ASSIGNMENT -2

SUBJECT NAME : THERMODYNAMICS

SUBJECT CODE : MCEN90015

STUDENT NAME : SAATWICK MATHUR

STUDENT ID : 842660
DATE OF SUBMISSION : 07TH May, 2018
QUESTION 1 – MULTI MODE TRANSIENT HEAT TRANSFER

Given data for the apparatus and surroundings -:

 Ambient air temperature T∞ = 293K

 Natural convection coefficient of the ambient air, h0 = 4W/ m2.K
 Water temperature in the flask = Twater
 Density of water, ρ = 1000kg/ m3
 Specific heat of water, Cp = 4200 J/kg.K
 Height of flasks, h = 0.17m
 Inner diameter of flask, Di = 0.085m
 Outer diameter of flask, Do = 0.095m
 Emissivity of the steel surface , ε = 0.3

Demonstration Data of Thermos Flask

Time Flask (A) – Water Flask (B) – Temperature (0C)

Temperature (0C)
Water Air Bottom Air Top

12:54 PM 95 95 - -

13:11 PM 92 89 21 46

13:38 PM 91.5 85 24 51

13:56 PM 91.0 80.5 22 51

PART 1 – To analyse heat transfer of flask A and derive equations to determine outer surface
temperature Tso and cooling rate of water dTwater/ dt

 Since it is given in the question that the inner surface temperature is equal to the water
temperature at any time, heat produced by the water is through natural convection.
 There will not be any heat transfer via convection as there exists a vacuum between the
inner and outer surface.
 The heat loss though the cap and base will be very less, almost negligible as there surfaces
are well insulated.
 Radiation will be the only mode via which heat will be transferred from the inner surface.
 Heat will be transferred through external convection and radiation via the outer surface.

Deriving the expressions of water cooling rate and outer surface temperature

Considering the control volume at the inner surface -:

Ein + Egen = Eout + ∆E

Now according to the scenario given -:

Ein = 0; Egen = 0; ∆E = mcpdTwater/dt; Eout = qrad_inner = As ε (T4water – T4s)

mcpdTwater/dt + As ε σ (T4water – T4s) = 0

𝑑𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 As ε σ(T4water – T4s)
𝑑𝑡
=- mcp

𝑑𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 As ε σ(T4water – T4s)

=-
𝑑𝑡 ρ∗V∗cp

𝑑𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
= -1.905 * 10-13(Twater – Ts4)
𝑑𝑡

For outer surface temperature -:

Considering the control volume at the outer surface

Ein + Egen = Eout + ∆E

which basically yield,

qrad-inner = qrad-outer + qext-convection

As ε σ (T4water – T4s) = As ε σ (T4water – T∞4) + h0As(Ts - T∞)

1.905 * 10-13(T4water – T4s) = 2.139 *10-13(Ts - T∞) + 4.98*10-5(Ts - T∞)

PART 2

Considering the initial water temperature as 950C and solving for outer surface temperature from
𝑑𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
the equations obtained above. By subtracting 𝑑𝑡
*5*60s from the last value, temperature of
water is obtained.

Time Twater Ts (0C) 𝑑𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

(min) (0C) 𝑑𝑡
0 95 43.61 -0.00157
5 94.52 43.47 -0.00156
10 94.07 43.39 -0.00155
15 93.48 43.12 -0.00154
20 93.08 42.93 -0.00152
25 92.65 42.74 -0.00151
30 92.20 42.63 -0.00150
35 91.71 42.45 -0.00149
40 91.28 42.23 -0.00148
45 90.83 42.11 -0.00146
50 90.48 41.86 -0.00145
55 80.04 41.78 -0.00144
60 89.61 41.52 -0.00143

Plot of Twater as a function of time is given below -:

Twater vs Time
96
94
Twater

92
90
88
86
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Time

Plot of Ts as a function of time is given below -;

Ts vs Time
44
43
Ts

42
41
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Time
 𝑑𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Plot of 𝑑𝑡
vs Time is give below -:

dTwater/dt
-0.00135
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
-0.0014
dTwater/dt

-0.00145

-0.0015

-0.00155

-0.0016
Time

 It can be inferred from the above graphs that the rate of cooling water increases with time
increases while there is a noticeable drop in water and surface temperature as time passes
by.

PART 3

In case of flask B, air gets filled in the vacuum zone due to the presence of holes. It is given that
the air layer temperature is assumed to be 500C lower than the inner surface temperature while
being uniform throughout. Hence, only through convection and radiation, heat is transferred in
both the cases. The convection coefficient for the air layer, hi = 6W/m2.K

Deriving the expressions of water cooling rate and outer surface temperature

Considering the control volume at the inner surface

Ein + Egen = Eout + ∆E

mcpdTwater/dt + Ai ε σ (T4water – T4i) + hiAi(Twater – Ti) = 0

After substituting the values, we get -:

𝑑𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑑𝑡
= -(1.83 * 10-13(Twater – Ts4) + 4.97 * 10-5(Twater – Ti)

For outer surface temperature -:

Considering the control volume at the outer surface

Ein + Egen = Eout + ∆E

 As ε σ (T4i – T4s) + As hi (Ti – Ts) = h0As(Ts - T∞)

After substituting the values, we get -:

0.506Ts + 8.59*10-10Ts4 = 0.308Twater + 8.69*10-10Ti4 + 43.5

also its given that Ti = Twater -50,

0.506Ts + 8.59*10-10Ts4 = 0.308Twater + 8.69*10-10(Twater – 50)4 + 43.5

PART 4

The equations obtained above are solved using finite difference method and tabulated below
corresponding to a step of time interval of 5min.

Time Twater Ts (0C) 𝑑𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

(min) (0C) 𝑑𝑡
0 95 37.23 -0.00531
5 93.28 36.29 -0.00528
10 91.97 35.27 -0.00526
15 90.34 34.21 -0.00524
20 88.66 32.96 -0.00522
25 87.29 32.33 -0.00520
30 85.41 31.37 -0.00518
35 84.03 30.24 -0.00516
40 82.32 28.64 -0.00514
45 80.87 27.55 -0.00512
50 79.48 26.68 -0.00510
55 77.71 25.31 -0.00508
60 76.49 24.48 -0.00506

Plot of Twater as a function of time is given below -:

Twater vs Time
100
80
Twater

60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Time
Plot of Ts as a function of time is given below -;

Ts vs Time
40
35
30
25
Ts

20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Time

𝑑𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Plot of 𝑑𝑡
vs Time is give below -:

dTwater/dt vs Time
-0.0049
-0.00495 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

-0.005
-0.00505
dTwater/dt

-0.0051
-0.00515
-0.0052
-0.00525
-0.0053
-0.00535
Time

PART 5

The heat loss through the surfaces of both the flasks is negligible as the cap and the base are
well insulated. Hence, there is no conduction of heat through these surfaces.

For Flask A

In flask A, the heat is prevented from being transferred via convection because there exists a
vacuum between the inner and outer surface. Hence the heat transfer takes place only through
convection to facilitate the cooling of water.
For Flask B

In flask B, the air gets filled in the vacuum zone due to the presence of multiple holes on the
outer surface. Hence the cooling of water is facilitated by both radiation and convection.

Reason for difference in temperature drop in both the flaks -:

Since in flask B, there are 2 modes of heat transfer as compared to flask A which has just one
mode of heat transfer, the temperature of water in flask A drops slower as compared to
temperature of water in flask B. Also, since in flask B cooling of water is facilitated by convection
and radiation, the heat transfer process is much more efficient as compared to that in flask A
which has no holes at the outer surface.

PART 6

Below is the graph for Flask A showing measured temperature ( Tm ) on the trend of calculated
water temperature -:

Twater vs Time
96
95 95

94 92.0
93
92
Twater

91.5
91
90
89 91.0
88
87
86
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Time

Tabulated comparison of calculated and measured data can be found below-:

Time (min) Measured water Calculated water

temperature(0C) temperature (0C)
0 95 95
17 92 93.20
44 91.50 90.95
60 91.00 89.61
Below is the graph for Flask B showing measured temperature ( Tm ) on the trend of calculated
water temperature -:

Twater vs Time
100 95
89
90 80.5
80 85
70
60
Twater

50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Time

Tabulated comparison of calculated and measured data can be found below-:

Time (min) Measured water Calculated water

temperature(0C) temperature (0C)
0 95 95
17 89 89.01
44 85 81.04
60 80.5 76.49

 As it can be seen from the tables above, the calculated water temperature drops faster as
compared to the actual temperature in the flasks.
PROBLEM 2 – Heat Conduction

Given Data -:

Uniform heat generation rate q̇ = 108 W/m3

Thermal conductivity of graphite kg = 3 W/m. K
Thermal conductivity of Thorium kt = 57 W/m. K
Coolant water temperature T∞ = 600K
Heat transfer coefficient of coolant, h = 2000 W/m2 .K

Assumptions -:

(1) Steady- state conditions , (2) One dimensional conduction, (3) Constant Properties (4)
Negligible contact resistance (5) Negligible radiation

Solution -:

PART 1

The outer surface of the fuel rod, T2 will be determined by the rate equation,

𝑇2 − 𝑇1
q′ =
𝑅 ′ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
Where in

𝑟3
ln(𝑟2) 1
𝑅 ′ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = +
2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝐾𝑔 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑟3 ∗ ℎ

14
ln(11) 1
= +
2∗𝜋∗3 2∗𝜋∗(0.014)∗2000
 𝑅 ′ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.0185 𝑚. 𝐾/𝑊
Now to find heat rate q′ , applying energy balance to a control surface about the fuel element, also
since the internal surface will act as adiabatic, hence,

q′ = q̇ ∗ π ( r22 – r21) = 108 * π ( 0.0112 – 0.0082) = 17,907 W/m

Substituting the vales of Rtotal and q′ , we get

T2 = q′ * 𝑅 ′ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 + T∞

Thus, T2 = 931 K

PART 2

Now to derive temperature distribution, we first need to find T1.

Since there is zero heat flux at the inner surface of the fuel element,

q̇ r2 2 r2 1 𝑟2
𝑇1 = 𝑇2 + (4 ∗ Kt)(1 − r22)– {(q̇ r12) / (2* Kt) } ln
𝑟1

After substituting the values of T2 = 931 K, q̇ = 108 W/ m3 , Kt = 57 W/ m.K, r1 = 0.008 and r2 = 0.011

We get

T1 = 938 K

Considering the energy balance,

Ein + Egen = Eout + ∆E

For steady state and constant thermal conductivity k, the rate equation obtained is as follows -:

1 𝑑 𝑑𝑇 q̇
𝑟 + =0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑘
Assuming uniform generation and integrating we get,
𝑑𝑇 q̇
𝑟 =− r2 + C1
𝑑𝑟 2𝑘
Repeating the procedure above, the general form of temperature distribution becomes -:
q̇
T(r) = − r2 + C1lnr + C2
4𝑘
PART 3
Using the boundary conditions to solve the temperature distribution -:
Simplifying by substituting the values of q̇ and k
T(r) = -438596.5 r2 + C1lnr + C2
Now applying the boundary conditions
When r = r1, T = T1 and when r = r2, T =T2
So we obtain 2 equations which are -:
T1 = - 438596.5 r12 + C1lnr1 + C2
T2 = - 438596.5 r22 + C1lnr2 + C2
Now substituting the values of r1, T1 and r2, T2 in the above equations
938 = - 438596.5 * (0.0082) + C1 ln(0.008) + C2
931 = -438596.5 *(0.0112) + C1ln(0.011) + C2
We get C1 = 56.25 and C2 = 1237.2
Now substituting the values of C1 and C2 in the temperature distribution equation, we get
T(r) = -438596.5 r2 + 56.25*ln(r) + 1237.2
PART 4
For the given heat generation q̇ = 108W/m3, the conditions of T2 and T1 should be kept
below 1000K are achieved. However, as we increase the value of q̇ , the corresponding
temperature will also increase which will result in softening of the material below there
melting point. For this scenario, the heat generation q̇ should be kept < 3 *108 W/m3 as by
substitution it was noted that when q̇ = 5 *108 W/m3 melting point of thorium is exceeded
and melting point of graphite is approached. So a well safe limit will be q̇ < 3 *108 W/m3 .

PART 5
For the conditions specified in the problem, any contact resistance at the graphite thorium
interface will increase the temperatures in the fuel element, thus reducing the maximum
allowable value of q̇ . Hence no thickness for graphite layer will actually increase the heat
transfer.
PROBLEM 3 TRANSIENT CONDUCTION

Given -:

 Ball bearings are quenched in water bath

 Water bath temperature T∞ = 250 C
 Initial temperature of the balls T0 = 10300 C
 Final surface temperature of the balls Tf = 1500 C
 Heat Transfer Coefficient hc = 400 W/m2K
 Thermal Conductivity of bearing k = 15.1 W/m.K

PART 1
ℎ𝑐∗𝑅0 400∗0.01
For ball radius of 1cm ; Bi = = = 0.264 > 0.1
𝑘 15.1
Since Bi > 0.1 for the radius of 1cm, we cannot use Lump Capacitance method

PART 2

Now to calculate the minimum cooling time for the radius of 1 cm, we make the use of following
charts given below -:
Now to utilize this chart we find 1/Bi which is 3.78 and assume r/r0 = 1

So we get
𝑇(𝑟0,𝑡)−𝑇∞
= 0.860
𝑇(0,𝑡)− 𝑇∞

Now
1
T(0,t) = 𝑇∞ + 0.860 (𝑇(𝑟0, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞)
1
T(0,t) = 25 + (150 − 25)
0.860

T(0,t) = 170.34

Now we calculate
𝑇0,𝑡−𝑇∞ 170.34−25
= = 0.144
𝑇0− 𝑇∞ 1030− 25

Now utilizing the below depicted chart to find Fo

𝑇0,𝑡−𝑇∞
By using the value of 1/ Bi = 3.78 and = 0.144, we get Fo = 2.6875
𝑇0− 𝑇∞
 𝛼∗𝑡
Now we know that F0 = ; Now by substituting the values of Fo, r and α
𝑟2
We get t = 89.58 s

PART 3

To calculate minimum cooling time as a function of radius from 0.1cm to 1.1cm with a step of 0.1cm

We first check to which radii LC method can be applied by using the formula
ℎ𝑐∗𝑅0
Bi =
𝑘
By substituting the corresponding values, we find out the following results -:

Radius (cm) Bi Application of LC

0.1 0.0264 Yes
0.2 0.0521 Yes
0.3 0.0794 Yes
0.4 0.1050 No
0.5 0.132 No
0.6 0.159 No
0.7 0.185 No
0.8 0.211 No
0.9 0.238 No
1.0 0.264 No
1.1 0.291 No

Application of LC method to the applicable radii

−ℎ∗𝐴∗𝑡 −ℎ∗4∗𝜋∗𝑟2 ∗𝑡 −3∗ℎ
𝑇0,𝑡−𝑇∞ 𝐶∗𝜌∗4∗𝜋∗𝑟3
=𝑒 𝐶∗𝜌∗𝑉 =𝑒 =𝑒 𝐶∗𝑡∗𝜌∗𝑟
𝑇0− 𝑇∞

𝑇−𝑇∞
t = −𝐶∗3∗ℎ𝜌∗𝑟 𝑙𝑛 (
𝑇0− 𝑇∞
)

After substituting the corresponding values we get -:

So the minimum cooling times are tabulated below

Radius (cm) Cooling Time (s)

0.1 6.71
0.2 13.43
0.3 20.14
From radius 0.4 – 1.1 cm, we observe that Bi> 0.1

Thus we use the same procedure of using charts as used for the case of 1cm radius and find the
cooling time for all the listed radii, which are tabulated below -:

Radius(cm) Cooling Time(s)

0.4 36.0
0.5 45.83
0.6 54.24
0.7 61.25
0.8 64.08
0.9 77.62
1.0 89.58
1.1 95.79

Radius vs Minimum cooling time

120
Minimum cooling time (s)

100

80

60

40

20

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1
Radius (cm)
PART 4

We use the below depicted chart to find the heat transferred from one ball during the cooling time -:

Now for 1cm radius ball, Bi = 0.264 and Fo = 2.6875

So,
(Bi2)*Fo = 0.187
We get
𝑄𝑡
= 0.89
𝑄𝑖

4
Now Qi = ρ * C * * π *𝑟 3 (𝑇0 − 𝑇∞)
3
4
Qi = 8055 * 480 * * π * (0.013) (1030 – 25)
3
Qi = 16276.51 J

Hence,

Qt = 14486.09 J

Now amount of heat needed to quench 5000 balls -:

[100,000]∗ [14486.09]
q= 3600
= 402391.38 𝐽 𝑜𝑟 402.39𝑘𝑊

So in order to maintain the water bath at a constant temperature, 402.39Kw heat will have to be
removed.
PROBLEM 4 – CONVECTION FUNDAMENTAL
PART 1

The following assumptions were made in order to solve this problem -:

 Nusselt number has the following dependence on Re and Pr

Nu = C Rem Prn ; where C, m and n are constants.
 Air properties are constant and the surface of enclosure is maintained at constant
temperature.
 Let full size scale model of enclosure be =2L, so half scale model = L

The following data was obtained from the test results in the wind tunnel for half size scale model

h = 15W/(m2.K) when the air velocity is 5m/s

h = 23W/(m2.K) when the air velocity is 10m/s

For velocity V= 15m/s; Pr, C, m and n are constants,

h̅ L ∝ (VL)m

Now we use the data from the test results to find (m) -:
̅ 1 L1
h (𝑉1𝐿1) 𝑚
̅ 1L1
h
= (𝑉2𝐿2)𝑚

15∗𝐿 (5∗𝐿1) 𝑚
=
23∗ L (10∗𝐿2)𝑚

Hence, m = 0.616

Thus for air velocity V = 15m/s

̅ 1 L1
h (𝑉1𝐿1)𝑚
̅L =
h (𝑉𝐿)𝑚

15 (5) 0.616
̅ =
h (15)0.616

Hence, h̅ = 29.51𝑊/(m2. K)
PART 2

The following assumptions were made in order to solve this problem -:

 Nusselt number has the following dependence on Re and Pr

Nu = C Rem Prn ; where C, m and n are constants.
 Air properties are constant and the surface of enclosure is maintained at constant
temperature.
 Let full size scale model of enclosure be =2L, so half scale model = L

The following data was obtained from the test results in the wind tunnel for half size scale model

h = 15W/(m2.K) when the air velocity is 5m/s

h = 23W/(m2.K) when the air velocity is 10m/s

Since Pr, C, m and n are constants,

h̅ L ∝ (VL)m

Now we use the data from the test results to find (m) -:
̅ 1 L1
h (𝑉1𝐿1) 𝑚
̅ 1L1
h
= (𝑉2𝐿2)𝑚

15∗𝐿 (5∗𝐿1) 𝑚
23∗ L
= (10∗𝐿2)𝑚

Hence, m = 0.616

Thus for full scale mode of the enclosure -:

̅ 1∗ L
h (𝑉1𝐿) 𝑚
̅ 1∗2L =
h (𝑉2∗2𝐿)𝑚

15∗ L (5) 0.616

=
23∗2L (2∗𝑉)0.616

From above we get,

h̅ = 4.265*V0.616

The above expression gives the relationship between the convective heat transfer coefficient as a
function of air velocity for a full scale size enclosure.
The plot of heat transfer coefficient vs air velocity can be seen below –:

Convective heat transfer coefficient vs

Velocity of air
60

50
Velocity of air(m/s)

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.K)

PART 3

Assumption – The prescribed tests were carried out in the wind tunnel at constant air properties and
constant temperature of 300K.

For full size enclosure -:

Air properties at -500C and wind speed u∞ = 50m/s

 kfull = 0.20006 W/m. K

 vfull = 9.24e-6 m2/s
 Prfull = 0.73358

For half size enclosure -:

Air properties at 300K and wind speed u∞ = 50m/s

 khalf = 0.026118 W/m. K

 vhalf = 1.58e-5 m2/s
 Prhalf = 0.71429

Now for the enclosure of actual size

ℎ∗𝐿 u∞ ∗ L 𝑚
𝑐( ) (𝑃𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓)𝑛
𝐾ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑉ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓
=
ℎ ∗ 2𝐿 u∞ ∗ 2L 𝑚
𝐾𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑐 ( ) (𝑃𝑟𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙)𝑛
𝑉𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙
Substituting the above values -:

23 ∗ 𝐿 10 ∗ L 𝑚
𝑐( ) (0.71429)0.4
0.026118 = 1.58e − 5
ℎ ∗ 2𝐿 50 ∗ 2L 𝑚
0.02006 𝑐 ( ) (0.73358)0.4
9.24e − 6
h = 51.31 W/(m2. K)

Now similar procedure for half size enclosure

ℎ∗𝐿 u∞ ∗ L 𝑚
𝑐( ) (𝑃𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓)𝑛
𝐾ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑉ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓
=
ℎ∗𝐿 u∞ ∗ 2L 𝑚
𝐾𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑐 ( ) (𝑃𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓)𝑛
𝑉ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓

23 ∗ 𝐿 10 ∗ L 𝑚
𝑐( ) (0.71429)0.4
0.026118 = 1.58e − 5
ℎ∗𝐿 50 ∗ L 𝑚
0.026118 𝑐( ) (0.71429)0.4
1.58e − 5

h = 61.97 W/(m2.K)

PART 4

Yes it is essentially important for the designers to consider the dependence of heat transfer
coefficient on the temperature. It can be further understood by the following dependence flow
diagram -:

For this particular application, it can be best understood by the difference of heat transfer
coefficient calculated at -500C and at constant temperature, where in the former case the heat
transfer coefficient obtained was 51.31 W/(m2. K) while in the latter case it was 47.19W/(m2. K),
both for fill size enclosures. Thus it is established that the designers need to account for temperature
variation while dealing with this application.