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IDENTITIES AND FORMULAS

Basic Identities [5.1] Product to Sum Formulas [5.5]


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Common Equivalent sin A cos B   [sin (A  B)  sin (A  B)]
2
Basic Identities Forms
1
1 1 cos A sin B   [sin (A  B)  sin (A  B)]
Reciprocal csc    sin    2
sin  csc 
1
1 1 cos A cos B   [cos (A  B)  cos (A  B)]
sec    cos    2
cos  sec 
1
cot   
1
tan   
1 sin A sin B   [cos (A  B)  cos (A  B)]
2
tan  cot 

sin  Pythagorean Theorem [1.1]


Ratio tan   
cos 
c2 = a2 + b2 B
cos 
cot    c
sin  a
Pythagorean cos2   sin2   1 sin2   1  cos2 
A b C
sin   
1  co
s2 

cos2   1  sin2  The Law of Sines [7.1]


cos   
1  sin
2
 C

1  tan2   sec2 
b a
1  cot2   csc2 

Sum and Difference Formulas [5.2] Half-Angle Formulas [5.4] A c B


sin (A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B

A 1  cos A sin A sin B sin C
sin        
sin (A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B 2 2 a b c
cos (A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B

A 1  cos A or, equivalently,
cos   
cos (A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B 2 2 a b c
    
tan A  tan B sin A sin B sin C
tan (A  B)   A 1  cos A sin A
1  tan A tan B tan     
2 sin A 1  cos A
tan A  tan B The Law of Cosines [7.2]
tan (A  B)  
1  tan A tan B C
Even/Odd Functions [4.1]
cos ()  cos  Even a
b
Double-Angle Formulas [5.3]

sin ()  sin 
Odd
sin 2A  2 sin A cos A tan ()  tan 
cos 2A  cos2 A  sin2 A First form A c B
 2 cos2 A  1 Second form a  b  c  2bc cos A
2 2 2
 1  2 sin2 A Third form Sum to Product Formulas [5.5]
b2  a2  c2  2ac cos B
 
2 tan A sin   sin   2 sin  cos  c2  a2  b2  2ab cos C
tan 2A   2 2
1  tan2 A or, equivalently,
 
sin   sin   2 cos  sin  b2  c2  a2
2 2 cos A  
2bc
Cofunction Theorem [2.1]   a2  c2  b2
cos   cos   2 cos  cos  cos B  
sin x  cos (90°  x) 2 2 2ac
cos x  sin (90°  x)   a2  b2  c2
cos   cos   2 sin  sin  cos C  
tan x  cot (90°  x) 2 2 2ab

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