2 Lect 2 Ergonomics 91302 HSHF w2018 16jan18 Act x6

91-302 Health, Safety and Human Factors (HSHF) Content Outline
Lecture 2
The Human Body Systems; o The Human Body Systems
Human Factors and Ergonomics o Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics
Anthropometrics Data & Biometrics o Human Factors & Ergonomics in Product & Process
Design
Prof. Waguih ElMaraghy, PhD., P.Eng. o Anthropometrics Data & Biometrics
Professor, Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering (IMSE)
Department of Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering o Discussion
16 January 2018
© ElMaraghy, W., 2018
2
The Human Body Respiratory System

Systems
Circulatory System
Digestive System
Muscular System
Skeletal System
https://thegoodista.com/the-human-body-systems/ 4
The Human Body Systems

 The circulatory system makes the blood, nutrients, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and hormones, move around the body.
 The nervous system is the control station which deals with both
voluntary action (like conscious movement) and involuntary actions
(like breathing), and sends signals to different parts of the body.
 The respiratory system has the double function of keeping us alive
by oxygen intake, and also expelling carbon dioxide . This process
of in and out is of course breathing.
 The digestive system is a series of interconnected organs that
allow the body to break down and absorb food, and remove waste.
Respiratory System Digestive System
https://thegoodista.com/the-human-body-systems/ 5 www.courseweb.unt.edu/gknezek/07spring/4100003/.../interactivepowerpoint.ppt 6
1
The Human Body Systems The Human Body Bones
 The human skeleton is the
 The skeletal system is 206 bones that are connected by tendons,
ligaments and cartilage. The skeletons job is to help us move, and internal framework of the
is also part of blood cell production and calcium storage . The teeth body. It is composed of
are also part of the skeletal system, but are not bones per se. 270 bones at birth – this
total decreases to 206
 The body’s muscular system is an intricate design of some 650 bones by adulthood after
muscles that helps movement, blood flow and other bodily some bones have fused
functions. There are different types of muscle: skeletal muscle – together. The bone mass in
connected to bone, and helps with voluntary movement; smooth the skeleton reaches
muscle – inside our organs which move substances through maximum density around
organs, and cardiac muscle – our heart muscle that pumps blood.
age 30
https://thegoodista.com/the-human-body-systems/ 7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skeleton/ 8
Number and Type of Joints

 The human skeleton has
360 joints, prior to
1995 there were 340
(modern anatomy).
Recently 20 joints were
found in the ear. The
joint is a point of
articulation of two bones,
a bone and gristle Circulatory Structure
System Bones, cartilage,
(cartilage), or two ligaments and
gristles in any part of the joints
human body.
Menu
http://www.howmanyarethere.us/how-many-joints-in-the-human-body// 9 http://stray-notes.blogspot.ca/2015/06/major-muscles-front-rear.html 10
Arteries vs. Veins

Muscular System
 The chief difference
between arteries and
veins is the job that they
do.
 Arteries carry oxygenated
blood away from the heart
to the body, and veins
carry oxygen-poor blood
back from the body to the
heart.
 Your body also contains
other, smaller blood vessels
http://www.howmanyarethere.us/how-many-joints-in-the-human-body// 11 http://stray-notes.blogspot.ca/2015/06/major-muscles-front-rear.html 12
2
Muscular System List & Function The Human Body Systems
 Muscles contract  The endocrine system is eight major glands that secrete
(shorten) and hormones into the blood. These hormones regulate various bodily
provide movement. functions, such as metabolism, growth and sexual function.
 Support.
 The immune system defends the body against bacteria, viruses
 Heat production and other pathogens that may be harmful.
 The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes, lymph ducts and
lymph vessels, and also plays a role in the body’s defences.
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/meded/grossanatomy/dissector/mml/ 13 https://thegoodista.com/the-human-body-systems/ 14
The Endocrine system of glands The Lymphatic System

Latin:
Systema lymphoideum
Latin Systema endocrinum The lymphatic system is
part of the circulatory
system and an important
Main glands of the endocrine system. part of the immune system,
Note that the thymus is no longer comprising a network of
considered part of the endocrine lymphatic vessels that carry
system, as it does not produce a clear fluid called lymph
hormones. (from Latin, lympha meaning
"water") directionally
towards the heart.
https://thegoodista.com/the-human-body-systems/ 15 https://thegoodista.com/the-human-body-systems/ 16
The Human Body Systems The Urinary System
 The reproductive system allows humans to become more – to 1. Human urinary system:
reproduce.
2. Kidney, 3. Renal pelvis, 4. Ureter,
 The urinary system is the waste disposal unit – whereby
5. Urinary bladder, 6. Urethra. (Left side
foods that have been broken down is exited from our bodies.
with frontal section)
 The skin, or integumentary system, is the body’s largest 7. Adrenal gland
organ. The skin eliminates waste (perspiration), and keeps
Vessels: 8. Renal artery and vein, 9.
us warm and cool – regulates body temperature. The skin is
Inferior vena cava, 10. Abdominal aorta,
also a defence against bacteria, viruses and other
11. Common iliac artery and vein
pathogens. . In addition to skin, the integumentary system
Transparent: 12. Liver, 13. Large
includes hair and nails.
intestine, 14. Pelvis
3
The Urinary System The Human Body Vital Organs
 The human brain is the body’s control center, which receives and sends signals
Latin: Systema urinarium to other organs through the nervous system and through secreted hormones. It is
responsible for our thoughts, feelings, memory storage and general perception of
Urinary system in the male. the world.
Urine flows from the kidneys  The human heart is a responsible for pumping blood throughout our body.
 The job of the kidneys is to remove waste and extra fluid from the blood. The
via the ureters into the bladder kidneys take waste or urea out of the blood and combine it with water and other
where it is stored. When substances to make urine.
urinating, urine flows through  The liver has many functions, including detoxifying of harmful chemicals,
breakdown of drugs, filtering of blood, secretion of bile and production of blood-
the urethra (longer in males, clotting proteins.
shorter in females) to exit the  The lungs are responsible for removing oxygen from the air we breathe and
body transferring it to our blood where it can be sent to our cells. The lungs also
remove carbon dioxide, which we exhale.
Digestive System Respiratory System Cool Facts!

Your lungs contain almost 1500 miles of airways and over
HOW LONG ARE YOUR INTESTINES? At least 25 feet in an adult. 300 million alveoli (any of the many tiny air sacs of the lungs
Be glad you're not a full-grown horse -- their coiled-up intestines which allow for rapid gaseous exchange).
are 89 feet long!
Every minute you breathe in 13 pints (15 litres) of air.
Chewing food takes from 5-30 seconds
Plants are our partners in breathing. We breathe in air,
Swallowing takes about 10 seconds use the oxygen in it, and release carbon dioxide. Plants
Food sloshing in the stomach can last 3-4 hours take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Thank
It takes 3 hours for food to move through the intestine goodness!
Food drying up and hanging out in the large intestine can last 18 People tend to get more colds in the winter because
hours to 2 days! we're indoors more often and in close proximity to other
people. When people sneeze, cough and even breathe --
germs go flying!
www.courseweb.unt.edu/gknezek/07spring/4100003/.../interactivepowerpoint.ppt 21 www.courseweb.unt.edu/gknezek/07spring/4100003/.../interactivepowerpoint.ppt 22
Circulatory System Cool Facts! Muscular System Cool Facts!
The body of an adult contains over 60,000 miles of blood You have over 30 facial muscles which create looks like
vessels!
surprise, happiness, sadness, and frowning.
An adult's heart pumps nearly 4,000 gallons of blood
Eye muscles are the busiest muscles in the body.
each day!
Scientists estimate they may move more than 100,000
Your heart beats some 30 million times a year! times a day!
The average three-year-old has two pints of blood in
The largest muscle in the body is the gluteus maximus
their body; the average adult at least five times more!
muscle in the buttocks.
A "heartbeat" is really the sound of the valves in the
heart closing as they push blood through its chambers.
www.courseweb.unt.edu/gknezek/07spring/4100003/.../interactivepowerpoint.ppt 23 www.courseweb.unt.edu/gknezek/07spring/4100003/.../interactivepowerpoint.ppt 24
4
See What Happens When
Skeletal System Cool Facts!
You Have No Muscles
The human hand has 27 bones; your face has 14!
The longest bone in your body? Your thigh bone, the
femur -- it's about 1/4 of your height. The smallest is
the stirrup bone in the ear which can measure 1/10 of
an inch.
Did you know that humans and giraffes have the same
number of bones in their necks? Giraffe neck vertebrae
are just much, much longer!
You have over 230 moveable and semi-moveable joints
in your body.
http://www.stritch.luc.edu/lumen/index.cfm
© ElMaraghy, W., 2018 reid.pittsfield.net/UserFiles/.../1%20A%20The%20Human%20Body%20Intro.ppt
www.courseweb.unt.edu/gknezek/07spring/4100003/.../interactivepowerpoint.ppt 25
ERGONOMICS
ERGON --> WORK
Introduction to Human Factors and NOMOS --> LAW
The Laws to be Observed at Work
Ergonomics:
“The scientific discipline concerned with understanding of interactions
Definitions of Ergonomics, Disciplines, among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession
that applies theory, principles, methods and data to design in order to
optimize human well-being and overall system performance”
Aims, and Benefits Ergonomics means literally the study or measurement of
Work. In addition to work as labour for monetary gain, work
also includes: Sports & Leisure activities; Domestic work; Education
and training; Health and social services
© ElMaraghy, W., 2018 ebooks.bharathuniv.ac.in/.../Ergonomics%20(10)/ERGONOMICS%20-%20GDLC.ppt
27
Ergonomics considers human operators variability

Aims Of Ergonomics
An automobile design has to consider
 Range of physical size and strengths of
Ensures that human needs for
safe and efficient working are users
 Seats are comfortable
met in the design of work system
 Controls readily identifiable and within
To design
easy reach
 Technical Systems
 Clear visibility front and rear
 Tasks
 Easily read internal instruments
 In such a way to improve  Ease of entry and egress
 Human Safety Basic aim of Ergonomics:
 Health Efficiency in purposeful activity
 Comfort and To achieve desired result without: Waste,
Error, or Damage to persons
 Performance
Working situation in harmony with the
activities of the worker
ebooks.bharathuniv.ac.in/.../Ergonomics%20(10)/ERGONOMICS%20-%20GDLC.ppt http://www.iea.cc/image/whats_definition_image01.png 29 ebooks.bharathuniv.ac.in/.../Ergonomics%20(10)/ERGONOMICS%20-%20GDLC.ppt 30
5
Definitions Of Ergonomics Disciplines In Ergonomics
ECONOMICS LAW MANAGEMENT
 Ergonomics is a means of improving working conditions ARTIFICIAL

MANUFACTURING
INTELIGENCE
and reducing illness at work PSYCHOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY
-COGNITIVE -ENVIRONMENTAL
 Ergonomics attempts to ‘Fit the Job to the Man’ rather than -WORK -WORK
-SOCIAL
‘Fit the Man to the Job’ ERGONOMICS
 Ergonomics is concerned with the design of systems in TOXICOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL
ANATOMY DESIGN
OPERATIONS
which people carry out work -ANTHROPOMETRY RESEARCH
ENVRONMENTAL
-BIOMECHANICS ENGINEERING
 Ergonomics optimizes Efficiency, Health, Safety and MEDICINE
Comfort of people through better designs of products and WORK

SYSTEMS ORGANIZATION
work places DESIGN
ebooks.bharathuniv.ac.in/.../Ergonomics%20(10)/ERGONOMICS%20-%20GDLC.ppt 31 ebooks.bharathuniv.ac.in/.../Ergonomics%20(10)/ERGONOMICS%20-%20GDLC.ppt 32
Professions Having Complementary Roles With Ergonomics Ergonomic needs in a workplace

Ergonomics is a Safety Civil
Occupational
Multi-Disciplinary Health Officer
Officer Engineer  Physical work environment  Anthropometry (Body sizes)
Thermal comfort
Science 
 Designs to fit body sizes of users
Mechanical Noise and vibration control

Engineer  Appropriate working levels
Ergonomics is also Industrial  Adequate and proper lighting
 Adequate work space
Nurse ERGONOMICS  Chemical environment
an Inter-Disciplinary  Avoid overcrowding of machines and workers
 Control of pollution
Science Physiotherapist
Architect
 General and exhaust ventilation
 Occupational Biomechanics
 Work physiology  Appropriate work postures (sitting, standing)
Multidisciplinary teams are unable to Industrial  Control excessive physical load  Safe load lifting and carrying techniques
Ind. Medical
develop a cohesive care plan as each team Officer Social Designer  Avoid physical and muscular fatigue  Adopt proper techniques in manual materials
member uses his or her own expertise to Psychologist
 Adequate rest pauses handling
develop individual care goals. In contrast,
 Arrangement of static and dynamic work
each team member in an interdisciplinary
team build on each other's expertise to  ETC,…………
achieve common, shared goals.
Benefits of ergonomics The Questions Employers Need Answers For:

 Developing new products
Productivity
 Increasing production capacity
Product quality  Identifying equipment and labor needs
Safety  Identifying costs of manufacturing products
Health  Determining work hours and shift schedules
 Defining job productivity and quality standards
Reliability
 Setting compensation levels
Job satisfaction
 Identifying skills for tasks
Personal development  Structuring tasks into jobs
 Increasing the available workforce by reducing problematic tasks
6
Who is a human operator?
Skilled professional using a complex machine in

Human Factors and Ergonomics
an artificial environment
Customer who has purchased a new equipment

in Product and Process design
Child sitting in a classroom
Disabled person in a wheel chair
37 ebooks.bharathuniv.ac.in/.../Ergonomics%20(10)/ERGONOMICS%20-%20GDLC.ppt 38
What is Human Factors in Design?

Human Factor Engineering
Key Measures/Goals (Cont’d.)
Human Factors Engineering Human Factors in design:
Physical and mental work capacity Industrial design Improve tactile feel
Design for the human/system
Fatigue Work place design Decrease errors
interface and account for both
Body forces, strength and posture Product design
Body sizes Furniture design cognitive and physical limits. Reduce fatigue
Thermal comfort/ heat stress/cold stress Machine design Key Measures/Goals Reduce the learning curve
Vision Ventilation
Improve effectiveness Ensure operability and usability
Hearing Lighting
Perception Acoustics Improve efficiency Meet user’s needs and wants
Information processing Engineering control Improve safety Positive perception of product
Decision making (Chemical & Physical)
Improve satisfaction
Performance and efficiency Building orientation
Adaptation and rehabilitation Maintenance Early involvement is key: “You can use an eraser on the drafting table
Behavior & social relations or a sledgehammer on the construction site.” – Frank Lloyd Wright
ebooks.bharathuniv.ac.in/.../Ergonomics%20(10)/ERGONOMICS%20-%20GDLC.ppt 39 https://www.nasa.gov/.../ppt/499162main_2009-1217_HSIKB-Human-Centered-Desi. 40
Applications of Human Factors: General Human Factors Application

HF is applied to Human Machine Systems:
Computer Technology  Manual Systems
 Hardware
 Mechanical Systems
 Software
 Automated Systems
Consumer Electronics
 Televisions
HF foci upon human interaction with:
 Audio
 Products
 Integrated Solutions
 Equipment
Cell Phones  Facilities
Appliances  Procedures
Tools  Environments
Vehicular Emphasis is on human beings, and on
Marine; Aviation; Space; and everything people interact with! engineering to meet the capabilities of humans
https://www.nasa.gov/.../ppt/499162main_2009-1217_HSIKB-Human-Centered-Desi. 41 https://www.nasa.gov/.../ppt/499162main 2009-1217 HSIKB-Human-Centered-Desi. 42
7
How does human factors positively impact
Human Factors and Human System Integration
design?
Human Factors in Design Considers Human
Limitations: Human Factors is a uniting and core component of Human Systems
 Information Theory Integration (HSI)
 Memory Resources
Human System Integration
 Attention Resources
 Compatibility Expectations  A comprehensive, multidisciplinary, technical and management
 Input Modalities process
 Anthropometrics
 Strength capability  Integrates human considerations within the system development
 Visual acuity process
 Acoustic sensitivity
 Ensures that the human contribution toward system performance
• This ensures that the final product/system/environment can be effectively utilized is consistently addressed throughout the system life cycle
by the end user, without exceeding their capabilities
• Failure to consider these factors can lead to: Human factors and HSI implement this approach through the
– User frustration; Fatigue; High error rates; Accidents; System failures human centered design process
https://www.nasa.gov/.../ppt/499162main_2009-1217_HSIKB-Human-Centered-Desi. 43 https://www.nasa.gov/.../ppt/499162main_2009-1217_HSIKB-Human-Centered-Desi. 44
The Human Centered Design Process Evaluation

Identify Need Define Context Specify Requirements
User Needs/Task Analysis
 Identify their needs, knowledge levels, expectations, and their behavior. This may
be done by observing users in their work environment, task analysis, surveys, and
Design Complete Evaluate Design Create Design focus groups.
Design
Human Centered Design Process implements consideration of the user throughout  Engineer the product with your target clients in mind (tailor products to their needs
planning and design. and abilities).
An ISO standard has been updated: ISO 9241-210:2010 “Ergonomics of human-system
Heuristic Evaluation
interaction -- Part 210: Human-centred design for interactive systems”
 Product evaluation that compares the design against established guidelines.
 Standard provides a level of consistency in the way HCD is implemented, and focuses
upon process, not specifics. • Testing

There are 4 fundamental steps to the process: – Usability testing
 Define the context of use: what are the tasks or objectives associated with the design. – Ergonomics evaluation
 Specify requirements: what expectations or requirements must the design accommodate
– Human in the loop evaluation
 Create design solutions: prototyping, rendering, mockup building
• Leverage Field Feedback
 Evaluate designs: usability testing and ergonomic assessment
– Assess feedback from actual users to shape future designs or redesigns.
Key Measures/Goals Design Process at NASA

Product Fit
 Does the product meet the users needs and expectations? Are the right features
included, do they—and can they—use those features? Early Concept Low-Fidelity

Development Prototypes
Errors
 Objective measure provided by the overall task error rate and the frequency and
severity of the error. How many users make mistakes and are they able to
recover? Usability Higher-Fidelity Human-in-the-
Inspection
Efficiency Prototypes Loop Evaluations
 Objective measure yielded by time on task. How long does it take the user to Check for
complete the task? Often correlated with satisfaction. Consistency
and
Satisfaction/Perception Adherence to
Final
 Satisfaction measures are subjective measures provided by the user. Standards
Prototype
Learnability (User-friendly)
 How easy the system is to learn. Can be expressed by a learning curve and
typically is associated with error and efficiency rates over time to show trending
8
Anthropometry Definition of Anthropometry
Anthropometry comes from the word “anthropos” whichmeans human and
“metron” which means measurement (Bridger,1995). The part of anthropology (study of humans) having to do with
According to Sanders & Mc Cormick (1987); Pheasant (1988), and Pulat (1992), measurements of the human body to determine differences
anthropometry is body dimension measurement or other physical body in races, individuals, etc…
Source : Webster’s New 20th Century Dictionary (1970)
characteristics that relevant with the design of something that is used by people.
Anthropometrics can be defined as a study which related with the measurement The study of human body measurements esp. on a
of human’s body dimension. comparative basis.
Anthropometry can be used as an ergonomics consideration in product design or Source: Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (1993)
work system that needs human interaction. Anthropometry is a science that deals with the
measurement of size, weight, and proportions of the human
The ergonomics aspects in a facility build and design process are very important
body. It is empirical (experimentally derived) in nature and
factors in support the development of production service.
has developed quantitative methods to measure various
physical dimensions. (Chaffin, 1984)
https://firdaramadhena.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/minggu4_anthropometry.pptx 49 50
http://pbmassagetherapy.com/wp‐content/uploads/2013/08/computer‐ergonomics.jpg
There are 3 basic philosophies of design The

antropometric
Product design for individual with extreme dimension.
data will be
Example: determining the minimum width and height of emergency door. needed for
Product design that can be operated in certain range measurement. engineering
design (for
Example: car chair design that can be slided forward or backward, and the humans) :
angle of the back rest also can be changed.
Product design for the average measurement.
Example: public facility design, such as restroom, waiting chair, etc. Work station design (work station, car interior,etc)
Work equipments design (tools, ….).
Every product design, whether simple or complex design, should be Consumptive products (clothes, chair, desk, etc).
oriented to the users’ anthropometry. Physical work environment design.
https://firdaramadhena.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/minggu4_anthropometry.pptx 51 https://firdaramadhena.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/minggu4_anthropometry.pptx 52
Factors the human body dimension

Anthropometry is divided into 2 parts
a) Age
Anthropometry statics, where the measurements are Human body dimension will be grown since born until around 20 years old for
men and 17 years old for women. And then it will decrease in age 60 years
taken to human body in static position. The measured
old.
dimension are taken linearly and in the body surface
b) Gender
Anthropometry dynamics, where the measurements Generally, men have bigger body dimension except for chest and hip.
are taken in various body position while moving, so it will c) Ethnicity
be more complex and difficult to measure Dimension variation may emerge, because of ethnic influence.
d) Work
Daily work activities also causing the differences in human body dimension.
https://firdaramadhena.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/minggu4_anthropometry.pptx 53 https://firdaramadhena.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/minggu4_anthropometry.pptx 54
9
Human Anatomy Fundamentals: Advanced
Human Anatomy Fundamentals - Head Shape
Facial Features – Skull Depth
Mesaticephalic skulls are not
Brachycephaly (from
markedly brachycephalic or Dolichocephaly
Greek roots meaning
dolichocephalic. (derived from the
"short" and "head")
Ancient Greek
δολιχός, meaning
"long") is a
condition where
the head is longer
than would be
expected, relative
to its width.
https://design.tutsplus.com/tutorials/human-anatomy-fundamentals-advanced-facial-features--cms-20683 55 56
Actual Head Shapes as Recommendation to arrange the

measured by Hat height of work base in sitting position
Maker in Gothenberg, such as:
Sweden
1. If it is possible, provide a table that can
be adjusted upward and downward;
2. The work base should be possible for
arm to hang in relax position from
shoulder, with forearm approach to
horizontal position or sloping down https://open.buffer.com/wp-
slightly; and content/uploads/2014/09/varid
esk-single-plus-mid.jpg
3. The height of work base does not need

© ElMaraghy, Waguih, 2017 excessive flexion of backbone.
57 https://firdaramadhena.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/minggu4_anthropometry.pptx 58
Work Station Design and Dynamics

Work Posture Standing,
and
Das (1991) and Pulat (1992) stated Knealing
that the combination of sitting and work
standing position is the best position positions
than only standing or sitting.
This is because the possibility of Anthropometrics
workers to change the work position
to reduce muscle fatigue because of
unnatural posture.
Data
https://www.pinterest.ca/furniturenow/sit-stand-height-adjustable-desks/ 59 60
10
Anthropometrics Anthropometric table
Female Male
5% 50% 95% 5% 50% 95%
A 690 743 795 739 795 850

B 181 226 266 188 235 274
C 406 439 479 447 482 520
D 438 478 525 458 499 544
E 540 585 637 569 616 665
F 352 388 428 395 434 476
G 474 513 558 515 559 605
moodle.morriston.swansea.sch.uk/pluginfile.php/8168/mod.../ppts/Ergonomics.ppt 61 moodle.morriston.swansea.sch.uk/pluginfile.php/8168/mod.../ppts/Ergonomics.ppt 62
Anthropometric Data
Anthropometric table
Dimension, In
Body dimension Sex 5th 50th 95th
The data was gathered by measuring 1000 or more 1. Stature (height) Male 63.7 68.3 72.6
Female 58.9 63.2 67.4
people and recording the frequency of each piece of 2. Eye height Male 59.5 63.9 68.0
Female 54.4 58.6 62.7
data.
3. Shoulder height Male 52.1 56.2 60.0
Female 47.7 51.6 55.9
A frequency graph can then be plotted for each piece
4. Elbow height Male 39.4 43.3 46.9
of data, for example seated height F Female 36.9 39.8 42.8
5. Knuckle height Male 27.5 29.7 31.7
The distribution of the graph will have a bell shaped Female 25.3 27.6 29.9
curve which is called a normal distribution curve. 13.Chest depth Male 8.4 9.5 10.9
Female 8.4 9.5 11.7
moodle.morriston.swansea.sch.uk/pluginfile.php/8168/mod.../ppts/Ergonomics.ppt 63 www.oshainfo.gatech.edu/ergopoultry/trainer/WorkstationDesign.ppt 64
Anthropometric Data Using Anthropometric Data

Dimension, In
Body dimension Sex 5th 50th 95th
6. Height, sitting Male 33.1 35.7 38.1
Female 30.9 33.5 35.7 Design for the extremes?
7. Eye height, sitting Male 28.6 30.9 33.2
Female 26.6 28.9 30.9
Design for an adjustable range?
8. Elbow rest height, Male 7.5 9.6 11.6
sitting Female 7.1 9.2 11.1
Design for the average?
9. Thigh clearance Male 4.5 5.7 7.
height Female 4.2 5.4 6.9
10.Knee height, sitting Male 19.4 21.4 23.3

Female 17.8 19.6 21.5
11.Buttock-knee Male 21.3 23.4 25.3
distance, sitting Female 20.4 22.4 24.6
12.Popliteal height, Male 15.4 17.4 19.2

sitting Female 14.0 15.7 17.4
www.oshainfo.gatech.edu/ergopoultry/trainer/WorkstationDesign.ppt 65 https://www.slideshare.net/derekfeatherstone/accessibility-as-a-design-tool 66
11
Ergonomic Design Approach
Anthroprometrics II – Reda Zdero, Guelph U. 67

Workstation Design 68
Posture Acceptable/Unacceptable Work Positions

Definitions
www.oshainfo.gatech.edu/ergopoultry/trainer/WorkstationDesign.ppt 69 70
Effect of Workstation Design on Posture Work Surface Heights
www.oshainfo.gatech.edu/ergopoultry/trainer/WorkstationDesign.ppt 71 www.oshainfo.gatech.edu/ergopoultry/trainer/WorkstationDesign.ppt 72
12
7
4
Anthropometric Measuring Tools Anthropometric Measuring Tools
Tape
Anthropometer
Medical scale
LAFAYETTE SKIN FOLD CALIPER
Sliding Calipers: large Spreading Caliper
and small LAFAYETTE ANTHROPOMETER SET
73 74
Physical Ergonomics Psychological & Cognitive Ergonomics

Psychology is the study of behaviour. ‘Psychological’
How the body responds to physical and psychological ergonomics means a product is designed considering how the
stresses. user will interact with it and use it. Can they understand its
use intuitively.
For example
Cognitive Ergonomics, also known as engineering psychology,
 ‘physical’ ergonomics means a product is designed so that it is not concerns mental processes such as perception, attention, cognition,
too heavy, or uncomfortable or too big or too small, or designed to motor control, and memory storage and retrieval as they affect
minimise this physical stresses. This arm of ergonomics is called interactions among humans and other elements of a system.
ANTHROPOMETRICS. Relevant topics include mental workload, vigilance, decision making,
skilled performance, human error, human-computer interaction, and
training.
moodle.morriston.swansea.sch.uk/pluginfile.php/8168/mod.../ppts/Ergonomics.ppt 75 moodle.morriston.swansea.sch.uk/pluginfile.php/8168/mod.../ppts/Ergonomics.ppt 76
Organisational Ergonomics
Biometrics
... or macro ergonomics, is concerned with the
optimisation of sociotechnical systems, including their
organisational structures, policies, and processes.
Relevant topics include shift work, scheduling, job
satisfaction, motivational theory, supervision, safety
culture, teamwork, telework and ethics.
moodle.morriston.swansea.sch.uk/pluginfile.php/8168/mod.../ppts/Ergonomics.ppt 77 78
13
Biometrics
Anthropometry Today
Biometrics
the automatic identification of a person
Nutrition and wellness based on his/her physiological or behavioral
 Weight Training characteristics
Ergonomics
Verification vs. identification
 dynamic anthropometry: Measurements taken on and around the figure
when it is in any position other than the fixed ones.  Verification: Am I whom I claim I am?
 Everyday life involves confirming or denying a person's
Evolutionary Significance
claimed identity
 Changes in humans overtime
Monitor growth in children  Identification: Who am I?
 Cranial Anthropometry
Biometrics Applications Biometrics Programs

Forensics: criminal identification and
prison security • Fingerprint Identification
Prevention of unauthorized access to • Hand Geometry: geometric shape of the hand for
ATMs, cellular phones, smart cards, authenticating a user's identity
desktop PCs, workstations, and
• Face Location: an arbitrary black and white, still
computer networks
image, find the location and size of every human face
Automobiles: replace keys with key-less
• Multibiometrics: integrates face recognition,
entry and key-less ignition
fingerprint verification, and speaker verification in
Border control and national ID cards
making a personal identification
Biometrics in Use Cranial Anthropometry
Also known as Craniometry

measurement of the skull and face
FacePass: Face Heathrow Airport‐ Iris 3 ways to categorize the skull
BenGurion Airport: Verification
Hand Geometry  dolichocephalic: long and thin
US‐ Visit  brachycephalic: short and broad
Program
mesocephalic: intermediate length and
INSPASS: Hand Geometry
breadth
Grocery Store Payment:
Fingerprint
14
Cranial Anthropometry Facial Zones
3- D Anthropometry
3D anthropometry, the measure of humans, can be greatly aided

Maximal cranial breadth
by the use of accurate digital humans. We'll take a look at how to
create these types of accurate digital humans and how they can be
used for the measurement of entire populations
Maximal cranial length
Programs:
 Cyberware: DigiSize; CySlice; Ear Impression 3-D Scanner
 SizeUSA: 3D measurement system, a body scanner feeding data

into measurement extraction software.
 CAESAR: generate a database of human physical dimensions for
men and women of various weights, between the ages of 18 and

65
 Virtual Models: virtually try on clothes, makeup etc.
91-302 Health, Safety and Human Factors (HSHF)
Lecture 2
The Human Body Systems;

Human Factors and Ergonomics
Anthropometrics Data & Biometrics
Prof. Waguih ElMaraghy, PhD., P.Eng.

Professor, Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering (IMSE)
Department of Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering
16 January 2018
15

2 Lect 2 Ergonomics 91302 HSHF w2018 16jan18 Act x6

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2 Lect 2 Ergonomics 91302 HSHF w2018 16jan18 Act x6

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

91-302 Health, Safety and Human Factors (HSHF) Content Outline

The Human Body Systems; o The Human Body Systems

Human Factors and Ergonomics o Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics

The Human Body Respiratory System

The Human Body Systems

Number and Type of Joints

Arteries vs. Veins

The Endocrine system of glands The Lymphatic System

The Human Body Systems The Urinary System

Digestive System Respiratory System Cool Facts!

Circulatory System Cool Facts! Muscular System Cool Facts!

Ergonomics considers human operators variability

 Ergonomics is a means of improving working conditions ARTIFICIAL

Comfort of people through better designs of products and WORK

Professions Having Complementary Roles With Ergonomics Ergonomic needs in a workplace

Benefits of ergonomics The Questions Employers Need Answers For:

Skilled professional using a complex machine in

Customer who has purchased a new equipment

Disabled person in a wheel chair

What is Human Factors in Design?

Applications of Human Factors: General Human Factors Application

The Human Centered Design Process Evaluation

upon process, not specifics. • Testing

Key Measures/Goals Design Process at NASA

included, do they—and can they—use those features? Early Concept Low-Fidelity

There are 3 basic philosophies of design The

Factors the human body dimension

Actual Head Shapes as Recommendation to arrange the

3. The height of work base does not need

Work Station Design and Dynamics

5% 50% 95% 5% 50% 95%

A 690 743 795 739 795 850

Anthropometric Data Using Anthropometric Data

10.Knee height, sitting Male 19.4 21.4 23.3

12.Popliteal height, Male 15.4 17.4 19.2

Anthroprometrics II – Reda Zdero, Guelph U. 67

Posture Acceptable/Unacceptable Work Positions

Effect of Workstation Design on Posture Work Surface Heights

Physical Ergonomics Psychological & Cognitive Ergonomics

Biometrics Applications Biometrics Programs

Biometrics in Use Cranial Anthropometry

Also known as Craniometry

3D anthropometry, the measure of humans, can be greatly aided

 SizeUSA: 3D measurement system, a body scanner feeding data

men and women of various weights, between the ages of 18 and

91-302 Health, Safety and Human Factors (HSHF)

The Human Body Systems;

Prof. Waguih ElMaraghy, PhD., P.Eng.

You might also like