IEEE Transactions on Powcr Systems, Vol. 12, No.
2, May 1997
Dynamic Reduction of Large Power Systems for Stability Studies
Lei Wangt Meir Klein$
Member, IEEE Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract - This paper documents experience with applications of
dynamic reductions to large power system models for stability
studies. The main factors that affect the quality of the reduced
models are discussed. The quality of reduced models and the
benefits of dynamic reductions are demonstrated for three large
interconnected power systems.
Keywords - Dynamic reduction, coherency, aggregation, power
system stability.
1. INTRODUCTION
Modern interconnected electric power systems cover very large
geographic areas, served by many utilities. To study the stability
of such systems, it i s neither practical nor necessary to model in
detail the entire interconnected system. It is a common practice to
represent parts of the system by some form of a reduced order
equivalent model. In more specific applications, such as dynamic
security assessment and system control design, reduced order
models of the entire system, or part of it, are needed to satisfy
computational or software constraints. The desired characteristics
of the reduced model will depend on its application and use.
For most applications, a static network reduction as well as a
dynamic reduction of generators is needed. Although research in
this area dates back to the 1970s [l], few mature production grade
analysis tools have been available, mainly because of the rigorous
requirements to handle the complexity of modern interconnected
power systems. As a result, industry experience in the area of
dynamic equivalencing is limited [2,3,4], and often reductions are
done using heuristic methods.
Recently, a dynamic reduction program, DYNRED, was developed
under the EPRI project RP2447 [5].DYNRED uses the advanced
techniques developed in the past decade and provides the
necessary interfaces for conducting dynamic reductions in a
production mode. There have been other advances in the past few
years for dynamic equivalencing of power systems. An improved
method to construct an aggregated classical generator model is
presented in [6]. A new framework called Synchronic Modal
Equivalencing, which generalizes the slow-coherency concept and
uses modal equivalencing for generator aggregation, is introduced
in [7]. However, there has been no comprehensive evaluation of
the performance of the reduction techniques and well established
procedures for model reduction do not exist.
96 SM 537-1 PWRS A paper recommended and approved by the
IEEE Power System Engineering Committee of the IEEE Power
Engineering Society for presentation at the 1996 IEEE/PES Summer
Meeting, July 28 - August 1, 1996, in Denver, Colorado. Manuscript
submitted December 28, 1995; made available for printing June 27,
1996.
0885-8950/97/$10.00 0 1996 IEEE
889
Solomon Yirgat Prabha Kundurt
Member, IEEE Fellow, IEEE
This paper describes the authors’ experience with the application
of DYNRED to perform dynamic reductions on three large power
systems for the purpose of studying transient and small-signal
stability. The study addresses the following issues related to
dynamic reductions and their applications:
reduction process algorithms
* accuracy of the reduced order models
benefits of using dynamic reductions
reduction procedures for different types of applications
2. THE DYNAMIC REDUCTION PROCESS
The process to reduce the dynamic model of a power system can
be divided into three stages: coherency identification, generator
aggregation, and network reduction. In the following, we provide
a brief description of the techniques that DYNRED uses in each
of the stages of the reduction process.
Coherency Identification
In this stage, coherent generators are identified and grouped
together. This identification procedure may be greatly simplified
by using the following assumptions:
non-generator dynamics may be ignored
classical generator models may be used
the linearized system model preserves well the trends of
coherency
Under these assumptions, the system model can be represented in
a linear state space form:
x = Ax (1)
where the dimension of the state matrix A corresponds to the
number of generators in the system, and the state vector x contains
generator speeds only.
Three coherency identification methods are available in DYNRED:
Weak Links (WL) [SI. In this method, the coherency is
determined by analyzing the coupling of generators in the state
matrix A. A group of generators are identified as coherent if the
coupling coefficients among them are high.
Two-time Scale (TS) 191. This method is based on the concept
that a slow oscillation is caused by two groups of strongly
coherent generators interconnected through weak ties.
Computationally, the two oscillating generator groups can be
easily identified using the eigenvector associated with the mode
of oscillation. With this method, the system can be partitioned
into an arbitrary number of coherent generator groups by
analyzing the same number of the slowest modes of oscillations.
Linear Time Simulation (LS) [ I O ] . This is the classical method
to identify coherent generators. The time domain response of
?Powertech Labs Inc., Surrey, B.C., Canada
$Ontario Hydro, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
890
the system (1) is solved for a specified fault in the power
system, and the rotor angles of generators are compared. Those
generators with rotor angles swinging together are identified as
coherent.
Generator Aggregation
After a group of coherent generators is identified, the generators
in it are aggregated and reduced to one or a few equivalent
generators. Generally, the generator aggregation can take one of
two forms:
0 Classical aggregation (CA). The generators in a coherent group
are represented by an equivalent classical generator model. In
its simplest form, the equivalent inertia is the sum of the inertia
of all generators in the group, and the equivalent transient
reactance is obtained by paralleling the transient reactances of
all generators in the group.
e Detailed aggregation (DA) [ l l ] .If some or all generators in a
coherent group have similar control systems, they can be
aggregated to a detailed generator model with an equivalent
exciter, stabilizer, and governor. The parameters of the
equivalent models are obtained using a combination of two
approaches: a least square fit of the frequency responses to
determine the linear characteristics, and an evaluation of the
time-domain constraints to set the nonlinear characteristics.
Network Reduction
Once equivalent generators are determined for the coherent
groups, a network reduction is performed. This reduction is
achieved in two steps:
The equivalent generators are inserted into the system and the
generators in the associated coherent groups are removed. The
network is modified to maintain the balanced steady state
powerflow conditions.
The network is reduced by using an adaptive reduction
technique similar to the one in [12], which automatically
determines the buses to be eliminated such that maximum
advantage is taken of network sparsity.
3. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE STUDY SYSTEMS
Three large models of North American power systems were used
in this study:
0 West Coast interconnected US-Canada system (WEST)
e East Coast interconnected US-Canada system (EAST)
Mid-continent interconnected US-Canada system (CENTRE)
Table 1 gives the sizes of the three base models. In addition to
gcnerators, thcsc models also include other dynamic devices such
as HVDC links and SVCs.
Table 1 - Sizes of the Base Models
I System I
I
Buses 1
I
Branches I
I
Generators
WEST I 5,326 I 9,708 I 468
I EAST I 11,666 I 23,300 I 1,740
CENTRE I 2,287 I 4,942 I 510
4. TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS
Scope of the Studies
These studies compared the stability performances of the reduced
order models to those of the base model by considering:
different operating conditions
powerflow limits on critical interfaces
sensitivity to fault location
WEST System
The focus of the WEST system study was the transient stability
performance of the BC Hydro system. Thus the reduction
specifications were to retain the entire BC Hydro system and a
small part of the neighbouring Bonneville Power Administration
(BPA) system. The rest of the system in the WEST base model
was reduced, except for high tension buses in the BPA system.
Six reduced order models were created using a combination of
coherency identification and generator aggregation methods
available in the program. The resulting reduced order models and
the associated number of buses, branches, generators are
summarized in Table 2.
Table 2 - Reduced Models of the WEST System
I I Buses
(% of base) I Branches
(% of base) I Generators
(% of base) I
* The model designation denotes the coherency identification and
generator aggregation methods, e.g., WL-CA is the weak links -
classical aggregation model.
The reduced order models were validated against the base model
using time-domain simulations. The contingency simulated was a
three-phase fault at a 500 kV bus on the BC Hydro - BPA
interface, followed by the tripping of one of the two 500 kV lines
which make up the interface. Figures 1 and 2 show the faulted bus
voltage and the active power flow on the remaining 500 kV line
of the interface.
T h e results in Figures 1 and 2 exhibit good agreement between the
base model and all the reduced models. However, the ones created
by detailed aggregation (DA) are clearly better than those created
by classical aggregation (CA). On the other hand, the coherency
I identification method does not significantly influence the
performance of the reduced order models. Consequently, the weak
links method would be the preferred choice for coherency
I identification, since it is the fastest among the three methods and
I the easiest to apply.
 891
F a u l t e d bus v o l t a g e (pu) Faulted bus voltage (pu)
1.1 I

1
I' " I
0 2 4 6 a 10
Time (seconds) T i m e (seconds)

Line active power (MW) Line active power (MW)

600
: ; O ; ; k k
400

200
2,000
n
"0 2 4 6 a 10 0 2 4 6 a io
T h e (seconds) Time (seconds)

- Basemodel WL-CA model - Basemodel WL-DA model

____.
TS-CA model LS-CA model
Figure 3 - Simulations at Very Stressed Conditions
Figure 1 - Performance of CA Reduced Order Models
Error (%)

Faulted bus v o l t a g e (pu) 4/

A
1.05

Time (seconds) WL-CA TS-CA LS-CA WL-DA TS-DA LS-DA

Reduced order models
Line active power (MW)
I Figure 4 - Errors in Power Transfer Limit

transfer limit for various reduced models. The errors are between
2% and 3% of the power transfer limit of 3835 MW determined
from the base model.

, w I
Figure 5 gives the CPU times for a 10-second simulation using the
0 ' "
0 2 4 6 8 10 reduced models as a percentage of the CPU time needed by the
Time (seconds) base model. These savings range from 40% to 60%
- Basemodel WL-DA model
____.
TS-DA model LS-DA model

Figure 2 - Performance of DA Reduced Order Models

To examine the validity of reduced order models over a wide

range of system operating conditions, the loading and generation
in the base case and the reduced order models were adjusted to
increase the power transfer on the interface from 285 MW to 3725
MW (close to transfer limit). Figure 3 compares the results of the
base model and the WL-DA model at this high power transfer
level. Other reduced models exhibit similar results. It is evident
that the reduced models perform satisfactorily, even at very
stressed conditions. Figure 4 shows the errors on the power Figure 5 - Comparisons of Computation Times
892

The LS method is inherently fault-dependent. To see how good a
model derived from this method is for other contingencies, we
performed simulations of faults in other locations using the LS-
DA reduced model. Location 1 is well within the retained area,
while location 2 is outside of the retained area. Figure 6 shows the
faulted bus voltages from the two simulations. It is clear that, for
fault location 1, the results of the LS-DA reduced model and the
base model are almost identical, while for fault location 2, a
significant phase shift can be observed.
Faulted bus voltage (pu) within retained area
The five dynamic reductions, which are summarized in Table 3,
were performed to study transfer limits on the two interfaces. In
the first, second, and fifth reductions, the entire Ontario Hydro
system was retained, while in the third and fourth reductions, only
part of the Ontario Hydro system was retained and the rest
reduced. In the reduced areas, buses of 120 kV and higher were
retained as were all HVDC links and SVCs.
Table 4 provides transfer limits (accurate to the last 20 MW)
computed for the full and reduced system models on the FABC
and FS interfaces.

Table 3 - Sizes of the Reduced Systems

I I I I
1.05 Buses Branches Generators
(% of base) (% of base) (% of base)
WL-CA 7106 (61%) 18739 (80%) 655 (38%)
0.95 ' '
0 2 4 6 8
I
I O
LS-CA 6879 (60%) 18624 (79%) 433 (25%)

Time (seconds)

Faulted bus voltage (pu) outside o f retained area

1.15 I I

FS Limit
Model Limit Error Limit Error
(MW) (MWI%) (MW) (MWI%)
2 4 6 8 10 Full 6300 320
Time (seconds)
WL-CA 6260 4 0 1 0.62 340 20 16.25
___ B a s e m o d e l LS-DA model
LS-CA 6280 2010.31 305 15 I 4.68
Figure 6 - Simulations for Faults Inside LS-CA 6220 80 11.24 300 20 16.25
and Outside of the Retained Area LS-DA 6240 6010.93 290 30 19.37

EAST System I TS-DA I 6260

I

I 4010.62
I

I 370
I

The stability analysis of the EAST system focused on power
transfer limits across two transmission interfaces in the Ontario
Hydro system. To overcome the power transfer restrictions,
generation rejection schemes are currently in place; however, these
were not modelled in these simulations.
The first interface, known as flow away from Bruce (FABC),
consists of four 500 kV and six 230 kV circuits. It is a radial
interface which joins the two nuclear plants, Bruce A and B, to
the Ontario Hydro system. At high outputs, a nearby fault
resulting in the removal of two 500 kV circuits may cause both
plants to lose synchronism in the first swing.
The second interface, known as flow south (FS), connects
Northwestern Ontario to the rest of the system. Two 500 kV
circuits and one 230 kV circuit make up this interface. Unlike
FABC, it has a parallel high impedance path through Manitoba
and the US. The power transfer across this interface is limited by
contingencies on the 500 kV circuits which cause a group of
hydraulic plants to lose synchronism.
I 5 0 1 15.62 I
The limits derived from each of the reduced systems are
reasonably accurate. The methods used to identify coherent
generators and their aggregation do not appear to be critical. The
percent errors associated with the FS interface are relatively higher
since the limit on this interface is much lower than on the FABC
interface.
CENTRE System
Manitoba's power system is connected to the systems of the two
states to the south, Minnesota and North Dakota, through one 500
kV and two 230 kV circuits. One of the main contingencies that
limits the power transfer south from Manitoba to the US is a fault
with breaker failure in the Twin Cities area in Minnesota. The
delayed clearing causes a transient voltage dip on the 500 kV tie,
about 1.5 s after the fault has been cleared, as seen in Figure 7.
Table 5 summarizes the four dynamic reductions developed for
this system. The power systems of Manitoba and Minnesota were
retained in their entirety. In addition, buses of 120 kV or higher,
HVDC links, and SVC buses were retained throughout the system.
The three point-to-point HVDC links, one running north-south and
 893
This section discusses these issues with examples from the WEST
and the EAST systems.

WEST System

We first examined the interarea modes in the WEST system

computed from the base model and the reduced order models
created for transient stability studies, as described in Table 2. The
results again showed that the coherency identification method is
not critical and that the detailed generator aggregation gives better
results than the classical aggregation. As an example, in Table 6
TIMEINSECONDS
we provide the interarea modes in the base model and in the WL-
-
FULL
........ .. . .. .., ~ .. .. . .. DA reduced model.
WL-CA LS-CA LS-DA TS-CA

Figure 7 - Tie Bus Voltages in the Full and Reduced Models Base model WL-DA model
Mode
two east-west, made it difficult to achieve higher reductions since I
f* I 4** f* I 4** I

the areas surrounding the converters had to be retained to preserve I

I
1 I 0.29 I 0.160 I 0.30 I 0.180 I
I
the correct response of the dc links. I 2 I 0.47 I 0.100 I 0.49 I 0.094 I
Table 5 - Sizes of the Reduced Svstems 3 0.62 0.056 0.61 0.055
4 0.78 0.041 0.76 0.085
Buses Branches Generators
5 0.80 0.092 0.81 0.083

The accuracy of the modal characteristics computed from the

reduced order models varied from very good (e.g., Mode 3) to
I
I
TS-CA I 1703 (74%) I 4283 (87%) I 313 (61%)
I
very poor (e.g., Mode 4 for which the damping ratio has more
than doubled). This can be explained by the mode shapes obtained
Figure 7 contains voltage plots from the full and reduced systems. from the base model and shown in Figure 8. The two oscillating
The voltage responses from reductions WL-CA, LS-CA, and TS- sides of a mode are denoted by + and -.
CA are very similar, differing only in the coherency identification
method. The response from model LS-DA is the closest to the
original system. Two factors contribute to the improved response:
the detailed modelling of equivalent generators and the larger size
of this model compared to the other three.

5. SMALL-SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS

Scope of the Studies

In a power system, there are two types of swing modes: local

plant modes and interarea modes [13]. The local plant modes
involve only a small number of generators, and therefore the ones
that exist in a retained area are usually well preserved in a reduced
order model. The interarea modes, on the other hand, may spread
over a very large area in the system, and their characteristics are
sometimes critical to the overall stability of the system.
When evaluating reduced models for small-signal stability
analysis, the following are the main issues:
the characteristics of the interarea modes
preservation of the characteristics of the interarea modes of
interest
the suitability of the models for system control design
Mode 3 Mode 4
Figure 8 - Shapes of Modes 3 and 4
Figure 8 shows that Mode 3 involves mostly the BC Hydro system
and some surrounding areas. A fair amount of the dynamics in
these areas were kept in the reduced models. For Mode 4,
however, the swing is basically the northwest and southwest
against the centre. Most of the dynamics in the southwest and
centre were equivalenced in the WL-DA reduced model. This
simply means that the reduced order models are not adequate to
study Mode 4.
894
Given the shape of Mode 4, it would be logical to create the
reduced models for studying this mode by retaining some
dominant generators in the southwest and centre areas. This basis
was used to create a model which better preserves Mode 4. An
additional requirement for this model was that it should be small
enough to allow a full eigenvalue analysis, so that a transfer
function can be computed for control design, as explained below.
Using these criteria, a reduced order model, RED-4, was obtained,
which consists of 191 generators of which 15 have detailed
models and the rest classical models, with a total of 530 states.
In the RED-4 model, Mode 4 has a frequency of 0.76 Hz and a
damping ratio of 0.043, which are very close to those of Mode 4
of the base model. This model also fits into the capabilities of
MASS, a small-signal analysis program that computes all the
eigenvalues of the system [13]. I
EAST System
One of the dominant interarea modes in the EAST system is an
oscillation of about 0.6 Mz involving generating units in the states
of New York and Pennsylvania. The study was performed on a
system with the four Niagara ties between Ontario and New York
out of service. Under these conditions, the damping of the mode
decreases markedly to practically zero.
To study the effect of reductions on interarea oscillations, the
four reduced models described in Table 7 were created. In all four
reductions, the power systems of New York and Pennsylvania
were retained. In the reduced areas, buses of 120 kV and higher
were retained.
Table 7 - Sizes of the Reduced Systems
Table 8 - Characteristics of the 0.6 Hz Mode
Model I Frequency
1 Damping
Ratio
1 Mode Shape
I
I LS-DA I 0.632 I -0.006 I I
I TS-CA I 0.628 I 0.005 I I
Two factors limit the size of the design model: the capability of
the control design software and the order of the controller, which
in some advanced control methods equals the order of the design
model [ 151.
To construct a low-order transfer function between the exciter
reference point and the rotor speed of a dominant generator in
Mode 4 of the WEST system, the base model was first reduced,
as described earlier, to the RED-4 model. Using MASS, the
complete transfer function of the order of 530 from the RED-4
model was obtained. Close poles and zeros of this transfer
function were cancelled, resulting in a transfer function of 16'h
order. The poles and zeros of this low-order transfer function were
finally refined by using the corresponding eigenvalues and zeros
computed from the base model by PEALS, a program capable of
computing a subset of the system eigenvalues in large systems
C131.
Figure 9 shows frequency responses from the full model and the
reduced transfer function. It can be seen that the frequency

II II II II
response from the reduced transfer function follows very closely
1I WL-CA
Buses
(% of base)
7407 (63%)
Branches
(% of base)
17945 (77%)
Generators
(% of base)
829 (48%)
that from the full model.
Magnitude (pu)

LS-CA
LS-DA
7551 (65%)
7619 (65%)
17658 (76%)
17638 (76%)
958 (55%)
1183 (68%)
54
TS-CA 7387 (63%) 17850 (77%) 829 (48%)

The modal characteristics ($e., frequency, damping and mode A

shape) of the 0.6 Hz mode in the reduced systems were compared 1.4
to those in the full system. A summary is given in Table 8. The Frequency (Hz)

results show that the 0.6 Hz mode is well preserved in all the Phase angle (degrees)
reduced cases. This is mainly due to retaining the generating units 200
which are significant participants in the oscillation, as well as the
\ 1
\?---.\__i.--
1501
network which interconnects them.
100 ,---_
Transfer Function Reduction f o r System Control Design
50
'-.-
Most control design methods to damp power system oscillations
require that the mathematical model of the physical system be Frequency (Hz)
expressed either by a transfer function or in the state space form
[ 141. The transfer-function is normally between the input of the - Full model ____ Reduced transfer function

device selected for supplementary control and an output signal Figure 9 - Frequency Response Comparisons
selected for feedback to modulate the chosen device.

6. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has illustrated the practical requirements of and
experience with model reduction of large interconnected power
systems for stability analysis. The results of investigations on three
power systems with significantly different characteristics lead to
the following main conclusions:
For most planning or operating stability studies, large power
system models can be reduced by up to 50% without excessive
loss of accuracy.
The three coherency identification methods studied in this paper
all produce good generator grouping. No significant difference
in the quality of the reduced models was observed by using
these three different methods.
Classical aggregation of coherent generating units results in
simpler and lower order reduced models than detailed
aggregation and is adequate in many cases. In some cases, a
detailed aggregation is required to achieve better accuracy.
The accuracy of a reduced order model, with respect to a
specific phenomenon, depends to a great extent on retaining the
system elements which are most relevant to that phenomenon.
It is therefore important to have a good understanding of the
phenomenon before starting the reductions.
A reduced model of a power system that is suitable for the
study of one phenomenon in that system is not necessarily
suitable for the study of another phenomenon.
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to thank Mr. Kip Morison of Powertech Labs
Inc. for his valuable advice. This work has been supported by the
Canadian Electrical Association under project 347T961.
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[14] P. Kundur, Investigation of Low Frequency Interarea
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Lei Wang received the B.A.Sc and M.A.Sc degrees from
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China in 1982 and 1984,
respectively, and the Ph.D degree from the University of Toronto,
Canada in 1991. He worked for Ontario Hydro from 1989 to 1993
as a system studies engineer. In 1993, he joined Powertech Labs
Inc. as a research engineer.
Meir Klein received his B.A.Sc. and M. Eng. degrees from the
University of Toronto in 1978 and 1983, respectively. He joined
Ontario Hydro in 1978, and is currently a Senior Engineer in the
Integrated Transmission Planning and Operations Department.
Solomon Yirga received his B.Sc degree from Addis Ababa
University and his M.A.Sc degree from the University of Toronto
in 1984 and 1994, respectively. From 1984 to 1991 he worked for
the Ethiopian Electric Light & Power Authority. From 1992 to
1993 he worked for Ontario Hydro in the Analytical Methods and
Specialized Studies Department. In 1994, he joined Powertech
Labs Inc. as a research engineer.
Prabhashankar Kundur received the M.A.Sc and Ph.D degrees
from the University of Toronto, Canada in 1965 and 1967
respectiveIy. He taught at Mysore and Bangalore Universities
during 1967-1969. In 1969 he joined Ontario Hydro where he
became Manager of the Analytical Methods & Specialized Studies
Department. In 1993 he moved to Powertech Labs Inc. where he
is currently the President and CEO. He also holds the positions of
Adjunct Professor at the University of Bntish Columbia and
Western Ontario.