SKELETAL SYSTEM TYPES OF BONES

 Skeletal tissues form bones (organs of the Skeletal system) TYPES DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES
 Adult Skeleton: 206 Long Bones Have greater length than width Femur
Consist mostly of compact bone Tibia
SKELETAL SYSTEM TERMINOLOGIES
tissue (Diaphyses) and Spongy Fibula
TERM MEANING TERM MEANING
Bone (Epiphyses) Humerus
The main portion of a Narrowed portion,
Short Bones Cubed shaped and are nearly Carpal
Body bone Neck usually at the base
equal in length and width Tarsal
of head
Consist mostly of spongy bone
Rounded bump; usually V-like depression with a thin layer of compact bone
fits into a fossa on in the margin or
Condyle Notch Flat Bones Generally thin and composed of Sternum
another bone to form a edge of a flat area
twoe nearly parallel plates of Ribs
joint
compact bone enclosing spongy
Moderately raised A raised area or bone tissue
Crest ridge, generally a site Process projection
Irregular Bones Have complex shapes Vertebrae
for muscle attachment
Sesamoid Bones “Sesame seed” like Patella
Bump near a condyle; Curved portion of
Develop in certain tendons where
Epicondyle often gives a “bump on Ramus the bone
there is considerable friction,
a bump” appearance
tension and stress
Flat surface that forms Cavity with the
Facet a joint with another Sinus bone
DIVISIONS OF SKELETON
facet or flat bone
Long cracklike hole for A sharp pointed AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON
blood vessels and process, usually STRUCTURE # STRUCTURE #
Fissure Spine Skull 22 Pectoral girdle 4
nerves for muscle
attachment Hyoid 1 Upper limbs 60
Round hole for vessels An elongated Ear Bones 6 Pelvic girdle 2
Foramen Sulcus Spinal Column 26 Lower girdle 60
and nerves depression
Depression; often Edge of a flat bone Thorax 25
Fossa receives an articulating Margin Total 80 Total 126
bone A. AXIAL SKELETON
Distinct epiphysis on a Tubelike opening  Consists of the bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the
long bone, separated or channel human body, an imaginary vertical line that runs through the
Head Meatus
from the shaft by a body’s center of gravity from the head to the space between the
narrowed portion feet.
 Auditory ossicles in the middle ear are not part of either the axial or
appendicular skeleton.
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AXIAL SKELETON: SKULL
CRANIAL BONES DESCRIPTION
Frontal “Forehead bone” Forms most of the roof of the eye
socket and the anterior cranial floor
Parietal Prominent, bulging bone behind the frontal bone
forming the top sides of the cranium
Sphenoid Keystone of the cranial floor; resemblling a bat with
wings outstretched and legs extended downward
posteriorly
Temporal Form lower sides of the cranium and part of the
cranial floor; contain the middle and inner ear
structures
Occipital Forms the posterior part of the cranial floor and
walls
Ethmoid Complicated irregular bone that helps make up the
anterior portion of the cranial floor, medial wall of
the orbits, upper parts of the nasal septum and side
walls and part of the nasal roof
FACIAL BONES DESCRIPTION
Palatine Form the posterior part of the hard palate, floor
and part of the sidewalls of the nasal cavity and
floor of orbit
Mandible Lower jaw bone; largest and strongest bone of
the face
Maxilla Upper jaw bones; form part of the floor of the
orbit, anterior part of the roof of the mouth and
the floor of the nose and sidewalls of the nose
AXIAL SKELETON: HYOID BONE
 U-shaped bone in the neck between the mandible and upper part
of the larynx; distinctive as the only bone in the body not forming a
joint with any other bone; suspended by ligaments from the styloid
processes of the temporal bones
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AXIAL SKELETON: VERTEBRAL COLUMN AXIAL SKELETON: THORACIC BONE
 Anterior part of each vertebra consist of the body except the first
two cervical
 Posterior part of the vertebrae consists of the neural arch which
consist of two pedicles, two laminae, and seven processes
projecting from the lamminae

BONES DESCRIPTION
Sternum “Breast bone”; a flat dagger-shaped bone
Body Main central part of the bone
Manubrium Flaring upper part
Xiphoid Projection of cartilage at the lower border of
process the bone
Ribs
True ribs Upper seven pairs; fasten to the sternum by
costal cartilage
False ribs Do not attach to the sternum directly; the
BONES DESCRIPTION
Or Floating upper 3 pairs of false ribs attach by means
Cervical vertebrae Upper 7 vertebrae
ribs of the costal cartilage of the seventh true rib
Thoracic Vertebrae The next 12 vertebrae where the 12
pairs of ribs are attached
Lumbar Vertebrae Next 5 vertebrae; strong, massive B. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Sacrum 5 separate vertebrae until about the  consist of bones of bones of the upper and lower limbs plus the
age of 25; then fuse to form one bones of the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton
wedge shape wedge-shaped bone  UPPER EXTREMETIES: shoulder girdle (Pectoral= scapula and
Coccyx 4-5 separate vertebrae in a child but clavicle) and upper limbs
fuse into in an adult
 LOWER EXTREMITIES: Pelvic girdle, and lower limbs

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APPENDICULAR SKELETON: UPPER EXTREMITIES APPENDICULAR: LOWER EXTREMITIES

PELVIC GIRDLE
BONE DESCRIPTION
BONES DESCRIPTION Coxal (hip bone) Forms the basin like pelvic cavity; attaches the
Clavicle Collar bones; the soulder girdle is joined to the lower extremities to the axial skeleton
axial skeleton by articulation of the clavicles Acetabulum Hip socket
with the sternum Iliac Crest Upper, curving body of the ilium
Scapula Shoulder blades; scapulae and clavicles Symphysis Pubis Cartilagenous, amphiarthrotic joint between
together make up the shoulder girdle the pubic bones
Humerus Long bone of the upper part of the arm
Radius Bone of the thumb side of the fore arm LOWER EXTREMITIES
Ulna Bone of the little finger side of the forearm; BONE DESCRIPTION
longer than the radius Femur Thigh bone; largest, strongest bone of the body
Olecranon Elbow Tibia Shin bone
process Fibula Long slender bone of the lateral side of the lower
Carpals Wrist bones; arranged in two rows at the part of the leg
proximal end of the hand (from the little finger Tarsals Bones that form the heel and proximal and
toward the thumb) posterior half of the foot
Metacarpals Long bones forming the framework of the palm Calcaneus Heel bone
of the hand Talus Uppermost of the tarsals
Phalanges Miniature bones of the fingers, 3 in each finger Longitudinal Arch of the foot made by the arrangement of the
and 2 in each thumb arches Tarsals and metatarsals
Use your references for the bones of the forearms, wrists and hands

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Muscular system CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENTS
 responsible for moving the framework of the body 1. ENDOMYSIUM: covers the muscle fibers
 General Functions: 2. FASCICLES: groups of muscle fibers
o movement of the body as a whole or its parts 3. PERIMYSIUM: covers the fascicle
o heat production 4. EPIMYSIUM: a coarse sheath covering the entire muscle
o posture 5. TENDON: a fibrous tissue continuation of the Endomysium,
skeletal muscles perimysiuma and epimysium, extending from the muscle to bone
6. APONEUROSIS: fibrous wrapping of a muscle that extend as a broad,
flat sheet of connective tissue
7. DEEP FASCIA: fibrous connective tissue surrounding the muscle
organ
8. TENDON SHEATHS: Tube shaped structures of fibrous connective
tissues enclosing certain tendons, notably the wrist and ankle.

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MUSCLE NOMENCLATURE STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
NAME MEANING NAME MEANING 1. FIBROUS JOINTS
DIRECTION: relative to midline ACTION  no synovial cavity
Rectus Parallel Flexor Decrease joint angle  bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue
Transverse Perpendicular Extensor Increase joint angle
that is rich in collagen fibers
Oblique Diagonal Abductor Moves a bone away
the mid line  Types:
SIZE Adductor Moves a bone closer a. sutures
to the midline b.syndesmosis
Maximus Largest Levator Raised a body part c. interosseous membrane
Minimus Smallest Depressor Lowers a body part 2. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS
Longus Long Sphincter Decreases the size of  no synovial cavity
an opening
 bones are held together by cartilage
Brevis Short Tensor makes a body part
rigid  Types:
SHAPE Rotator Rotates a bone around a. Synchondrosis
its longitudinal axis b.Symphysis
Deltoid Triangular NUMBER OF ORIGINS 3. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Trapezius Trapezoid Biceps Two origins  have a synovial cavity
Serratus Sawtoothed Triceps Three origins  united by a dense irregular connective tissue of an articular
Rhomboid Diamond Quadriceps Four origins
capsule and often by accessory ligaments
 Types:
TAKE NOTE OF:
a. Planar
 Prominent or large muscles: the origin, insertion and action
b.Hinge
 Biceps, triceps and quadriceps: know the origin , location and
c. Pivot
action
d.Condyloid/ellipsoid
 use mnemonics or acronyms to facilitate memorization.
e. saddle
joints and movements f. Ball-and-socket
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
JOINTS: 1. SYNARTHROSES: immovable joint
 AKA “articulation” 2. AMPHIARTHROSES: slightly movable
 a point of contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage, 3. SYNOVIAL JOINTS: freely movable
or bone and teeth.

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TAKE NOTE OF: REMINDERS:
 Types of fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and synovial joints:  Make sure to review and make your own notes regarding the topics
descriptions, functional classification and examples mentioned in the “TAKE NOTE OF:” using your reference.

FACTORS AFFECTING CONTACT AND RANGE OF MOTION AT SYNOVIAL

JOINTS
1. Structure or shape of articulating bones
2. Strength and tension of joint ligaments
3. Arrangement and tension of muscles
4. Contact of soft parts
5. Hormones
6. Disuse

TYPES OF MOVEMENTS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

MOVEMENT DESCRIPTION
Gliding Back and forth; side to side movement
Angular
Flexion Decrease the angle
Extension Increase the angle
Hyperextension Extension beyond the anatomical position
Abduction Movement away from the midline
Adduction Movement toward the midline
Circumduction Flexion, adduction, extension, adduction
Rotation Movement around the longitudinal axis
Special REFERENCES:
Elevation Superior movement  Tortora, G. & Derrickson, B. (2010)”Principles of Anatomy and
Depression Inferior movement Physiology” John Wiley & Sons, 12th edition
Protraction Anterior movement  Patton K. & Thibodeau G. (2007)”Anatomy & Physiology” by Mosby,
Retraction Posterior movement 6th Edition
Inversion Medial movement of the sole
Eversion Lateral movement of the sole
Supination Anterior movement of palms
Pronation Posterior movement of palms
Opposition Movement of thumbs to touch fingertips

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