Solid Wastes --All the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid

and are discarded

as useless or unwanted
REDUCE REUSE RECYCLE RECOVER RESIDUE --Hierarchy of Waste Minimization
--Before management of RESIDUAL SOLID WASTE
Functional Elements
Industrial Processes Waste Reduction
Waste Generation
Storage
Collection Disposal
Recycling / Reuse Processing / Recovery
Transfer / Transport Reuse

Waste Reduction --Processes redesigned to reduce amount of waste generated

Waste Generation --Activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value, and are either thrown
away or gathered together for disposal
Reuse --Waste may be diverted to re-use
On-site Handling, Storage, and Processing --Of primary importance because of aesthetic, public health and
safety, and economic considerations
Collection --Gathering and hauling of solid wastes to a designated location (ex. transfer station, processing
station, or a landfill disposal site)
Transfer and Transport--- (1) transfer of wastes from the smaller container to the larger transport equipment;
and (2) subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long distances, to the disposal site
Processing and Recovery --All techniques, equipment, and facilities used both to improve the efficiency of the
other functional elements, and to recover usable materials, conversion products, or energy from solid wastes
Disposal --Final functional element; (a) wastes that are collected or transported directly to a landfill site, (b)
semisolid wastes (sludge) from industrial treatment plants and air-pollution-control devices, (c) incinerator
residue, (d) compost, (e) other substances from various solid waste processing plants that are of no further use.

Solid-Waste-Management Systems Practical Aspects

•Financing
•Operations
•Equipment Management
•Personnel
•Reporting
•Cost Accounting and Budgeting
•Contract Administration Ordinances and Guidelines
•Public Communications

Solid Waste Generation

•Types and Sources
•Physical and Chemical Composition
•Typical Generation Rates

Types of Solid Wastes

•Food wastes (a.k.a. garbage) --From handling, preparation, cooking, and eating of food
Putrescible – decompose rapidly, especially in warm weather
•Rubbish --Combustible (paper, plastic, textile, rubber, leather, wood, garden trimmings), and Non-combustible
(glass, tin/aluminum cans, ferrous/nonferrous metals, dirt)
•Ashes and residues --Remains of burnt wood, coal, and other combustible wastes (ex. From power plants)

Types of Solid Wastes

•Construction and demolition wastes --Demolition wastes: from razed buildings and other structures
--Construction wastes: from construction, remodelling, and repair of commercial and industrial buildings
•Special wastes --Street sweepings, road-side litter, catch-basin debris, dead animals
•Treatment plant wastes --Solid and semi-solid wastes from water, wastewater and industrial waste treatment
facilities
•Agricultural wastes --From agricultural activities (ex. planting and harvesting crops, milk production, animal
production for slaughter)

Hazardous Wastes
•Exhibits one or more of the following characteristics: Toxic, Flammable, Reactive, Corrosive
•Groups of HSW:
Radioactive substances
Chemicals – corrosive, reactive and toxic
Biological wastes – from hospitals and bio-research facilities
Flammable wastes
Explosives

Sources of Industrial Solid Wastes

•Conventional Wastes ---Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
From Table 22-54
Code SIC group Waste-generating process Wastes generated
19 Accessories Manufacturing, assembling Metals, plastic, rubber,
paper, chemical residues
20 Food products Processing, packaging, shipping Meats, fats, oils, bones,
fruits, vegetables, nuts
22 Textile mill products Weaving, processing, dyeing, shipping Cloth and filter residues
24 Lumber and Wood products Sawmills, wooden containers, Scrap wood, shavings, saw
manufacturing dust, paints, solvents
Properties of SW: Physical Composition
 Individual components -- (Table 22-55)
• Density-- (Table 22-56)
• Moisture content --mass of moisture per unit mass of wet or dry material (Table 22-56)
• Particle size-- on which the material handling properties of solid wastes depend (ex. Cohesiveness determines
conveyor design)
Properties of SW: Chemical Compostition
 For evaluation of alternative processing and recovery options
• If solid wastes are to be used as fuel: -- Proximate analysis --Fusion point of ash --Ultimate analysis (CHONS) --
Heating value -- Organic chlorine -- Organic sulphur
Factors that Affect ISW Generation Rates
• Extent of salvage and recycle operations
• Company attitudes
• Legislation and regulations