CULTURE

cultus (cultivation)

PATERRN and SYSTEM pattern is not random, pattern of meaning, system of inherited conceptions

Perception of the world

Culture is like a bed

Culture is like a dress code

way, to learn and capabilities

Culture is the way people learn to think.

 CULTURE
Complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, history, religion.

education, art literature, high culture

CULTURE ONE (CIVILIZATION OR REFINEMENT OF THE MIND)

something distinguishing members of one group from members of another

CULTURE TWO (MENTAL SOFTWARE)

Culture is LIVING BEING – it can change, it grows, it can die.

Culture shares beliefs, customs with its members.

BACKBONE and RULES

Culture is backbone of person’s life, the way we act is influenced by multiple aspects.

DNA
Group’s cultural assumption like individual’s DNA.

NUMBER and SUM

Culture is a large number of experienced beliefs, norms, behaviours passed from generation to generation and culture
is sum of factors as education, politics, law, technology.

COLLECTION and PATTERNS

Collection of ideas and patterns of thoughts and manners – national culture (the set of norms, behaviors, beliefs and
customs that exist within the population of a sovereign nation).

COLLECTIVE PROGRAMMING – SOFTWARE OF THE MIND

It is the collective programming of the mind (thinking, feeling, acting) which distinguishes the members of one group
or category of people from another. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one's social environment, not
from one's genes.

MODELS OF CULTURE

THE ICEBERG MODEL

Only a small part of culture is visible;

The most important part of culture is completely hidden.

 TREE MODEL OF CULTURE

The roots symbolise the historical origin of

culture;

Moving to another culture is like transplating a

tree - roots have to be protected and support
will be needed in the environment.

ONION MODEL OF CULTURE

Practices
(Symbols, Heroes, Rituals);

Values, artefacts and products;

Implicit basic assumptions.

LAYERS OF HOFSTEDE’S ONION LAYERS OF TROMPENAARS’S ONION

words, gestures, pictures, object carrying a particular meaning language, food, housing, fashions, art
SYMBOLS (what people mostly associate with culture)
ARTEFACTS and PRODUCTS
characters, alive or dead, real or imaginary
HEROES right/wrong, good/bad
NORMS and VALUES
collective activities
(greeting, ice-breaking, paying respects, social, religious ceremonies) core of culture, handed down unconsciously from generation to
RITUALS generation
BASIC ASSUMPTION
broad tendencies to prefer certain states of affairs over others “the first
things children learn”;
beliefs, attitudes, how things are to be
VALUES

PYRAMID MODEL OF CULTURE

Human nature
(all humans have it in common);

Culture
(specific to a group of category);

Personality
(specific to individual).