Combustion Engine (ME 246)

Lecture. (Week 1-1)

Combustion Engine, Introduction
 Heat engines or combustion engines are the most frequent type of drive
used in motor vehicles and other purpose.

 I.C. (Internal Combustion) Engines generating power by converting heat

energy into mechanical work. Process of conversion of heat into
mechanical work takes place with some loses of energy due to friction and
cooling, this is shorten by what is called mechanical efficiency. (Actually
I.C. engines make use of only 20% of heat energy of the fuel).

 Fuels, most of which consist of hydrocarbons, requires oxygen in order to

burn, oxygen is usually supplied as a constituent (Component) of sucked or
intake air.

 If fuel combustion occurs in the cylinder itself, the process is called

internal combustion also for the combustion outside cylinder is called
external combustion.

 I.C. Engines always requires an open cycle, which is characterized as a

cyclic gas exchange, (Suction, Compression, Power, and Exhaust), i.e.
supply of fresh (new) charge and removal of combustion gases (exhaust).

 In case of external combustion, the actual working medium remains

chemically unchanged and can be returned to its initials condition by
suitable means (cooling, condensation), this enables to use a closed loop
process (Steam Engine).

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Combustion Engine (ME 246)
Lecture (Week 1-2)
Heat Engine Story
 Firstly, it was a challenge for humans how to get water from well for
agriculture irrigation, then came the era of steam with the beginning of
nineteen century.

 Then appeared Mr. Auto 1876 and his engine working with gasoline, in
1878 Mr. Diesel notice the lake of mechanical power of petrol engine, Mr.
Diesel tried to build another engine with higher capabilities of mechanical
power, in 1892 he received a patent on his great invention (Diesel Engine).

Operation of Internal Combustion Engine & Cycles

 In all reciprocating piston engines, air (as in Diesel engine) or air & fuel
mixture (as in Petrol engine) is compressed in the working cylinder, the
mixture is ignited by spark (Petrol engine) or fuel is injected and ignited
into the hot compressed air in the cylinder (Diesel engine).

 Fuel ignition or combustion generates high pressure on the piston which

converted into torque and power by the crank mechanism and fly wheel at
the end of the shaft.

Petrol Engine Power Cycle

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Combustion Engine (ME 246)
Lecture (Week 2-1)
Engine Types
 Mono-piston power unit (Types 1, 2, 3, 4). The working champers is
formed by the cylinder head, cylinder sleeve and the piston.
- Fig. (1.1) In-line Engine: - The cylinders are arranged in a line.
- Fig. (1.2) Vee-Engine: - The cylinder are arranged in 2-plans in a V
configuration.
- Fig. (1.3) Radial Engine: - The cylinder are arranged radially in one or
more plans.
- Fig. (1.4) Flat Engine: - (Opposed Cylinder) the cylinder are arranged
horizontal and opposed.

 Multi-piston power unit (Types 5, 6). More than one piston usually two.
Working piston share a common combustion chamber.
- Fig. (1.5) U-Engine: - The pistons move in same direction.
- Fig. (1.6) Opposed Piston Engine: - The pistons move in opposite
direction, but firing in the same time.

Fig.1. Engine Types

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Combustion Engine (ME 246)
Engine Direction of Rotation
 Each engine rotates in one direction only, Clock-Wise (CW) or Counter
Clock-Wise (CCW) rotation.

Numbering the cylinder

 The cylinders are numbered consecutively 1, 2, 3, 4, etc, as viewed looking
at the end opposite to the power output shaft.

Firing Order
 Is the sequences in which the cylinders fire, (The Sequences of Power
Strokes)

 It is determined by the engine design, Equal ignition intervals (for

balancing), Easy to design and manufacture crank shaft, also to get
favorable crank shaft loading.

Fig.2. Cylinders numbering of firing order

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Combustion Engine (ME 246)
Lecture (Week 2-2)
Engine Power Cycle
 The P–V diagram indicates the change of pressure inside the cylinder with
crank position (crank angle or piston position).

 The number of working

cycles per unit time
indicates the piston
power or the indicated
power the engine.

 The power generated by

an I.C. engine increase
with engine speed
(r.p.m).
Fig.3. P-V Diagram & Timing Diagram
 At Ө = 0° , The volume
above piston is minimum and called clearance volume or volume of
combustion chamber .

 At Ө = 180° , The volume above piston is

max. and it is the sum of clearance
volume and swept volume.

 b :- Cylinder Bore
 L :- Connecting-rod Length
 S :- Stroke
 Ө :- Crank Angle
- At Ө = 0° Piston at T.D.C
- At Ө = 180° Piston at B.D.C

Fig.4. Piston Cylinder Parameters

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Combustion Engine (ME 246)
 Displacement volume is the volume displaced by the piston from T.D.C
(Top Dead Center) to B.D.C (Bottom Dead Center) , and also called swept
volume. Also displacement volume is the difference between Max. and
Min. volume displaced by the piston from T.D.C to B.D.C

 = − = ∗ (Volume per cycle, C.C (Cubic Centimeter cm3))

 Engine Total Swept Volume = ∗ ( . )
- N :- Number of Cylinders

 Compression Ratio (r) :- is the ratio of maximum to minimum volume over

the piston at B.D.C and T.D.C consequently.

- = = = +

 Compression ratio is an important factor in engine performance, increasing

the compression ratio, increase engine power output. Max compression
ratio of petrol engine is (12 : 1).

 Higher compression ratio more than (10:1) can be achieved in overhead

valve engine.

Fig.5. Flat Head/Side Valve (left) versus Overhead Valve

(right) arrangement

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Combustion Engine (ME 246)
Lecture (Week 3-1)
Mean Piston Speed
∗ ∗ ⁄
 = =
⁄
- S :- Stroke
- n :- Engine (r.p.m)
 It has harmful effects on engine internal stresses and finally engine
estimated life time.
Piston Rings
 Piston rings are used to seal gases within the cylinder and keep oil out, the
gaps of rings are for thermal expansion.
 The blow-by due to gaps are degrading (decrease) engine performance.
Summary of laws.

 = − = ∗
 = ∗
 = = = +
 =

- :- Displacement Volume or Swept Volume or Volume Per Cycle.

- :- Maximum Volume (Clearance + Displacement).
- or :- Minimum Volume or Clearance Volume or Combustion
Chamber Volume.
- :- Total Swept Volume.
- :- Number of Cylinders.
- :- Compression Ratio.
- :- Mean Piston Speed.
- S :- Stroke
- n :- Engine (r.p.m)

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Combustion Engine (ME 246)
Examples
1- What is the compression ratio and the total swept volume of a 4–
Cylinder engine of 80 mm bore and 110 mm Stroke, if clearance volume
is 60 cm3.
Solution

= +1

= ∗ ∗ = ∗ 80 ∗ 110 = 552920.3070 ( )
552920.3070
= + 1 = 10.2
60 ∗ 10
= ∗ = 552920.3070 ∗ 4 = 2211681.228 ( )
= 2211.681 ( ) = 2.11 ( )

2- A 4–Stroke, 3 cylinder spark ignition engine of compression ratio 10:1

find its clearance volume, if its bore 80 mm and stroke is 90 mm.
Solution
= +1

= ∗ ∗ = ∗ 80 ∗ 90 = 452389.3421 ( )
4 4
.
10 = +1
= 50265.48 ( ) = 50.265 ( )

3- Calculate the mean piston speed at 5000 r.p.m if engine stroke is 80 mm.
Solution

2∗ ∗ 2 ∗ 80 ∗ 10 ∗ 5000
= = = 13.33 ( )
60 60

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Combustion Engine (ME 246)
4- An engine of 4–Cylinder, Petrol fuel and of compression ratio
( = 11 : 1), Cylinder bore is 88 mm and stroke 106 mm calculate the
volume of combustion chamber and the total swept volume.
Solution
= +1

= ∗ ∗ = ∗ 88 ∗ 106 = 644705.0780 ( )
4 4
.
11 = +1
= 64470.50780 ( ) = 64.4705 ( )
= ∗ = 644705.0780 ∗ 4 = 2578820.312 ( )
= 2578.8203 ( ) = 2.57 ( )

5- (H_W) An Engine of 4–Cylinder, 4–Stroke, Diesel fuel of Compression

ratio 26 : 1 , = . , Calculate bore and stroke of the design engine
if = ( . ).
Solution
= +1

∗ ∗
4 + 1 = 26
220
= 1.2 , = 1.2 ∗
∗ 1.2 ∗
4 + 1 = 26
220
= 18.0037 ( )
= 21.6045 ( )

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Combustion Engine (ME 246)
Lecture (Week 3-2)
Valves Overlapping
 Is the period during which both valves exhaust and intake are open
simultaneously (in the same time), this period is about 25° to 35° degree of
crank angle, (Fig.3).
Horse Power and Definition of Power
 = −
- B_hp :- Break Horse Power (Measured)
- I_hp :- Indicated Horse Power (Theoretical – Maximum)
- f_hp :- Friction Horse Power (Power Losses)

 For example an engine of 300 HP may show only 250 HP maximally on

the dynamometer (Power Tester)
 Rated power or net power is the maximum effective power of an engine at
full throttling.
 Power friction losses occurs as a result of relative motion between engine
parts.
 Factors affecting the resistance are the pressure between frictional surfaces,
surface roughness, metal structure and lubricant viscosity.

Power Measurement and Break Dynamometer.

 There are many types of dynamometer, hydraulic one which resist the
engine power by a fan wheel in water according to the water level.

 Also the electric resistance type which is derived by the tested engine and
the generated electric power is consumed till the engine is about to stop,
then the power is calculated or estimated according to conversion tables.

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Combustion Engine (ME 246)
Week 4, Data Show
Lecture (Week 5-1)
Characteristics' Curves
 This curves indicate
the rate of change of
engine power, engine
torque, and fuel
consumption
according to the
engine speed (r.p.m).
 At higher speeds
volumetric efficiency*
lowers, combustion
pressure are also
lower, and thus torque
is low. Fig.6. Characteristics Curves
 Also at high speed piston is
moving so much faster and as a result less thrust (Pressure) is exerted on
the piston due to less pressure of combustion.
Mechanical Efficiency
 It is the ratio of Break Horse Power B_hp to Indicated Horse Power I_hp :-

−
= =

Example:-
An Engine of I_hp 200 KW, and 25 KW frictional horse power, what is estimated
mechanical efficiency? (87.5 %)

* Volumetric Efficiency / used to measure the effectiveness of an engine's induction process,

defined as the volume flow rate of air into the intake system divided by the rate at which
volume is displaced by the piston.
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Combustion Engine (ME 246)
Engine Heat Losses
 Actually 2 3 or more of fuel Heat Energy is lost as indicated in fig.7 and
only 20% produce power output from the engine out-put shaft, also the
10% value is lost as 5% friction and 5% as heat emissions from engine
body.

Fig.7. Total Heat Energy in Fuel

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Combustion Engine (ME 246)
Lecture (Week 5-2)
Engine Power
Summary of Laws

- = ∗ ( . )
∗ ∗
- = ∗ = ∗ =
∗ ∗
= ∗ ∗
∗ ∗
= ∗ ∗ = ∗( ∗ )∗
= ∗ ∗
- = ∗ ∗ ∗ = ∗ ∗ ( )
∗
- = ∗ ∗ ∗ = ∗ ∗ (2 Stroke Engine)
∗

- W :- Work
- P :- Power Generated at Power Stroke
- Pt :- Total Power Generated by the Engine
- Pi :- Mean Effective Pressure
- A :- Piston Sectional Area
- Vs or Vd :- Swept Volume
- Vt or VH :- Total Swept Volume
- Vm :- Mean Piston Speed
- Z or N :- Number Of Cylinder
- S :- Stroke

- = , = ( . ) , =
- = = =
- = . , = .

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Combustion Engine (ME 246)
Examples
1- A 4-stroke petrol engine of 4 cylinders, its bore 77 mm , stroke 84 mm ,
mean effective pressure Pi = 10.96 bar , Mechanical efficiency = 84 %
Calculate at 5500 (r.p.m) :-
- Total Swept Volume in Liters.
- Engine Indicated Power in KW & HP.
- Engine Break Power.
Solution
= ∗
= ∗ ∗ = 391156.5597

= 391156.5597 ∗ 4 = 1564626.239 = .
5500
= ∗ ∗ = 10.96 ∗ 10 ∗ 1.5646 ∗ 10 ∗ = 78595.07
120 120
= . = .

= 0.84 = ∴ = .
78.59

2- An Otto 4-Stroke Engine of 4- cylinder, its bore 69.5 mm , stroke 72 mm ,

Mean Effective Pressure Pi = 7.7 bar , Calculate Vt in liters & Engine
power at 6000 (r.p.m).
Solution
= ∗ ∗ ∗ = 1092576.81 = .
6000
= ∗ ∗ = 7.7 ∗ 10 ∗ 1.0925 ∗ 10 ∗ = .
120 120
= . = .

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Combustion Engine (ME 246)
3- A car of 17500 N in weight lifted to 1.8 m within 20 (sec), Calculated
generated Power in W, KW, HP.
Solution
1.8
= ∗ = 17500 ∗ = = . = .
20

4- A 4-Cylinder engine of 4-stroke, its stroke 120 mm, what is the power
generated by the engine in KW at 3600 (r.p.m), if the acting force on the
piston is 2000 N.
Solution
- Power generated at power stroke :-
2∗ ∗ 2 ∗ 120 ∗ 10 ∗ 3600
= = 2000 ∗ = 28800 = 28.8
60 60
- Total Power generated by the Engine
2 2 2
= ∗ ∗ ∗ = ∗( ∗ )∗ ∗ = ∗ ∗ ∗
60 ∗ 4 60 ∗ 4 60 ∗ 4
2 ∗ 3600
= 2000 ∗ 120 ∗ 10 ∗ 4 ∗ = 28800 = .
60 ∗ 4

5- An Otto Engine of 2 Stroke & 2 cylinders, the mean piston speed

Vm = 12.5 (m/s) if the acting force on the piston is 1800 N, Calculate the
Power generated by the engine.
Solution
- Power generated at power stroke :-
= ∗ = 1800 ∗ 12.5 = 22500 = .
- Total Power generated by the Engine :-
2
= ∗ ∗ ∗ = ∗ ∗ = ∗ = .
60 ∗ 2 2

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