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Containing group: Neoptera

Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships

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Boudreaux (1979), Thorne & Carpenter (1992), DeSalle et al. (1992), Kambhampati (1995), and Wheeler et al. (2001) argue for a sister group relationship between mantids and
cockroaches:

====== Isoptera (termites)

===|
| === Mantodea (mantids)
===|
=== Blattaria (cockroaches)

Hennig (1981), Kristensen (1995), Klass (1998), and Lo et al. (2000) favor a sister group relationship between termites and cockroaches:

====== Mantodea (mantids)

===|
| === Isoptera (termites)
===|
=== Blattaria (cockroaches)

The monophyly of cockroaches has often been questioned, and many authors believe that the Blattaria are paraphyletic with respect to the Isoptera. In particular, a sister group
relationship between Isoptera and Cryptocercus wood roaches has often been suggested (e.g., McKittrick 1964, Hennig 1981, Lo et al. 2000).

Other Names for Dictyoptera

Blattopteroidea

References

Bandi, C., M. Sironi, G. Damiani, L. Magrassi, C. A. Nalepa, U. Laudani, and L. Sacchi. 1995. The establishment of intracellular symbiosis in an ancestor of cockroaches and termites. Proceedings
of the Royal Society of London Series B 259(1356):293-299.
Boudreaux, H. B. 1979. Arthropod Phylogeny with Special Reference to Insects. New York, J. Wiley.
Deitz, L. L., C. Nalepa, and K. D. Klass. 2003. Phylogeny of the Dictyoptera re-examined (Insecta). Entomologische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 61(1):69-91.
Desalle, R., J. Gatesy, W. Wheeler, and D. Grimaldi. 1992. DNA sequences from a fossil termite in Oligo-Miocene amber and their phylogenetic implications. Science 257(5078):1933-1936.
Eggleton, P. 2001. Termites and trees: a review of recent advances in termite phylogenetics. Insectes Sociaux 48:187-193.
Grandcolas, P. and P. Deleporte. 1996. The origin of protistan symbionts in termites and cockroaches: A phylogenetic perspective. Cladistics 12(1):93-98.
Grimaldi, D. 1997. A fossil mantis (Insecta: Mantodea) in Cretaceous amber of New Jersey, with comments on the early history of the Dictyoptera. American Museum Novitates 3024:1-11.
Hennig, W. 1981. Insect Phylogeny. New York, J. Wiley.
Jarzembowski, E. A. 1994. Fossil Cockroaches or Pinnule Insects? Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 105:305-311.
Kambhampati, S. 1995. A phylogeny of cockroaches and related insects based on DNA sequence of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA)
92:2017–2020.
Kevan, D. K. M. 1977. The higher classification of the orthopteroid insects. Mem. Lyman Entomol. Mus. Res. Lab. 4 (Spec. Publ. No. 12):1-79.
Klass, K. D. 1997. The external male genitalia and the phylogeny of Blattaria and Mantodea. Bonner zoologische Monographien 42:1-341.
Klass, K. D. 1998. The ovipositor of Dictyoptera (Insecta): Homology and ground-plan of the main elements. Zoologischer Anzeiger 236 (2-3):69-101.
Klass, K. D. 1998. The proventriculus of the Dicondylia, with comments on evolution and phylogeny in Dictyoptera and Odonata (Insecta). Zoologischer Anzeiger 237(1):15-42.
Klass, K. D. 1999. The pregenital abdomen of a mantid and a cockroach: Musculature and nerve topography, with comparative remarks on other Neoptera (Insecta: Dictyoptera). Deutsche
Entomologische Zeitschrift 46(1):3-42.
Klass, K. D. 2003. Relationships among the principal lineages of Dictyoptera inferred from morphological data. Entomologische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 61(2): 134-137.
Klass, K. D. , C. Nalepa, and N. Lo. 2008. Wood-feeding cockroaches as models for termite evolution (Insecta: Dictyoptera): Cryptocercus vs. Parasphaeria boleiriana. Molecular Phylogenetics and
Evolution 46(3):809-817.
Kristensen, N. P. 1995. Forty years' insect phylogenetic systematics. Zoologische Beiträge NF 36(1):83-124.
Lo, N. 2003. Molecular phylogenetics of Dictyoptera: insights into the evolution of termite eusociality and bacterial endosymbiosis in cockroaches. Entomologische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 61(2):
137-138.
Lo, N., C. Bandi, H. Watanabe, C. Nalepa, and T. Beninati. 2003. Evidence for cocladogenesis between diverse dictyopteran lineages and their intracellular endosymbionts. Molecular Biology and
Evolution 20(6):907-913.
Lo, N., G. Tokuda, H. Watanabe, H. Rose, M. Slaytor, K. Maekawa, C. Bandi, and H. Noda. 2000. Evidence from multiple gene sequences indicates that termites evolved from wood-feeding
cockroaches. Current Biology 10(13):801-804.
McKittrick, F. A. 1964. Evolutionary study of cockroaches. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoirs 389:1-197.
Nalepa, C. A. and C. Bandi. 2000. Characterizing the ancestors: Paedomorphosis and termite evolution. Pages 53-75 in Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbiosis, Ecology. T. Abe, D. E. Bignell, and
M. Higashi, eds. Kluwer Academic Publishing, Dordrecht.
Nalepa, C. A., D. E. Bignell, and C. Bandi. 2001. Detritivory, coprophagy, and the evolution of digestive mutualisms in Dictyoptera. Insectes Sociaux 48:194-201.
Thorne, B. L. 1990. A case for ancestral transfer of symbionts between cockroaches and termites. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 241:37–41.
Thorne, B. L. and J. M. Carpenter. 1992. Phylogeny of the Dictyoptera. Systematic Entomology 17:253–268.
Ware, J. L., J. Litman, K.-D. Klass, and L. A. Spearman. 2008. Relationships among the major lineages of Dictyoptera: the effect of outgroup selection on dictyopteran tree topology. Systematic
Entomology 33(3):429–450.
Wheeler, W. C., M. Whiting, Q. D. Wheeler, and J. M. Carpenter. 2001. The phylogeny of the extant hexapod orders. Cladistics 17:113-169.
Vrsansky, P. 2003. Unique assemblage of Dictyoptera (Insecta - Blattaria, Mantodea, Isoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Bon Tsagaan Nuur in Mongolia. Entomological Problems 33(1-2): 119-
151.

Title Illustrations

Scientific Name Parcoblatta pennsylvanica (Blattaria)

Comments Pennsylvania wood cockroach
Specimen Condition Live Specimen
Sex Male
Copyright © Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Scientific Name Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera)

Comments Formosan subterranean termite
Acknowledgements Courtesy InsectImages.org (#0014115)
Specimen Condition Live Specimen
Life Cycle Stage Worker
Source Collection Bugwood Network/Forestry Images
Copyright © Gerald J. Lenhard

Scientific Name Stagmomantis carolina

Comments Carolina mantis
Creator Marguerite Gregory
Specimen Condition Live Specimen
Source Collection CalPhotos
Copyright © 1999 California Academy of Sciences

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