Radial load, kg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

339
Axial load, kg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1200
Rpm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3500
C a l c u l a t e d longevity, h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Out of 30 bearings, 15 were tested by the first m e t h o d and 15 by the second m e t h o d (Fig. 3), The results of
tests are shown in the table and in Fig. 4. The results confirm the fact that the macrostructure affects the results
of the h e a t t r e a t m e n t and the longevity of the bearings.

The properties of the m e t a l in different areas of the b e a r i n g are very different.

Since we could not g e n e r a l i z e the results from one series of tests, we continued the tests from 1956 to 1962.

A total of 240 bearings were tested and the results c o n f i r m e d out previous conclusions.

Conclusions
1. S t a m p i n g of bearings on the horizontal stamping m a c h i n e induces irregularities in the properties of the
nnetal through the thickness of the bearing.

2. The rolling of the rods from which the bearings are stamped does trot e i i m i n a t e these irregularities in the
bearings.

3. Bearings stamped on the h o r i z o n t a l stamping m a c h i n e h a v e an unsatisfactory macrostructure, and this

affects their longevity.

SEMI-KILLED STEELS

D. A. Smolyarenko and E. A. Terent'ev

Central S c i e n t i f i c Research Institme of Ferrous Metallurgy

Translated from M e t a l l o v e d e n i e i T e r m i c h e s k a y a Obrabotka M e t a l l o v , No. 7
pp. 20-23, July, 1963

In recent years s o - c a l l e d killed and s e m i - k i l l e d steels have begtm to be smelted in the USSR. Over 0.8 m i l l -
ion tons of s e m i - k i l l e d steel were s m e l t e d in 1960, o v e r 1.4 m i l l i o n tons in 1961. and over two m i l l i o n tons in1962,

C h e m i c a l composition, %

S t e e l No.
i / IP. uo !S,no
c si , ~n i m o r e than i more than

Open hearth
MSt lps ....... 10.06--0.12 -~:0.05 0.25--0.50 0.045 0.055
MSt 2ps ....... i0.09--0.I5 <:0.05 0.25--0.50 0.045 0.055
MSt 3ps o14-o.2 <o.17 0.30-0.60 0.045 0.055
M St 4ps o.17 o.4o-o.G5 0.045 0.055
MSt 5ps ....... 0.30--0.40 ~.0.15 0.50--0.70 0.045 0.050
MSt 6ps ....... 0.44--0.50 <0.15 0.50--0.70 0.045 0.050
S t e e l from an o x y g e n - i n j e c t i o n furnace and from a Bessemer furnace
KSt lps ....... 0.04--0.12 <0.05 0,25--0,50 0.045 0.055
KSt 2ps ....... 0.09--0.15 <0.05 0.25--0.50 0.045 0.055
KSt 3ps 0,14--0,22 <0.17 0.30--0.60 0.045 0.055
BSt 3ps ....... I 0.12 <0.12 0.25--0.55 0.080 0.060
KSt~ps ~ i i i i i i! 0.18--0.27 <0.17 0.40--0.65 0.045 0.055
KSt 5ps ....... 0.30--0.40 <0.I5 0.50--0.70 O.045 0.O5O
BSt 5ps ....... 0.30--0.40 <0.15 0.50--0.70 0.045 0.050
KSt 6ps ....... 0.44--0.50 40.15 0.50--0.70 O.O45 O.O55
BS t 6ps ....... 0.44--0.50 <0.15 0:50--0.70 0.045 O.06O

390
 s f-T-FT 1
a.aga
O.055 4,2 p

< ~4 -~---
0.051 [ ~ ~

0.03r 22 ~-~ )i ~ J - ~ 2% i .. _
0 . 0 2 7 ~
~ 10 1 ~ 2 g 2 5 3 ~ 3 ~ 9 g3 Z6 Y O %
Variation of properties along the height :a Ja s'a ~e.~e eo 7e sa ga ~
ot the ingot Variation of propertie~ along the height of the
ingot
Fig. 1. Variation of the amount of sulfur in
MSt3ps s e m i - k i l l e d steel along the section of Pig. 2. Yield point and strength of MSt3ps
a template. 1) Along the transverse section of steel. The numbers on the curves indi-
a template 20 mm in diameter; 2) along the cate the sides of the squares.
axis of the template; 3) at a distance of one-
quarter of the radius from the surface; 4) at
the surface; 5) average composition of the
ladle sample. Killed steels differ from ordinary steels in that after the mold
is filled, boiling is stopped either by m e c h a n i c a l or c h e m i c a l means
(addition of aluminum or ferrosilicon).
In boiling steels a great amount of gas is trapped in bubbles
d ! , ' : ' ~ cooling.

The term boiling characterizes the behavior of the m e t a l dur-

ing pouring into molds and subsequent cooling, although this term
is not yet in wide use.
~e I 7-
S e m i - k i l l e d steel does not boil in the molds, although some
1~ -i' gas bubbles are formed during solidification of the ingot. These
bubbles remain in the m e t a l after it has hardened and prevent the
formation of defects resulting from shrinking. Therefore, the per-
10 20 .]0 ~O 50 60 7O 8O 9O % centage of reject.~ of s e m i - k i l l e d steels is less than the percentage
Variation of properties along the height for killed steels. The amount of usable m a t e r i a l is increased 10%
of the ingot since the tops of the ingots do not have to be cut off, the expendi-
Fig. 3. Relative elongation of MSt5ps steel. ture of aluminum and ferrosilicon is only half that needed for killed
steels, and the quality of semi-killed steel is close to that of killed
steel.

The head of the ingot is much less contaminated with l i -

84 2 , quated impurities, which means that more of the m a t e r i a l is usable
31 i"~" than in the case of boiling steel. The c h e m i c a l composition of in--
gots of semi-killed steel are also less heterogeneous than ingots of
boiling steel, which produces uniform properties in the ingots and
in the roiled metal. The use of s e m i - k i l l e d in place of boiling steel
improves the quality of the steel, providing a more homogeneous
"*'Z3 Vl
l0 gO
tl l
30 ~0 5a gO 70 80 $0 %
",i structure and higher impact strength at low temperatures.
Variation of properties along the height S e m i - k i l l e d steel is used for reinforcing steel in concrete
of the ingot
structures, in the mining and building industries, for sheet materials,
Fig. 4. Relative elongation of MSt3ps steel. and welded pipes.

391