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Abstract: In this panel contribution, the modeling of wind electrical power system and their interaction with other
turbines in power systems dynamics simulations is discussed. generation equipment and with loads.
First the three most important actual wind turbine concepts In this panel contribution, first the three most important actual
are described. Then, various classes of wind turbine models wind turbine concepts are described. Then, various classes of
are introduced and it will be discussed which model type can wind turbine models are introduced and it will be discussed
be integrated in power system dynamics simulation software. which model type can be integrated in power system
To conclude, it will be argued that it is possible to model dynamics simulation software. Such a model can be used to
various kinds of variable speed wind turbines with only one investigate the interaction of wind turbines with other
model in power system dynamics simulations. generation equipment and with loads within the framework of
power system dynamics studies. To conclude, it will be
Keywords: wind tmrbine, modeling, simulation, power system argued that it is possible to model various kinds of variable
dynamics, grid integration speed wind turbines with only one model in power system
dynamics simulations.
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THREE MOST IMPORTANT ACTUAL WIND
As a result of increasing environmental concern, the impact of TURBINE CONCEPTS
conventional electricity generation on the environment is
being minimized and efforts are made to generate electricity A. Squirrel cage induction generator
flom renewable sources. The main advantages of electricity The first concept is a grid coupled squirrel cage induction
generation from rtmewable sources are the absence of harmtirl generator. This concept consists of a rotor coupled to a
emissions and the infinite availability of the prime mover that squirrel cage induction generator through a gearbox. The
is converted into electricity. One way of generating electricity gearbox is needed, because the optimal rotor and generator
from renewable sources is to use wind turbines that convert speed ranges are different. The generator is directly grid
the energy contained in flowing air into electricity. Up to this coupled. Therefore, rotor speed variations are very small,
moment, the amount of wind power integrated into large scale because the only speed variations that can occur are changes
electrical power systems only covers a small part of the total in the rotor slip. The order of magnitude of these speed
power system load. The rest of the power system load is for changes is in the per cent range. Because speed variations are
the largest part cc,vered by conventional thermal, nuclear and very small, the turbine is normally considered to operate at
hydro power plants. constant speed.
Wind turbines often do not take part in voltage and frequency A squirrel cage induction generator consumes reactive power.
control and if a disturbance occurs, the wind turbines are Therefore, in case of large wind turbines and/or weak grids,
disconnected and reconnected when normal operation has often capacitors are added to generate the induction generator
been resumed. Thus, notwithstanding the presence of wind magnetizing current, thus improving the power factor of the
turbines, frequency and voltage are maintained by controlling system as a whole.
the large power plants as would have been the case without The power extracted from the wind needs to be limited,
any wind turbines present. This is possible, as long as wind because otherwise the generator could be overloaded or the
power penetration is still low. pullout torque could be exceeded, leading to rotor speed
However, a tendency to increase the amount of electricity instability. In this concept, this is oflen done by using the stall
generated from wind turbines can be observed. Therefore, the effect. This means that the rotor geometry is designed in such
penetration of wind turbines in electrical power systems will a way that its aerodynamic properties make the rotor
increase and they may begin to influence overall power eftlciency decrease in high wind speeds, thus limiting the
system behavior, making it impossible to run a power system power extracted from the wind and preventing the generator
by only controlling large scale power plants. It is therefore ffom being damaged and the rotor speed from becommg
important to study the behavior of wind turbines in an unstable. Thus, during normal operation of a stall regulated
u,
Converter
IF ‘~“ I, 1, “
Q +
()
‘d
Figure 3. Direct drive synchronous generator grid coupled through a
Figure 2. Doub[yfed (wound rotor) induc[ion generator with back-to- back-to-back voltage saurce canverter or a diade rectifier and vollage
back voltage source converter feeding the rotor winding source converter