Name: ANN COLEEN KAY UNTALAN

Guide Questions:
1. What structural components are found in muscles? What do these components have to do with muscle performance?

Answer: The components of muscles are large number of muscles fiber approximately 0.004 in diameter and ranging in length
from 0.2 to 5.5 in depending on the size of muscles. These fibers are typically bound together in bundles by connecting issue with
extends to the end of muscles and assist in fumble attach in the muscles and muscle fibers are to the born. These bundles are
penetrated by tiny blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to the muscles fiber as well as by small nerve ending that carry
electrical impulse from the spinal code and brain.

2. Explain the elements of static and dynamic muscle performance with the sliding filament theory.

Answer: There are two types of filaments which are thick filaments, comprised of long protein with molecular heads called myson
and thick filaments comprise of global protein called acting. The two types of filaments are interlaced giving raised to the started
appearance and alternate name. These allow the muscles to contract as a filament slide over one another. Which occurs as
molecular bridge or bond are firm broken and reform between myosin heads and action globules. This sliding filaments theory
explained how the muscles length can change from proximately fifty percent of its resisting length or contracted length at
proximately the midpoint in the normal range of complete contraction to 180 percent of its resting length as complete extension.

3. Describe the different types of muscle fibers and relate their properties to muscle performance.

Answer: The types of fibers approximately 0.004 in diameter and ranging in length from 0.2 to 5.5 in depending on the size of
muscles. These fibers are typically bound together in bundles by connecting issue with extends to the end of muscles and assist in
fumble attach in the muscles and muscle fibers are to the born. These bundles are penetrated by tiny blood vessels that carry
oxygen and nutrients to the muscles fiber as well as by small nerve ending that carry electrical impulse from the spinal code and
brain.

4. Why does a change in the number of active motor units not result in a proportional change in muscle tension?

Answer: The central nervous system tends to recruit the active motor units selectively by increasing size as higher muscle forces
are needed .The initial motor units recruited are small insides, with few muscles fibers and low produce forces. However, since
these are small and low in tension, the change in force production from one to two or more motor units recruited is very
gradually.

5. What does EMG measure? How is EMG interpreted?

Answer: The electrical activity of muscles, termed Electromyograms is useful measure of local muscles activity. Such as activity
measure by placing recording electrodes on the skin surface over the muscles of interest then modifying the processing to the
amplitude and frequently of the signal for amplitude analysis. The signal is typically rectified and smooth. The result has
reasonably linear relationship to the muscles force exerted the frequency approach involves digitizing the signal and performing
the fast Fourier transform analysis to yield of frequency spectrum. As the muscles begins to fatigue muscles activities shift from
high frequency to the low frequencies. Also the EMG amplitude tends to increase with fatigue for given level of exertion.

6. Explain why workstation designers should endeavor to have operators perform work elements without lifting their elbows.

Answer: Because when elbows are extended, tendons and muscles in the arms are stretched. If the arms perform twisting
motions in this position, it can overstress muscle groups and tendons.

7. What viewing distance would you recommend for a seated operator working at a computer terminal?

Answer: The location of the primary visual target should be optimized with respect to the human operator. The normal line of
sight is roughly about 15 degree below the horizontal, and primary visual field is roughly defined as a cone plus or minus 15
degree in arc centered on the line of sight. The implication is that within this area, no head movements are needed and eye
fatigue is minimized.
8. Define and give examples of the 17 fundamental motions, or therbligs.

Answer:
1.Reach- Motion of empty hand to or from object; time depends on distance moved; usually preceded by release and followed by
grasp.
2.Move- Movement of loaded hand; time depends on distance, weight, and type of move: usually preceded by grasp and followed
by release or position.
3.Grasp- Closing fingers around an object; begins as the figures contact the object and ends when control has been gained; depends
on type of grasps; usually preceded by reach and followed by move.
4.Release- Relinquishing control of object, typically the shortest of the therbligs.
5.Preposition- positioning object in predetermined location for later use; usually occurs in conjunction with move, as in orienting
a pen for writing.
6.Use- manipulating tool for intended use; easily detected, as it in advances the progress of work.
7.Assemble- Bringing too mating parts together; usually preceded by position or move; followed by release.

8.Disassemble- Opposite of assemble, separating mating parts; usually preceded by grasp and followed by move or release.
9.Search- Eyes or hands groping for object; begins as the eyes move in to locate an object.
10.Select- Choosing one item from several; usually follows search.
11.Position- Orienting object during work; usually preceded by move and followed by release.
12.Inspect- Comparing object with standard, typically with sight, but could also be with the other senses.
13.Plan- Pausing to determine next action, usually detected as a hesitation preceding motion.
14.Unavoidable Delay- Beyond the operators control due to the nature of the operation,e.g. left hand waiting while right hand
completes along a reach.
15.Avoidable delay- Operator solely responsible for ideal time ,e.g. coughing
16.Rest of Overcome Fatigue- Appears periodically, not every cycle, depend on the physical work load.
17.Hold- One hand supports object while other does useful work.

9. How may the basic motion Search be eliminated from the work cycle?

Answer: This can be eliminated by providing an exact location for all tools and parts.

10. What basic motion generally precedes Reach?

Answer: Release

11. What three variables affect the time for the basic motion Move?

Answer: Distance, Weight of Load and Type of Move

12. How does the analyst determine when the operator is performing the element Inspect?

Answer: When the predominant purpose is to compare some object with a standard, and it is usually not hard to detect since
eyes are focused upon the object and a delay between motions is noted while the mind decides to accept or reject the piece in
question.

13. Explain the difference between avoidable and unavoidable delays.

Answer: Avoidable delay is any idle time during the cycle for which the operator is solely responsible, either intentionally or
unintentionally while Unavoidable delay is an interruption beyond the control of the operator in the continuity of an opration.

14. Which of the 17 therbligs are classed as effective and usually cannot be removed from the work cycle?

Answer: Reach, move, grasp, release, preposition, use, assemble and disassemble are classed as effective.

15. Why should fixed locations be provided at the workstation for all tools and materials?

Answer: It is to permit the best sequence and to eliminate the therbligs search and select.
16. Which of the five classes of motions is preferred for industrial workers? Why?

Answer: Small as possible workstations should be designed for classes 3 and less. There is no best type of motion
generally preferred for industrial workers. It is a case to case basis. It depends on the nature of the job that the
industrial workers perform. For example if the employees work in an industry where computer chips are being
assembled it does not require whole arm or body movement. In contrast, this type of motion is needed when
working in a car manufacturing industry.

17. Why is it desirable to have the feet working only when the hands are occupied?

Answer: Because feet and legs are stronger than hands.

18. In a motion study, why is it inadvisable to analyze both hands simultaneously?

Answer: Analyzing both hands simultaneously would be much too confusing.

19. What task factors increase the index of difficulty in a Fitts’ tapping task?

Answer: In a Fitt’s tapping task , the task factors that increase the level of difficulty include the distance of the movement/
movement time and the target size in a series of positioning movements to and from identical targets.

20. What factors affect back compressive forces during lifting?

Answer: The weight/size and direction of the load or force on the hands, The posture assumed, Frequency of force, Duration of
activity & Fixed or stationary postures

21. What factors influence the measurement of isometric muscle strength?

Answer: The factors that influence the measurement of isometric muscle strength include gender, age, handedness,
fitness/training and the total body mass of a person.

22. Why do psychophysical, dynamic, and static strength capabilities differ?

Answer: Psychological strength capabilities have been defined for those situations in which the strength demands are required
for an extended time. Dynamic strength are very much and task- and condition-dependent. Static strength capability is not
necessary representative of what would be repetitively possible over 8-h shift.

23. How does work capability vary with gender and age?

Answer: There are age and gender differences in physical capabilities level. According to the study made by HALCyon Study
Team of United Kingdom with the title “Age and Gender Differences in Physical Capability Mid-Life Onwards: The Harmonisation
and Meta-Analysis of Data from Eight UK Cohort Studies”, levels of physical capability decline with age and men performed
better than women in terms of grip, walking speed, chair rising ability, timed get up and go, standing balance and physical
performance. All of these factors affect performances which require physical exertion.

24. What limits endurance in a whole-body manual task?

Answer: amount of oxygen in the cardiovascular system

25. What seat width would accommodate 90 percent of adults?

Answer: The seat width accommodate for 90 percent adults are greater than or equal to 18.2 cm.
26. Compare and contrast the three different design strategies.

Answer: The three diff design strategies are design for extremes ,design for adjustability and design for the average.

27. Explain how a proper work surface height would be determined.

Answer: The work surface height would be determined by a comfortable working posture for the operator. This means that the
upper arms are hanging down naturally and the elbows are flexed at 90 degree so that the fore arms are parallel to the ground.
The elbow height becomes the proper operation or work surface height. If the work surface is too high, the upper arms are
abducted, leading to shoulder fatigue.

28. What are the most critical features in a good ergonomic chair? Which should be adjustable?

Answer: When a person is standing erect, the lumber portion of the spine curves naturally inwards, which is term as lordosis.
However as a person seats down, the pelvis rotates backward, flattening the lordotis curve and increasing pressure on the disk in
the vertebral column therefore ire is term as a critical features in a good ergonomics chair. Adjustable approach is to preventing
flattening of the lordotic curve is to reduce pelvis rotationby maintaining a large angle between the torso and thighs, via a
forward tilting seat which means that is a shape maintain by astronauts in the weightless environment of space.

29. What is the principle behind the design of a saddle seat?

Answer: To reduce pelvic rotation by maintaining a large angle between the torso and thighs by aforward tilting seat. This type of
seat may put additional stress on the knees. The addition of pommel with the forward slopping seat, forming a saddle like seat,
may be a better overallapproach as it eliminates a need for knee supports and still allows for back supports.

30. What is lordosis and how does it relate to a lumbar pad?

Answer: When a person is standing erect, the lumber portion of the spine curves naturally inwards,which is term as lordosis.
When person seats down the pelvis rotates backward, flattening the lordotic curve anincreasing the pressure on the disk of the
vertebral column of the spine so that it is importantto provide lumber support in the form as outward bulge direction the seat
back, which is directly related to lumber pad placed at belt level.

31. What is the principle behind antifatigue mats?

Answer: The principle of antifatigue mats is to allow small muscles contraction in the legs, forcing the blood to move and keeping
it from tending to pool in the lower extremities.

32. What is the principle behind the proper layout of bins, parts, and tools on a work surface?

Answer: Every Motion, a distance is involved. The greater the distance the larger the muscular effort, control, time. It is therefore
important to minimize distances. Normal working area in the horizontal plane on the right hand includes the area circumscribed
by the arm below the elbow when it is moved in an arc pivoted at the elbow. The time required performing both of the transport
therbligs reach and move is directly proportional to the distance that the hands must move in performing these therbligs.
Utilizing bins, components can be continuously brought to the normal work area, thus eliminating long reaches to get these
supplies.

33. Why is a fixture so important in workplace? List as many reasons as possible.

Answer: 1.a reduced risk of occupational accidents and health problems; 2. better concentration and accuracy in work;
3. a brighter, cleaner workplace resulting in a more active, cheerful environment; 4. improved work performance; 5.
better visibility, improved accuracy and increased work speed enhancing production.

34. What does Warrick’s principle refer to in designing controls and displays?

Answer: Warrick's principle - the display pointer moves in the same direction as that side of the control nearest to it (applies
when control is located to the side of the display)

35. What is the optimum line of sight?

Answer: "Looking where you are going" or "paying attention to what you are doing" during the walking process is not
synonymous with "looking at your feet" or "paying exclusive attention to your feet." Not only is "looking at their feet" while
walking an unnatural practice, in most circumstances, it can actually be a dangerous practice. Normal line of sight during the
walking process is about 10 degrees downward from horizontal. This means that objects at or near one's feet, to the far left or
right, or overhead, must be seen in peripheral vision, a relatively poor means of perceiving detail.

36. List three principles for arranging components on a panel.

Answer:
• Importance principle – Important components be placed in convenient locations.

• Frequency of use principle – Frequently used components be placed in convenient locations.

• Functional principle – The grouping of components according to their function that are functionally related in the system.

37. What is the range effect?

Answer: the tendency to overshoot short distances and undershoot long distances.

38. List the three principles for effective control–display compatibility.

Answer: affordance, mapping and feedback

39. What is operational coding?

Answer: Operational coding requiring a unique movement (e.g., putting the gearshift into reverse) is especially useful for critical
controls that shouldn’t be activated inadvertently.

40. What is the main disadvantage of tactile controls?

Answer:

41. What is “control movement without system response” known as?

Answer: Deadspace
42. If the C/R ratio is increased from 1.0 to 4.0, what happens to travel time, adjust time, and total time?

Answer: Travel time will increase, adjust time will decrease and total time will depend on the task situation and optimum
performance point.

43. What are the three most important task factors leading to cumulative trauma disorders?

Answer: force, posture and frequency

1. Position - When working with the wrists approximately straight, elbows at about 90°, shoulders relaxed and the spine kept in
its natural “S” curve, the strain placed on muscles, tendons, discs and ligaments is minimized.
2. Force - The more force required to perform a particular task, or the longer that force must be applied, the greater the risk of
developing a CTD.
3. Repetition - Tasks that use the same muscles and tendons over and over, require more muscle effort and allow less recovery
time. Often jobs that require high repetition rates can lead to fatigue and injury.

44. What is the most important factor leading to white finger?

Answer: Occlusion of the blood flow due to vibration.

45. What is trigger finger?

Answer: Tendinitis in the index finger, caused by repetitive triggering of a power tool. (Trigger finger is a condition in which one
of your fingers gets stuck in a bent position. Your finger may bend or straighten with a snap — like a trigger being pulled and
released. ... It occurs when inflammation narrows the space within the sheath that surrounds the tendon in the affected finger.)

46. Describe the progression of the disease state for carpal tunnel syndrome.

Answer: In the center of the wrist there is a space called carpal tunnel, where a major nerve and nine pass from the forearm into
the hand. The roof of this tunnel is formed by a strong ligament called the transverse carpal ligament. When there is a swelling in
the carpal tunnel, pressures build in the median nerve, which supplies most of the feeling and movement to the fingers and
thumb. When this pressure becomes great enough to compress the median nerve, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome may occur.
Repetitive hand motion and activities which involve grasping, squeezing or clipping can make the symptoms develop.

47. Design an ergonomic handle, indicating all the principles used in the design.

Answer:

48. What are the key concerns in the design of a power tool?

Answer: reaction bars, tool balancers, handle configuration, center of gravity, weight of the tool

Practice Application Problems:

1. You are asked to design a control/display panel for the NASA escape launch. After the initial escape, propulsion is to be
used to decelerate against the earth’s gravitational field. The parachute can be released only within a given, narrow altitude
range. Arrange the seven displays/controls, using the same-sized dials as shown on the following control panel. Explain the
logic for your arrangement.
2. In a small manufacturing plant, the soldering iron shown here is used to solder connections on a large vertical panel.
Several musculoskeletal injuries have been reported on this job over the last year in addition to many operator complaints.
In general, it seems that
a. It is difficult to see the point of application when using this tool.
b. The operators are gripping the tool unnecessarily tightly.
c. The power cord tends to get entangled.
d. Operators complain about wrist pain.
Redesign the soldering iron to eliminate the problems outlined above. Point out the ergonomic or other special features
that have been incorporated into the design.

a. Set marked points into the vertical panel for soldering to be précised.
b. Grip handle should have a light cushion that won’t affect the weight and much thickness of
the handle but it would cause more comfort and would be easier to grip.
c. There should be a roller for the cord, that it will serve as manipulator for the adjustments of
cord to be shorter or longer.
d. We can make the handle into a pistol grip, because pistol grips are good for tightening on a
vertical surface.