P2Y12 inhibitors (ticagrelor) may be
combined with dabigatran; 2: High atherothrombotic risk (For Elective PCI, use SYNTAX score; for ACS, GRACE score >140; stenting of the left main, proximal LAD, proximal bifurcation;
recurrent MIs; stent thrombosis etc.) and low bleeding risk; 3: Bleeding risk can be estimated using the HAS-BLED score; correct modifiable bleeding risk factors.
DAT, dual antithrombotic therapy; LAD, left anterior descending; TAT, triple antithrombotic therapy. Lip GYH et al. Europace 2018;doi:10.1093/europace/euy174.
Research focus for OACs: antithrombotic therapy in patients with NVAF
post-PCI/post-ACS
lete te te ng ng
mp mple mple goi goi
Co Co Co On On
1. Dewilde et al. Lancet 2013; 2. Gibson et al. N Engl J Med 2016; 3. Cannon et al. N Engl J Med 2017; 4. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02415400; 5. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02866175
WOEST: dual therapy with VKA + clopidogrel (excluding ASA) reduces
bleeding risk vs triple therapy without compromise on efficacy
573 patients receiving OAC (any indication, 69% for AF/atrial flutter) and undergoing PCI in the
open-label, randomized WOEST trial
Triple-therapy group Double-therapy group
Total number of TIMI bleeding events Death, MI, TVR, stroke, ST
100 HR: 0.36 (95% CI: 0.26‒0.50); P<0.0001 100 HR: 0.60 (95% CI: 0.38‒0.94); P=0.025
90 90
Cumulative incidence (%)
Cumulative incidence (%)
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
44.4%
40 40
30 30
20 19.4% 20 17.6%
10 10 11.1%
0 0
0 30 60 90 120 180 270 365 0 30 60 90 120 180 270 365
Time (days) Time (days)
ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; ST, stent thrombosis; TIMI, Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction; TVR, target vessel revascularization
Dewilde et al. Lancet 2013
PIONEER AF-PCI showed reduced bleeding with a NOAC-based regimen vs
VKA triple therapy
Total number
Primary endpoint: of events
clinically significant bleeding* 393
TIMI major bleeding 46
TIMI minor bleeding 27
Bleeding requiring medical attention 334
*The primary endpoint of clinically significant bleeding is a composite of major bleeding or minor bleeding according to TIMI criteria, or bleeding requiring medical attention.
R2.5, rivaroxaban 2.5 mg BID; R15/10, rivaroxaban 15/10 mg OD
Adapted from Gibson et al. N Engl J Med 2016
RE-DUAL PCI: dabigatran dual therapy showed significantly lower rates of ISTH
major bleeding or clinically relevant non-major bleeding vs warfarin triple therapy
40 40
HR: 0.72 (95% CI: 0.58–0.88) HR: 0.52 (95% CI: 0.42–0.63)
35 P<0.001 35 P<0.001 Warfarin triple therapy
Warfarin triple therapy
30 30
Probability of event (%)
Probability of event (%)
25 25
Dabigatran 110 mg
Dabigatran 150 mg dual therapy
20 20
dual therapy
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720 0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720
Time to first event (days) Time to first event (days)
For the dabigatran 110 mg vs warfarin comparison, the model was stratified by age, non-elderly vs elderly (<70 or ≥70 years in Japan and <80 or ≥80 years old elsewhere); for
the dabigatran 150 mg vs warfarin comparison, an unstratified model was used; elderly patients outside the USA are excluded; full analysis set presented
ISTH, International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis
Cannon et al. N Engl J Med 2017
RE-DUAL PCI: dabigatran dual therapy was as effective as warfarin triple
therapy in composite efficacy endpoint
20 35
Patients with outcome event (%)
19 HR: 1.04 (95% CI: 0.84–1.29) 30
Probability of event (%)
Non-inferiority P=0.005
18 25
Dabigatran (combined doses)
13.7% 13.4% dual therapy
17 20
16 15 Warfarin
triple therapy
15 10
14 5
13 0
Dabigatran (combined Warfarin 0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720
dose) dual therapy triple therapy
(n=1744) (n=981) Time to first event (days)
Composite efficacy endpoint: death or thromboembolic event and unplanned revascularization
Cannon et al. N Engl J Med 2017
How does RE-DUAL PCI reflect on our daily practice?
P2Y12
ACS/non-ACS inhibitors
At ESC 2018
Weight Stent type
Renal
impairment
At ESC 2018
PCI complexity
Previously on
At ESC 2018
Age anticoagulation
Diabetes High risk of
At ESC 2018
mellitus stroke/high risk
of bleeding
RE-DUAL PCI subanalyses: lower bleeding rates of dabigatran dual therapy vs warfarin
triple therapy are maintained regardless of ACS status or choice of P2Y12 inhibitor
ISTH major/CRNM bleeding
0.1 1 0.1 1
HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI)
CRNM, clinically relevant non-major; D150, dabigatran 150 mg BID; D110, dabigatran 110 mg BID; DT, double therapy; TT, triple therapy
Oldgren et al. AHA 2017
RE-DUAL PCI subanalyses: similar thromboembolic event rates observed regardless
of ACS or choice of P2Y12 inhibitor
DTE or unplanned revascularization
0.1 1 0.1 1
HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI)
Oldgren et al. AHA 2017
What are the available NOAC options in the post-PCI setting?
AF
0
R20 R15
15
11
D
D
R2. P2Y12
5 inhib
ASA P2Y12
R15 P2Y12 R10 inhib
P2Y12 P2Y12 inhib
0
0
PCI* AF
11
15
+ inhib inhib
D
D
0
15
11
*Antithrombotic therapy following PCI
ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; D150/110, dabigatran 150 mg/110 mg BID; R2.5, rivaroxaban 2.5 mg BID; R20/15/10, rivaroxaban 20 mg/15 mg/10 mg OD
Cannon et al. N Engl J Med 2017; Gibson et al. N Engl J Med 2016
Summary
Dual therapy with dabigatran significantly reduced the risk of bleeding vs
warfarin triple therapy, with non-inferiority for overall thromboembolic events
Findings for RE-DUAL subanalyses were consistent with the main
RE‐DUAL PCI results
The SPAF-approved doses of dabigatran offer clinicians two simple-to-use
options for managing patients with AF post-PCI