1

Reflections on Milad and Bid`ah (Innovation) in Islam

Prepared

By

Dr. Muhamad Jalal Al Azhari

This article has been prepared on a suggestion by Dr. Mir Mumtaz Ali,
Founder and Custodian of Noor Al-Mustafa Mosque, USA
 2

Praise be to Allah and may peace of Allah and His blessings be upon the
Messenger of Allah and upon his household, companions and all of those
who love him and follow his footsteps until the Day of Judgment.

This article aims to answer some questions on Milad Shareef or celebrating

the birth of the Prophet (May peace of Allah and His blessings be upon him)
and definition of Bid`ah in the light of the Holy Qur’an, the blessed sayings
of the Prophet Muhammad (May peace of Allah and His blessings be upon
him), the reasoning by the Muslim scholars and plain logical proofs.

The Correct Mythology to Dealing with the new Practice

Questions:
Is it prohibited to show extra attention and care on the day of the birth of the
Prophet (May peace of Allah and His blessings be upon him) through
varieties of good deeds, humanitarian works, philanthropies and charities
beside remembrance of Allah the Almighty and reminding the people of the
blessed and auspicious biography of the Prophet (peace and blessings of
Allah be upon him) on that day?
Are the good deeds a sort of innovation on that day such as: performing
(Nafl) extra prayers, reciting the Glorious Qur’an, reading prayers and
sending greetings (Durood Shareef), telling the conregants about the fragrant
biography of the noble Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him),
presenting praises in both: poetry and prose for him (peace and blessings of
Allah be upon him), or serving the attendees foods or sweets? Are these
actions and traditions bad innovation in Islam and sinful or prohibited in
Islamic jurisprudence? Or are these actions good, recommended and causing
 3

rewards in Islam? Specially, during the night of the miraculous night

journey, or the night of the birth of the noble Prophet (May peace of Allah
and His blessings be upon him)?
In fact, these issues have been dealt extensively in Arabic, Persian and Urdu
in present and past. The issue includes many technical subjects and terms.
However, I will try to abbreviate the research and will address the case
directly.

Dealing with the General Texts of the Qur’an and Sunnah

Before talking about the issue under our research it should be noted that
some Muslims who follow certain opinion or school of thought ask their
Muslim brothers who show extra care and respect for the birth of the Prophet
Muhammad (May peace of Allah and His blessings be upon him), or the
night of Isra and M’eraj to bring proofs from the Glorious Qur’an and
blessed Sunnah directly but they forget that the teachings of the Glorious
Qur’an and blessed Sunnah are characterized by generalities and
abstractions. For example, take the issue of studying in the universities and
schools, publishing books, delivering lectures on Al-ukhari or organizing
seminars and conferences fall in the same category of innovation or Bid`ah.
It is clear that the word “universities” and “schools” and Sahih Al-Bukhari
specifically do not exist in the Qur’an and blessed Sunnah. If we ask a
Mufti: whether studying Sahih Al Bukhari is permissible or not? In this case,
searching for the specific word “Sahih Al-Bukhari” or the term “As-Sihah
As-Sittah” (The six most authentic hadith books) is illogical? Because, these
books were compiled after the era of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him), rather, after the period of his companions
 4

and their followers. Therefore, the correct approach to study this issue is to
search for the general texts of the Qur’an and Sunnah, if we look in the
Glorious Qur’an, we find that Allah the Almighty has commanded the
Muslims clearly to follow the footsteps of Prophet Muhammad (peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him). So, the words, actions and approvals of the
Prophet Muhammad (May peace of Allah and His blessings be upon him)
are authority in Islamic rulings and it is obligatory for all able and adult
Muslims to follow and imitate him (May peace of Allah and His blessings be
upon him) in general. There are many verses in this regard. Allah the
Almighty says:
َّ ‫َّللاَ َو ْاليَ ْو َم ْاْل ِخ َر َوذَ َك َر‬
ً ِ‫َّللاَ َكث‬
‫سورة‬12( ‫يرا‬ َ ‫َّللاِ أُس َْوة ٌ َح‬
َّ ‫سنَةٌ ِل َمن َكانَ يَ ْر ُجو‬ ُ ‫لَّقَ ْد َكانَ لَ ُك ْم فِي َر‬
َّ ‫سو ِل‬
)12:‫األحزاب‬
(There has certainly been for you in the Messenger of Allah an excellent
pattern for anyone whose hope is in Allah and the Last Day and [who]
remembers Allah often.) (Al-Ahzab33:21)
The meaning of the verse or the goal of the text is to inform the Muslims
that the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is a
perfect example and good example, so imitating him and following his
footsteps are obligatory upon every Muslim and that is impossible without
knowing his words, actions and approvals, and Sahih Al-Bukhari just
contains the words of the Prophet Muhammad (May peace of Allah and His
blessings be upon him), his actions, approvals and his blessed biography, so
studying Sahih Al-Bukhari will be desirable and recommended in Islam,
though the word Al Bukhari or Sahih Al Bukhari does not exist in the text of
Qur’an and Sunnah. And I am sure that there is no doubt and confusion in
this reasoning.
 5

In addition, the same reasoning applies in case of Milad or Mawlid. The

specific phrase or term “Celebration of the birth of the Prophet Muhammad
(May peace of Allah and His blessings be upon him)” is not in the Qur'an
and Sunnah, but the content of this phrase is surely in the general texts of the
Glorious Qur'an and blessed Sunnah. The celebration in its essence is to
show joy and pleasure, to give charity to the poor and needy, to feed
relatives and friends, to present praising poems, mentioning his sayings,
actions, reminding people of his blessed biography and organizing lectures
on his life and so on. These actions and practices are undoubtedly
permissible, so, the celebration is permissible according to the general spirit
of the Glorious Qur’an and the blessed Sunnah.

Is Taking Insulin an Innovation and Prohibited?

Another example: the ruling regarding taking insulin. Is it permissible in

Islam or not? If we search for the term "insulin" in the Glorious Qur'an and
blessed Sunnah, this will be irrational without doubt. Instead, the correct
approach to deal with the issue is to look into the elements of insulin: Are its
elements and components narcotic, impure or forbidden? Suppose, the
insulin is free from all those components, then taking insulin is permissible,
rather, in some cases this will be obligatory if a person cannot live without
it. Since saving life is obligatory in Islam according to the Glorious Qur'an
and blessed Sunnah.
The same would be said regarding the issue of celebrating the birth of the
Prophet (May peace of Allah and His blessings be upon him) and in other
similar issues that are new and fresh that did not exist during the time of the
revelation of Glorious Qur’an.
 6

Proof from the Holy Qur’an on Milad:

Allah the Almighty says:

)85 : ‫ ( يونس‬. َ‫َّللاِ َوبِ َرحْ َمتِ ِه فَبِ َٰذَلِكَ فَ ْليَ ْف َر ُحوا ُه َو َخي ٌْر ِم َّما يَجْ َمعُون‬ ْ َ‫قُ ْل بِف‬
َّ ‫ض ِل‬

(Say, "In the bounty of Allah and in His mercy - in that let them rejoice; it is
better than what they accumulate.) (Surah Younus: 58)

In this blessed verse, Allah the Almighty has commanded clearly to show
joy and pleasure upon the grace and mercy of God in general. And the
greatest grace and the most important mercy in this world and hereafter is
the Prophet Muhammad (May peace of Allah and His blessings be upon
him) as he has been described as the grace of Allah and mercy of Him for
the entire universe in the verses of the Holy Qur’an itself.

Allah the Almighty says:

َٰ )201:‫س ْلنَاكَ ِإ ََّّل َرحْ َمةً ِل ْل َعا َل ِمينَ (سورة األنبياء‬

َ ‫َو َما أ َ ْر‬

(And We have not sent you, [O Muhammad], except as a mercy to the

worlds.) (Al-Anbiya’21:107)

In another verse, Allah the Almighty says:

)261:‫ (سورة آل عمران‬.‫وَّل ِم ْن أَنفُ ِس ِه ْم‬

ً ‫س‬ َ َ‫علَى ْال ُمؤْ ِمنِينَ إِ ْذ بَع‬
ُ ‫ث فِي ِه ْم َر‬ َّ ‫لَقَ ْد َم َّن‬
َ ُ‫َّللا‬

(Certainly did Allah confer [great] favor upon the believers when He sent
among them a Messenger from themselves.) (Ali `Imran3:164)

It should be noted that the first verse has described the Prophet Muhammad
(May peace of Allah and His blessings be upon him) as “Mercy” and the
 7

second verse by “Grace”. Thus, the expression of joy and pleasure on the
grace and mercy of the Prophet's birth will be proven by the Glorious Qur’an
itself.

As for the way to show joy and pleasure, the Holy Qur’an is silent about the
way of expression and the verse did not specify any method for that.
Therefore, all methods and ways of expressions will be permissible and
allowed. In addition, the way to show joy varies from people to people,
country to country and time to time. In expression of joy and happiness on a
favor or blessing, it is important to see that the method of expression is free
from forbidden actions; like: dancing, music, wine and mixing of men and
women without hijab. However, If the expression of joy and pleasure is just
by wearing the best clothes, giving charity, feeding friends and relatives,
reading Drood Shareef, holding Islamic lectures, distributing sweets,
mentioning the fragrant biography of the noble Prophet (May peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him), beside other methods of showing joy and
pleasure and celebration then there is no objection.

The above-mentioned actions and practices that represent the essence of

Milad are good and meritorious so the doer is hoped to deserve reward and
praise in all circumstances and times. Is it forbidden for one to give charity,
feed loved ones and friends or feed the poor and needy? Is it forbidden for
anyone to recite Drood shareef on the beloved (May peace and blessings of
Allah be upon him)? Is there any proof that prohibits distributing sweets
between people? Of course, no proof to prohibit anything of the aforesaid
actions and no one should dare to describe them as “prohibited”.
 8

Furthermore, the expression of the joy and pleasure on the advent of the
Prophet (May peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) to this world is
more suitable, natural and logical on every Monday and every year in the
auspicious month of Rabi`a Al Awwal, which is the best occasion and the
most appropriate time and opportunity for the celebration. It is known that if
an event coincides its time and occasion it is more recommended and
appropriate. Muslims should remember their beloved Prophet all the time,
especially on every Monday and every year, as the Prophet (May peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him) himself celebrated his birthday every week
by fasting every Monday as was stated in an authentic Hadith Shareef as we
will explain in the coming lines.

Proof from the Hadith Shareef on Milad:

It is noteworthy that there is a clear and authentic Hadith on the

permissibility of celebration for the birth of the Prophet (May peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him). The Prophet (May peace and blessings of
Allah be upon him) himself celebrated his birth according to the Hadith
which is a very strong evidence on the subject. The Hadith is a sufficient
evidence for all who believe in Allah and His Messenger truly. The saying
of the Prophet (May peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) is a
satisfactory proof for all Muslims.

The narration says:

‫ص ْو ِم ِاَّلْْنَي ِْن‬
َ ‫ع ْن‬ ُ ‫سلَّ َم‬
َ ‫سئِ َل‬ َ ُ‫صلَّى هللا‬
َ ‫علَ ْي ِه َو‬ ُ ‫ع ْنهُ أ َ َّن َر‬
َ ِ‫سو َل هللا‬ َ ُ‫ي هللا‬
َ ‫ض‬ ِ ‫ َر‬،ِ‫اري‬ ِ ‫ص‬ َ ‫ع ْن أ َ ِبي قَت َادَة َ ْاأل َ ْن‬
َ
)2(»‫ي‬ َّ ‫ع َل‬َ ‫ «فِي ِه ُو ِلدْتُ َوفِي ِه أ ُ ْن ِز َل‬:‫َف َقا َل‬
 9

(It has been reported on the account of Abu Qatadah Al-Ansari, (may Allah
be pleased with him) that the Messenger of Allah (May peace and blessings
of Allah be upon him) was asked about fasting on Monday, whereupon he
said: It is (the day) when I was born and revelation was sent down to me.) (2)

According to this narration, the Prophet (May peace and blessings of Allah
be upon him) paid special attention to the day of his birth and celebrated it
by fasting and fasting is a kind of worship. In the light of Islamic
jurisprudential principle, it can be inferred that the blessed day should be
celebrated with all sorts of worship and good deeds. Particularly, when we
realize that his birth is more blessing for his nation and a more mercy for the
entire mankind than for him.

So, every good deed in this day, motivated and driven by pure love,
affection and respect for the Prophet (May peace and blessings of Allah be
upon him) will be a sort of thank to Allah the Almighty.

In fact, this Hadith is a powerful and convincing evidence on the subject for
every believer who is sincere for his religion and who is a true lover of his
Prophet (May peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). The proof is so
clear and convincing that could not be denied but only by a stubborn who
has determined to deny and reject whatever proof is presented.

Abu Lahab and Milad

There is another narration closely linked to this subject that is the story of
Abu Lahab's freeing one his female servant with joy at the birth of the
Prophet (May peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). And the
expression of joy and pleasure by Abu Lahab caused him a great benefit and
blessing even though he died as an infidel. If an infidel was blessed by Milad
 10

then what about a Muslim who is believer and lover of the Prophet (May
peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) when he does good deeds for his
blessed birth?

Imam Al-Bukhari has narrated that narration and Hafiz Ibn Hajar has quoted
it from him in Fath ul Bari. The narration is as follows:

‫ َلَ َّما َماتَ أَبُو‬، ‫سلَّ َم‬ َ ‫علَ ْي ِه َو‬ َّ ‫صلَّى‬

َ ُ‫َّللا‬ َ ‫ي‬ َّ ‫ت النَّ ِب‬ َ ‫ب أ َ ْعتَقَ َها فَأ َ ْر‬
ْ َ‫ضع‬ ٍ ‫ َكانَ أَبُو لَ َه‬، ‫ب‬
ٍ ‫"وْ ُ َو ْي َبةُ َم ْو ََّلة ٌ ِألَبِي لَ َه‬
‫ لَ ْم أ َ ْلقَ بَ ْعدَ ُك ْم‬: ‫ب‬
ٍ ‫ َماذَا لَقِيتَ قَا َل أَبُو لَ َه‬:ُ‫ قَا َل لَه‬،- ‫ض أ َ ْه ِل ِه ِبش َِر ِحيبَ ٍة – أي بسوء حال‬ ُ ‫ب أ ُ ِريَهُ بَ ْع‬ ٍ ‫لَ َه‬
ُ ‫غي َْر أَنِي‬
“َ‫س ِقيتُ فِي َه ِذ ِه بِعَت َاقَتِي ْ ُ َو ْيبَة‬
)3(
َ

(And Thuwaiba was a freed slave girl of Abu Lahb whom he had freed, and
then she suckled the Prophet (May peace and blessings of Allah be upon
him). When Abu Lahb died, one of his relatives saw him in a dream in a
very bad state and asked him, "What have you encountered?" Abu Lahb
said, "I have not found any rest since I left you, except that I have been
given water to drink in this (the space between his thumb and other fingers)
and that is because of my freeing Thuwaiba.) (4)
This narration was recorded by Imam Al-Bukhari in Sahih Al Bukhari that is
another clear proof for the permissibility of celebrating the birth of the
Prophet (May peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). Abu Lahab has
been condemned in the Glorious Qur'an, but he had rejoiced at the birth of
the Prophet (May peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and freed his
slave with joy and pleasure then Allah the Almighty has lessened and
reduced the torment of Abu Lahab every Monday. Therefore, there is no
doubt that many great divine blessings are granted to those who believe in
him and love him when they do good deeds on his birthday.
 11

Shaykh Ibn Taymiyah and Celebration of Milad

I will not refer here to the opinions of our distinguished previous and later
scholars on the subject, and they are many and countless who proved the
permissibility of celebrating the birth of the Prophet (May peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him). I would like to mention here only one
scholar, who is authority for the objectors, that is Shaykh Ibn Taymiyah
(1263- 1328 A.D.) who says in this context.

‫فتعظيم المولد واتخاذه موسما ً قد يفعله بعض الناس ويكون له فيه أجر عظيم ؛ لحسن قصده وتعظيمه‬
)8(
.‫لرسول هللا ملسو هيلع هللا ىلص‬
(So to honor the birthday of the Prophet (May peace and blessings of Allah
be upon him) and to take it as a seasonal celebration, as some people might
do and it might be that they are rewarded greatly for their good intentions
and for their exalting of the Messenger of Allah the Prophet (May peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him). (6)

The Real Bid`ah or Innovation

It should be noted that the objectors say that the celebration of the birth is an
innovation, because it did not exist in the era of the Prophet (May peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him) so this practice is an innovation (Bid`ah)
and deviation from the right path and prohibited in Islam.
In fact, describing the practice as prohibited and bad innovation is not
acceptable and the inferring and claim are baseless and contradict clearly the
methodology of the companions (May Allah be pleased with them).
 12

It is must for Muslims to follow the approach of the predecessor in issuing

Islamic rulings and judgments. When we look in the jurisprudential
principles followed by our pious predecessors, we find them very careful
about innovations or Bid`ah but they never denied every innovation or new
thing or idea. There are many new issues that emerged after the era of the
Prophet (May peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and there are many
examples of new practices and subjects that came into wxistance after the
three blessed centuries, however, they welcomed and accepted the new
beneficial and useful methods and ways. I would like to present here a list of
some new practices that came into existence after the era of the Prophet
(May peace and blessings of Allah be upon him).

Bid`ah or Innovation during the Three Blessed Generations

List of innovations that occurred during the era of the companions:

1-Appointing a Caliph for Muslim
Nation by Shura, such as the
appointment of divinely guided
Four Caliphs that was not done by
the Prophet (May peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him).
2 - Collecting the scattered pieces
and manuscripts of the Holy Qur’an
and combining them in one volume
that was done in the reign of Abu
bakr As-Siddiq (May Allah be
 13

pleased with him) on the suggestion

by the second Caliph; `Umar ibn
Al-Khattab (May Allah be pleased
with him).
3 - Fighting against those so-called
Muslims who denied paying Zakat
that was done by the first Caliph;
Abu bakr As-Siddiq (May Allah be
pleased with him).
4 Taraweeh prayer with the
congregation that was
recommended by the second
Caliph; `Umar ibn Al-Khattab
(May Allah be pleased with him)
on that, he remarked sayin, 'What
an excellent Bid`ah (innovation in
religion) this is!
5- The Hijri Calendar that has been
invented by the second Caliph;
`Umar ibn Al-Khattab (May Allah
be pleased with him).
6 – Addition of the Second Adhaan
for Friday prayer that has been
invented by the third Caliph;
`Uthman ibn `Affan (May Allah be
pleased with him).
 14

These are some of the good deeds that were invented by the senior
companions of the Prophet (May peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)
and were welcomed, accepted and practiced by the Muslim nation though
they never existed during the time of the Prophet (May peace and blessings
of Allah be upon him).

Regarding the collection of Qur’an, it has been initiated after a concern was
expressed by the second Caliph; `Umar ibn Al-Khattab to the first Caliph,
Abu bakr As-Siddiq (May Allah be pleased with him) has hesitated at first
and said: how do we dare to do something that was not done by the Prophet
(May peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), however, the second
Caliph `Umar ibn Al-Khattab (May Allah be pleased with him) tried to
convince him and said that the preservation and collection of the
manuscripts of Qur’an and combining them in one volume is better for Islam
and Muslims though it was not done by the Prophet (May peace and
blessings of Allah be upon him) until Abu Bakr As-Siddiq (May Allah be
pleased with him) became convinced and accepted the idea.

After mentioning a number of innovations in Islam that occurred during the

era of the companions (May Allah be pleased with them), we would also like
to mention some innovations in Islam that occurred during the time of the
followers of the companions (may Allah have mercy upon them) and
beyond.

A list of innovations invented after the era of the companions.

 15

1-Addition of dots and Dhammah,

Fatha, Kasrah, (Zabar, Zair, Paish) on
the text of the Holy Qur’an.
2-Teaching and learning the Arabic
Grammar to understand the Qur’an.
3-Building schools and universities.
4- Compilation of the hadith
encyclopedias like, Al-Mu'tta by
Imam Malik and the Six most
authentic collections of Hadith (As-
Sihah As-Sittah), including Sahih Al-
Bukhari and Muslim.
5-Translation of the meanings of the
Holy Qur’an into different languages.
6- Compiling books on Islamic
jurisprudential fundamentals and
principles.
7-Authoring books in response to the
misconceptions raised by non-
Muslims.
8-Holding theological debates with the
people of other religions.
9-Building minarets and tombs over
the Masjids.
 16

Conclusion:

From the above analysis, we can figure out that Bid`ah (or innovation) is to
create something new in Islam that never been in Islam but Bid`ah (or
innovation) is of two types; bad and good. The bad innovation is the one that
contradicts the Glorious Qur’an or the blessed Sunnah or goes against the
general spirit of Islam, such as making the obligatory prayers only three
times everyday instead of five or shortening the fasting to the afternoon only
instead of sunset, or denying the faith in the fate and destiny, or denial of the
faith in the finality of the Prophet Muhammad (May peace and blessings of
Allah be upon him). On the other hand, the good innovation (or Bid`ah
Hasanah) is a new practice or action in Islam that agrees with the Glorious
Qur’an and Sunnah or is supported by the proofs from both basic resources
for Islamic rulings, and does not contradict general spirit of Islamic causes
and goals such as; building high minarets to pass the voice of the muezzin
(caller for Salah) to the people and usage of loudspeaker during the prayer to
help the imam to raise his voice and help the worshipers to follow him in the
actions of prayer.

After presenting the evidence and proofs on the subject, I have an advice
that I want to whisper in the ears of the Muslim brothers who differ from us
in this analysis. It is against the general teachings of Islam to accuse our own
Muslim brothers with heresy and polytheism only because they celebrate the
birth of the Prophet Muhammad (May peace and blessings of Allah be upon
him) with sincere heart and pure love while none of them believes this
practice as an obligatory or mandatory ritual in Islam. At least, those proofs
in my opinion are enough to excuse them.
 ‫‪17‬‬

‫__________________‬

‫‪References:‬‬

‫)‪ (1‬مسلم بن الحجاج أبو الحسن القشيري النيسابوري (المتوفى‪162 :‬هـ)‪ ،‬المسند الصحيح المختصر‬
‫بنقل العدل عن العدل إلى رسول هللا ملسو هيلع هللا ىلص ‪ ،‬كتاب الصيام ‪ -‬باب استحباب صيام ْالْة أيام من كل شهر‬
‫وصوم يوم عرفة وعاشوراء واَّلْنين والخميس‪ ،‬ص‪ 265‬ج‪ ، 3‬ط‪ :‬دار الطباعة العامرة ‪ ،‬تركيا‬
‫‪2330‬هـ‬

‫‪(2) (Muslim bin al-Hajjaj Abu al-Hasan al-Qashiri al-Nisabouri (d. 261‬‬
‫‪A.H.), Saheeh Muslim, Chapter: It is recommended to fast three days of‬‬
‫‪every month, and to fast on the days of 'Arafah and 'Ashura', and to fast on‬‬
‫‪Mondays and Thursdays, Dar At-Tiba`ah Al-`Aamirah, Turkey, 1330 A.H..‬‬
‫)‪p. 168 c.‬‬

‫(‪ )3‬أبو عبد هللا دمحم بن إسماعيل البخاري‪ ،‬الجامع المسند الصحيح المختصر من أُمور رسول هللا‬
‫صلى هللا عليه وسلم وسننه وأيامه (صحيح البخاري)‪ ،‬كتاب النكاح‪ ،‬باب {وأمهاتكم الالتي‬
‫أرضعنكم} [النساء‪ ،]13 :‬ج ‪ 1‬ص‪ 16‬ط‪ :‬مركز البحوث و تقنية المعلومات ‪ ،‬دار التأصيل‬
‫‪1021‬م‪.‬‬

‫‪(4) Al-Bukhari (Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ismail ibn Ibrahim, Sahih‬‬
‫‪Al-Bukhari, the Book of Marriage, Chapter on "Your foster-mothers who‬‬
‫‪gave you suck” vol.7th, p.7th, Research and Information Technology Center,‬‬
‫‪Dar At-Taaseel 2012.‬‬

‫(‪ )8‬أحمد بن عبد الحليم بن عبد السالم بن تيمية تقي الدين أبو العباس‪ ،‬اقتضاء الصراط المستقيم‬
‫لمخالفة أصحاب الجحيم ‪ ،‬ص‪ ،611-612‬تحقيق‪ :‬ناصر بن عبد الكريم العقل‪ ،‬ط‪ :‬مكتبة الرشد ‪،‬‬
‫الرياض ‪ ،‬بدون تاريخ‪.‬‬

‫‪(6) Ahmad ibn Abd ul-Halim ibn Abd ul-Salam Ibn Taymiyyah Taqi al-Din‬‬
‫‪Abu al-Abbas, Requirement of the straight path to the violation of the‬‬
 18

dwellers of Hell, (Iqtida al-Sirat al-Mustaqim) p. 621-622, edited by: Nasser

ibn Abdul-Karim al-Aql, : Maktabah Al-Rushd, Riyadh, without date.