Book 1

Introduction
2005 Protection Seminar

6190-118th Avenue North – Largo, Florida 33773

www.beckwithelectric.com
 2005 Protection Seminar
Seminar Outline September 25-29, 2005

Sunday, September 25

6:00-8:00 p.m. Get-Acquainted Reception

Monday, September 26

8:00-9:30 a.m. Welcome, Intro to Instructors and Beckwith Electric Tom Beckwith
• Quality Issues
• Industry Standards

9:30-10:00 a.m. Generator Basics Chuck Mozina

Basic Concepts
• Prime movers & excitation systems
• Synchronous and induction machines
• Reactance dynamics during faults

10:00-10:15 a.m. Break

10:15-12:00 noon Generator Protection Upgrade Tutorial Tom Beckwith

• Review of Grounding Techniques

• Types of Generator Connections
• Latest Generator Protection Developments Reflected in IEEE Guides
Negative Sequence Protection down to continuous rating
100% Stator Ground Fault – Third Harmonic vs. Injection Method
Field Ground Fault and Brush Liftoff Detection with Injection Method
Split-Phase Differential with Turn-to-Turn Fault Detection
Overexcitation Function with Inverse Time and Integrating Reset Characteristics
Low Directional Power Sensitivity Requirements for Sequential Tripping
Distance Element Enhancements - Load encroachment blinding, Power swing blocking
Out-of-Step Protection - Single Blinder Method, Power Transfer and System Instability
Loss of Field Element Design to match machine capability curves and ride through system swings
with voltage supervision for fast trip release

12:00-1:00 p.m. Lunch

1:00-1:45 p.m. Generator Protection Upgrade Tutorial (continued) Tom Beckwith

• Abnormal Frequency
Four-Step Frequency Detection to Coordinate with System Load Shed Schemes
Rate of Change of Frequency Tripping
Six-Band Under Frequency Accumulator, Alarm and Trip
• Protection Against External Device Failure
• Operating, Commissioning and Analysis Tools
• Communications

1:45-2:45 p.m. Implementing Power Plant Control Logic Clark Shaughnessy

A Hydroelectric Plant Case Study
 2005 Protection Seminar
Monday, September 26 (continued)

2:45-3:00 p.m. Break

3:00-4:00 p.m. Power Plant Horror Stories Chuck Mozina

Conference Paper

• Case histories of generator trippings/failures and lessons learned

• Oscillographic analysis of cases
• Protective schemes/human error and their contribution to each event

4:00-5:00 p.m. Fault Fundamentals Clark Shaughnessy

• Fault types
• Symmetrical components
• Short-circuit calculations

Dinner (on your own)

7:00-10:00 p.m. Hospitality

Tuesday, September 27

8:00-10:00 p.m. Generator Protection Detailed Calculations and Settings Dr. Murty Yalla

10:00-10:15 p.m. Break

10:15-12:00 noon Power Plant Protection and Control Strategies Chuck Mozina
for Blackout Avoidance
Conference Paper

• Why voltage collapse is the root cause of most recent system blackouts.
• Effects of low voltage operation on generators and generator protection.
• Modern AVR generator controls and their role during system disturbances.
• Three generator instability conditions that occur during major disturbances and how
they relate to generator protection.
• Coordination of generator protection with AVR control, stability limits and generator capability.
• Coordination of impedance (21) and overcurrent (51V) generator backup relays with
transmission system protection - safe loadability margins and out-of-step blocking.

12:00-1:00 p.m. Lunch

1:00-3:00 p.m. Blackout Avoidance

Panel Discussion and Open Forum on Blackout Avoidance
Blackout Commission Report, IEEE Papers, NERC Requirements

3:00-3:15 p.m. Break

3:15-5:00 p.m. Blackout Avoidance

Panel Discussion and Open Forum on Blackout Avoidance
Blackout Commission Report, IEEE Papers, NERC Requirements
 2005 Protection Seminar
Tuesday, September 27 (Continued)

Panel Discussion Participants

Dr. Navin Bhatt
Analysis Manager, American Electric Power
Bob Stuart (Nexant)
Principal T&D Consultant and Director of Business Development
EleQuant
Mohamed Ibrahim
Fellow IEEE
Santiago Barcon
President, INELAP
C. “Paul” Dalpiaz
Consulting Engineer, CC&E Engineers, Inc.
Dinner (sponsored by Beckwith)

Wednesday, September 28

8:00-10:00 a.m. DG Interconnection Protection Tutorial Chuck Mozina

• What is DG and why is it so popular?

• Type of DG generators: synchronous, inductive, asynchronous (microturbine and fuel cells)
• Interconnection relay basics
• Interconnect vs. generator protection
• Influence of PURPA (Public Utility Regulator Policies Act).
• Current state of DG rules and regulations—what do they say?
IEEE 1547-An attempt at a national guideline.
California Rule 21
Texas State Guidelines.
New York State Guidelines.
Example of Utility Guidelines.
Relay approval list certification process.
• Generation that sells power to the utility.
• Peak-shaving and load-following applications
• Impact of interconnection transformer connections.
Analysis of five major connections.
Transient overvoltage caused by DG.
• Generator grounding.
• Effects of DG on utility feeder protection
Loss of coordination
Transient overvoltages

10:00-10:15 a.m. Break

10:15-11:00 a.m. DG Interconnection Protection Tutorial (continued) Chuck Mozina

• Dispersed Generator Interconnection Protection Areas

Detection of loss of parallel operation with utility.
Fault backfeed detection.
Detection of damaging system conditions.
Abnormal power flow.
Restoration.
• Detection method for loss of parallel operation
 2005 Protection Seminar
Wednesday, September 28 (continued)

Voltage and frequency “windowing”.

California rule 21 reverse power.
Transfer trip applications—when and why.
DG support during system disturbances.
• Tripping, automatic restoration and automatic reclosing on the utility system
Tripping of generator or main incoming breaker to separate from the utility system – how to decide.
Auto-restoration strategies.
Utility auto reclosing—how to protect your generator.

11:00-12:00 noon Transformer Protection Tutorial Dr. Murty Yalla

• Transformer Fundamentals
o Basic Equivalent Circuit
o Typical Applications
o Ratings & Classifications
o Ratio Adjustment
o Angular Displacement
• Transformer Protection
o Modes of Transformer Failure
o Types of Protection
o Mechanical Protection
o Electrical Protection
Overcurrent protection
Overexcitation
Overvoltage
Phase and Ground Differential

• Unique factors for differential protection

Differential protection basics
Current magnitude differences
Phasor differences due to transformer connections
Inrush phenomena and its effect on differential protection
CT saturation and its effect on differential protection
Overexcitation and its effect on differential protection
Use of a ground differential element for sensitive ground fault protection
Use of directional criteria for additional security
• Special concerns
Switch on to fault

12:00-1:00 p.m. Lunch

1:00-3:00 p.m. Transformer Protection Tutorial (continued) Dr. Murty Yalla

• M-3310 & M-3311 Transformer Differential Protection

Interface & Analysis Software
• Setting a Relay
Interface & Analysis Software
Configure relay for the application
Element enabling
Element setting
Input / Output Matrix
 2005 Protection Seminar
Wednesday, September 28 (continued)

Programmable logic
Setpoint Summary
M-3310 Two Winding Protection
M-3311 / M-3311A Two/Three Winding Protection
M-3311A
Sequence of Events
Through Fault Recorder
Advanced Element Design
M-3310 / M-3311 Inputs/Outputs
Metering
Vector Display
Programmable Logic
Communications
• Commissioning of Transformer Differential Protection Systems
Commissioning
Testing
PAT
SAT
Tools for Commissioning - Examples of proper and improper connections
Advanced metering analysis
Phasor display analysis
Oscillography uses during commissioning

3:00-3:15 p.m. Break

3:15-5:00 p.m. Transformer Protection Detailed Calculations and Settings

• Calculations and Settings of Differential Elements Dr. Murty Yalla
• Calculations and Settings Overcurrent Elements Clark Shaughnessy

Dinner (on your own)

7:00-10:00 p.m. Beckwith Electric Hospitality Room

Thursday, September 29

8:00-9:00 a.m. Application & Commissioning of Transformer Relays Chuck Mozina

Conference Paper

• How to set restraint to accommodate energizing, recovery and sympathy inrush scenarios
• High –speed clearing techniques for low level transformer ground faults.
• How overexcitation occurs on T&D transformers – recent in-service events.
• Protecting power plant auxiliary and customer transformers where ground
current is limited through the use of neutral grounding resistors.
• Commissioning of digital transformer relays – the use the internal digital
relay metering and graphics to speed up commission testing .

9:00-10:00 a.m. Introduction to Digital Oscillography

• Use and Comprehension of Oscillographs Scott Cooper

10:00-10:15 a.m. Break

 2005 Protection Seminar
Thursday, September 29 (continued)

10:15-11:00 a.m. Introduction to Digital Oscillography (continued)

• Oscillographic analysis for faults and events Scott Cooper

11:00-12:00 noon Automatic Synchronizing: Considerations & Methods Tom Beckwith

Conference Paper

• Effects of synchronizing errors

• Synchronizing system components
• Classical synchronizing scheme
• Manually-supervised automatic synchronizing
Fail-Safe Analysis
Testing Provisions
Backup Path Philosophy
• Matching Machine to System Prior to Synchronizing
Conventional Method
Pulse-Width-Modulated Proportional Method
Field Test Results

12:00-1:00 p.m. Lunch

1:00-3:00 p.m. Motor Bus Transfer (MBT) Tutorial Tom Beckwith

• Why Transfer Motor Load?

• Typical Applications
• Conditions Across Normally Open Startup or Bus Tie Breaker – Before/During Transfer
• Transient Effects Upon Motor Load Disconnect
• Motor and Load Characteristic Effects on MBT
• Resultant V/Hz Limits (ANSI C50.41-2000)
• MBT Classification – Open Transition, Closed Transition
• MBT Methods: Fast, In-Phase, Residual Voltage, Fixed Time
• MBT Modes: Sequential, Simultaneous
• MBT Means to Initiate
• Load Shed During Transfer
• Lockouts Required

3:00-3:15 p.m. Break

3:15-4:30 p.m. Motor Bus Transfer (MBT) Tutorial (continued) Tom Branch

• Bus Transfer Acceptance Testing

• Determining Applicability to a Project
• Case Study - Application, Ringdown (Spindown) Analysis, Settings Calculations.
Oscillography, Commissioning, Operating Data
• Case Study – Combined Cycle Power Plant
• Equipment Requirements

4:30-5:00 p.m. Wrap-Up Q&A

 Personnel Contact Guide
Beckwith Electric Company, Inc.
Phone: (727) 544-2326
Voice Mail: direct lines listed next to names below
FAX, Marketing/Sales/Customer Technical Support: (727) 546-0121
E-Mail, Marketing/Sales: marketing@beckwithelectric.com
Web Page: www.beckwithelectric.com

Service Contact Person(s)

Regional Sales
Eastern U.S., Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Bob McFetridge (919-284-1510), bmcfetridge@beckwithelectric.com
Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island
Central U.S. Jim Shanahan (727-545-7617), jshanahan@beckwithelectric.com
Western U.S., AK, HI, British Columbia,
Saskatchewan, Manitoba, NW Territories, Alberta, George Kosmas (209-529-7708), gkosmas@beckwithelectric.com
Yukon
Asia and Pacific Rim Clark Shaughnessy (727-545-7641), cshaughnessy@beckwithelectric.com
Latin America Hugo Monterrubio (954-389-8989), hmonterrubio@beckwithelectric.com
Other International Sales Tom Beckwith (727-545-7625), tbeckwith@beckwithelectric.com

Sales Trip Coordination, Marketing Linda Caporaso (727-545-7627), lcaporaso@beckwithelectric.com

Pricing, Delivery and Request for Quotation

Synchronizing, Protection and Accessories Sem Sourn (727-545-7644), ssourn@beckwithelectric.com
Bob Schuyler (727-545-7602), bschuyler@beckwithelectric.com
Charlie Stininger (727-545-7686), cstininger@beckwithelectric.com

Controls and Accessories Ted Murphy (727-545-7664), tmurphy@beckwithelectric.com

Application of Products, Systems, Custom Products
Synchronizing, Protection and Accessories
Controls and Accessories
Customer Technical Support:
Product Testing and Troubleshooting
Bob Schuyler (727-545-7602), bschuyler@beckwithelectric.com
Charlie Stininger (727-545-7686), cstininger@beckwithelectric.com
Sem Sourn (727-545-7644), ssourn@beckwithelectric.com
Seung Kang (727-545-7698), skang@beckwithelectric.com
Clark Shaughnessy (727-545-7641), cshaughnessy@beckwithelectric.com
Ted Murphy (727-545-7664), tmurphy@beckwithelectric.com
Seung Kang (727-545-7698), skang@beckwithelectric.com
Mark Dixon (727-545-7603), mdixon@beckwithelectric.com
Bob Schuyler (727-545-7602), bschuyler@beckwithelectric.com
Charlie Stininger (727-545-7686), cstininger@beckwithelectric.com
Seung Kang (727-545-7698), skang@beckwithelectric.com

Customer Service Wilma Beliveau (727-541-9544), wbeliveau@beckwithelectric.com

Return Authorization and Repair Status Bob Oudjdaoui (727-545-7685), boudjdaoui@beckwithelectric.com

Order Processing, Order Status, Exports, Credit- Rachael Herrera (727-545-7619), rherrera@beckwithelectric.com
Domestic & International
Gloria Maciejewski (727-545-7695), gmaciejewski@beckwithelectric.com
Literature Kathy Labus (727-545-7649), klabus@beckwithelectric.com

Mail List Changes Aracelis Rivera (727-541-9513), arivera@beckwithelectric.com

Web Page Aaron Granger (727-545-7626), agranger@beckwithelectric.com

Conferences, Expo’s, Society Information – Domestic Linda Caporaso (727-545-7627), lcaporaso@beckwithelectric.com

and International

September 2005
BECKWITH ELECTRIC
BECKWITH ELECTRIC

INTRODUCTION
 Beckwith Introduction

Beckwith Electric Strategy:

ƒ Identify Niche and Become the Best in Class by
1. Design and Manufacturing Engineering Excellence
2. Consistent Determination to Maintain Quality, Price,
Delivery and Service

ƒ Become Involved in the Electric Power Community

1. Contribute to Industry Standards Development
2. Publish Technical Papers

ƒ Seek Significant Industry Leaders as Partners who can

Benefit from Beckwith Expertise
ƒ Maintain Dominance through Continuing Design
Improvement and Novel Invention
ƒ Expand Only as Related to Core Competencies
 Beckwith Introduction

A major US manufacturer of:

ƒ Digital multifunction generator, transformer and DG
interconnect protection

ƒ Generator synchronizing and bus transfer

equipment

ƒ Voltage control devices for LTC transformer,

regulators, and capacitor banks

ƒ Packaged systems using Beckwith products

 Beckwith Introduction

World-Wide Standards Participation

ƒ IEEE PES Relaying, Substation and Transformer Committees
- Mozina, Yalla, Gardell, Westfall, Beckwith, Jauch
ƒ IEEE Industry Applications Society
- Mozina, Gardell
ƒ IEC
- Yalla - AHWG 1 Functional Standards for Measuring Relays
and Protection Equipment (Task Force Leader)
ƒ CIGRE
- Yalla - WG’s Modern Techniques for Protecting and
Monitoring of Power Transformers and Generating Plants
ƒ P-1547 (DG Standard)
- Kang
ƒ EGSA
- Dixon
 Beckwith Introduction

Beckwith Electric Leads the World

in Generator Protection
Dr. Yalla receives IEEE PES Award
Beckwith Electric is proud to announce that
Dr. Murty V.V.S. Yalla, President, and member of
the Beckwith Electric Company Board of Directors,
received an IEEE Power Engineering Society (PES)
Award at the IEEE PES General Meeting in Denver,
CO in 2004. The working group recognition award for
an outstanding technical report "Application of Peer-
to-Peer Communications for Protective Relaying"
was presented to Dr. Yalla, who chaired the working
group, by IEEE PES president Hans B. Püttgen. The
working group is associated with the
communications subcommittee of the power systems
relaying committee (PSRC) of the IEEE PES.

In 2005, Dr. Yalla was appointed President and elected to the Board of Directors for Beckwith
Electric Company. Dr. Yalla joined Beckwith Electric in 1989 as the vice president of research
and development/engineering, where he was responsible for new product development and
product maintenance in the areas of digital protection and control of power apparatus.
 Beckwith Introduction

ISO 9001 Registered Manufacturer

 Beckwith Introduction

M-34XX Series In-Service

Failure Rate Experience
December 31, 2003*

ƒ No. of Relays in Service 5180

ƒ No. of Failures 142
ƒ No. of Operating Hours* 141, 079,800
ƒ Failure Rate 1.0136 failures/106hrs
ƒ MTBF 113 years
* Assumes units are placed in service 6 months after shipment
 Beckwith Introduction

Production Testing on EVERY Relay

ƒ Beckwith Electric Other Manufacturers?

ƒ ; 1. Full Function Electrical Test …

ƒ ; 2. ANSI/IEEE C37.90.1-1989 …
Surge Withstand Capability Test

ƒ ; 3. Hi-Pot Test …

ƒ ; 4. 24-Hour Minimum Elevated …

Temperature Burn-In at 65º

ƒ ; 5. Final Test and Calibration …

Traceable to National Institute
of Standards and Technology*
 Beckwith Introduction

IEEE PC37.90.2 Standard for Withstand Capability

of Relay Systems to Radiated Electromagnetic
Interference from Transceivers (Excerpts)
3.0 Test severity level
The field strength prior to modulation shall be 20V/m r.m.s. The
waveform shall be amplitude modulated with a 1kHz sine wave.
Modulation shall be equal to 80%, with the resulting maximum field
strength not being less than 35V/m r.m.s. The test carrier frequency
shall be swept or stepped through the range of 80 MHz to 1.0 GHz.
Historical Note: IEEE C37.90.2 Standard for Withstand Capability of
Relay Systems to Radiated Electromagnetic Interference from
Transceivers was developed and published initially as a Trial Use
Standard with an field strength requirement of 10 volts/meter over the
frequency range of 25Mhz. to 1000Mhz. The Trial Use standard
expired after 2 years of publication. Following reviews of inputs
received from use of the Trial Use Standard, the final C37.90.2
document was subsequently released with a field strength
requirement of 35 volts/meter. This field strength magnitude was
established based upon test information received from the Working
Group members.
 Beckwith Introduction

IEEE PC37.90.2 Standard for Withstand Capability

of Relay Systems to Radiated Electromagnetic
Interference from Transceivers (Excerpts)
6.0 Test procedure
The following tests are to be performed.
a. The EUT shall be subjected to an electromagnetic field from a
radiation source operating within the swept or stepped frequency
range of 80 MHz to 1000 MHz.
b. The EUT shall be subjected to a keying test over the frequency
range of 80 MHz to 1000 MHz. (6.2 Keying Test - To determine
the susceptibility to repeated operation of a transmitter, a keying
test shall be performed to evaluate the test specimen in this
mode.)
c. The EUT shall be subjected to an electromagnetic field from a
radiation source at given spot frequencies from 80 MHz to 900
MHz.
 Beckwith Introduction

IEEE PC37.90.2 Standard for Withstand Capability

of Relay Systems to Radiated Electromagnetic
Interference from Transceivers (Excerpts)
6.4.2 Conditions to be met
The equipment shall be considered to have passed the
electromagnetic interference tests if during, or as a result of the
tests, all of the conditions below are met for the equipment and
the connected devices:
a. The specified performance of the equipment, including the
operating time, does not change, beyond stated tolerances.
b. No hardware damage occurs.
c. No change in calibration beyond normal tolerances results.
d. No loss or corruption of stored memory or data, including
active or stored settings, occurs.
e. "System resets" do not occur, and manual resetting is not
required.
f. Establish communications not affecting protection functions
recover within the manufacturer's time period, if disrupted.
 Beckwith Introduction

IEEE PC37.90.2 Standard for Withstand Capability

of Relay Systems to Radiated Electromagnetic
Interference from Transceivers (Excerpts)
6.4.2 Conditions to be met (cont’d)
g. Communications errors, if they occur, do not jeopardize the
protective functions.
h. No loss of digital pulse synchronization occurs or where the loss
of digital pulse synchronization does occur, it shall not produce an
out of tolerance condition.
i. No changes in the states of the electrical, mechanical, or status
outputs occur. This includes alarms, status outputs, or targets.
j. No erroneous, permanent change of state of the visual, audio, or
message outputs results. Momentary changes of these outputs
during the tests are permitted.
k. No error outside normal tolerances of the data communication
signals (SCADA analogs) occurs.
 Beckwith Introduction

IEEE PC37.90.2 Standard for Withstand Capability of Relay Systems to Radiated Electromagnetic Interference
IEEE PC37.90.2 Standard for Withstand Capability
from Transceivers (Excerpts)

of Relay Systems to Radiated Electromagnetic

Interference from Transceivers (Excerpts)
6.4.3 Equipment functioning
During and after the tests, the equipment and the connected
devices shall be completely and accurately functional as designed,
for the equipment to be considered as having passed the
electromagnetic interference tests.

7.0 Test records

5) The test conclusion (pass/fail).

 Beckwith Introduction

Power Source Reliability

ƒ Application of Redundant Power Supplies

ƒ Power Input - Flexibility and Range

- 110/120/230/240 Vac or 110/125/220/250 Vdc
- AC Range 85 – 265 Vac or DC Range 80 – 312.5 Vdc
- 24/48 Vdc
- DC Range 18 – 56 Vdc

ƒ Redundant Power Sources, Cabling, Fusing, etc. –

Employ separate battery sources or a battery/UPS
system
 Beckwith Introduction

Conformal Coating provides the following

protection:
- Anti-fungus
- Anti-Humidity
- Dust and airborn contaminant protection
- Increased insulation
- Some degree of mechanical stabilization for components
- Corrosion resistance
- Protection against saline environment - coastal plants and subs
Even "clean" environments are not "office clean". If you were to visit a typical substation, you
would not see an environment that you would call clean. Depending on the power plant type,
you would find a wide range of cleanliness. Oil-fired and coal-fired plants can be particularly
dirty. Gas-fired are no better, depending on the plant owner. Geothermal plants have to
contend with a corrosive environment. Some hydro facilities are squeaky clean, but in some
parts of the world, have to contend with a tropical environment. In the the industrial sector,
there are a wide variety of contaminants.

In conclusion, microprocessor circuits with high density circuit boards MUST be

kept CLEAN to function with LONG-TERM RELIABILITY.
 Beckwith Introduction

Integrated
Protection
Capabilities
Generators, Transformers
and DG Interconnection
 Beckwith Introduction

Generator Protection

Protecting the Asset

and the Revenue Stream
 Beckwith Introduction

Beckwith Electric
Meets and Exceeds
IEEE Standard
C37.102-1995
 Beckwith Introduction

IEEE Generator Tutorial

Beckwith Introduction
 Beckwith Introduction

COPEL Use Beckwith Electric’s Relays

 Beckwith Introduction

Beckwith Electric Leads the World in

Generator Protection
 Beckwith Introduction

Beckwith Electric Leads the World in

Generator Protection
 Beckwith Introduction
Niagara Mohawk Selects Beckwith’s Relays

Niagara Mohawk Selects Beckwith’s Relays

 Beckwith Introduction

Major OEM
User

G.E. S&S
Energy
Products
 Beckwith Introduction

Beckwith Electric
Leads the World in
Generator Protection

Power Plant with

ALSTOM’s Equipment
use BECKWITH Relays
for Generators in New
Zealand
 Beckwith Introduction
Generators Relays Manufactured by Beckwith Electric to
Beckwith– USA, Alstom-Germany and VA-TECH-Austria

BECKWITH
BECKWITH ORIGINAL
ORIGINAL RELAY
RELAY RELAY
RELAY MADE
MADE FOR
FOR ALSTOM
ALSTOM RELAY
RELAY MADE
MADE FOR
FOR VATECH
VATECH
 Beckwith Introduction

M-34XX Major OEM Users

¾ Siemens-Westinghouse
¾ Siemens (Germany)
¾ GE S & S Energy (Aero Energy)
¾ GE Power Systems (Automation)
¾ Pratt-Whitney
¾ Caterpillar Inc.
¾ Kohler Company
¾ Solar Turbines
¾ Alstom (P810/P820 series)*
¾ VA Tech Reyrolle (Gamma series)*
¾ ABB
¾ Toshiba
¾ Mitsubishi
¾ Hitachi
¾ Fuji
* Private labeled, manufactured by Beckwith
 000
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BECKWITH ELECTRIC CO., INC.

6190 - 118th Avenue North • Largo, Florida 33773-3724 U.S.A.
Phone: (727) 544-2326 • Fax: (727) 546-0121
E-mail: marketing@beckwithelectric.com
Web Site: www.beckwithelectric.com

© 2005 Beckwith Electric Co.

Printed in U.S.A.