Phase Diagram

Bi-Sn

By: Seth Van Grinsven

Chris Wenrich
ENGR 45
Fall 2011
Resistivity vs %wt Concentration
Bismuth (Wt %) Tin (Wt %) Zinc (Wt %)
100 0 0
0 100 0
Planned:
0 0 100
3 Metals Bi - Sn - Zi 0 80 20
20% Intervals (See Right) 0 60 40
0 40 60
0 20 80
21 Total Samples 20 80 0
20 60 20
20 40 40
Make Wire 20 20 60
20 0 80
Measure Resistance 40 60 0
40 40 20
40 20 40
Calculate (ρ) 40 0 60
60 40 0
60 20 20
60 0 40
80 20 0
80 0 20
Making the Wire

Casting Sand Mold: Machining a Mold:

Place Sand in .40 M tube. Use square block of metal

Pack it densely Machine a 1 mm diameter line

down the block (.40m)
Insert thin rod through the tube
Screw in a plate to cover mold
Pull rod out Opening for liquid

Pour molten liquid into mold Pour molten liquid into opening

Remove sand, Repeat Remove Cover and Wire,

Repeat.
Machine Molding
 MACHINE MOLD DETAILS
FAILURES
- molten metal had too much
surface tension not allowing it
to flow into hole.
- 1mm slot is too small for
metal to be poored into unless
pressurized into it.
- working mold would not fit
in furnace thus heat needed
was harder to achieve.
SUCCESS
- design works, as proven
with water.
-if put into larger scale, a
much greater chance of
success would be achieved.
- accurate dimensions
because of machined would
allow for accurate test
results.
 Special Wheatstone Bridge used
resistances <1 Ohm

Uses ratios of known resistors

and a galvanometer to calculate
resistance

Up to 2% accuracy for 1 uOhm.

Double Kelvin Bridge

Problems with Experiment

Both attempts at forming wire -- Failed.

Sand Molding -
Liquid Would Seep out of mold.
Would absorb particles into mixture
Solidified before reached end of mold

Metal Molding:
Molten Metal had strong tension on metal molding
Would not drain into opening
Would solidify the opening closed.
Plan Two: Hardness Curve

Expected Curve similar to

---------------------------------->
(This is solubility of H2 in Nickle
Copper)

Small Rise when going from one

to other, even though one has
much lower value.
Hardness Scales
Scale Indenter Minor Major Total Value of E
Load Load Load
HRA . . . . Cemented carbides, thin steel and
shallow case hardened steel
A Diamond Cone 10 50 60 100
HRB . . . . Copper alloys, soft steels, aluminium
B 1/16 10 90 100 130 alloys, malleable irons, etc.
HRC . . . . Steel, hard cast irons, case hardened steel
C Diamond Cone 10 140 150 100
and other materials harder than 100 HRB
D Diamond Cone 10 90 100 100 HRD . . . . Thin steel and medium case hardened
steel and pearlitic malleable iron
E 1/8 10 90 100 130 HRE . . . . Cast iron, aluminium and magnesium
alloys, bearing metals
F 1/16 10 50 60 130 HRF . . . . Annealed copper alloys, thin soft sheet
metals
G 1/16 10 140 150
HRG . . . . Phosphor bronze, beryllium copper,
H 1/8 10 50 60 malleable irons HRH . . . . Aluminium, zinc, lead

K 1/8 10 140 150 130 HRM . . . . . . . . Soft bearing metals, plastics and
other very soft materials
L 1/4 10 50 60 130
M 1/4 10 90 100 130
P 1/4 10 140 130
R 1/2 10 50 130
S 1/2 10 90 130
V 1/2 0 140 130
Problems with Hardness Testing

We have no 1/4 '' steel ball for

rockwell machine at the JC.

The
largest diameter indenter with
the smallest load we had
available to us pushed through
metal on setup.

Ultimately the metals were too

soft for our available equipment.

No other way for us to measure

hardness.
Third Time is the Charm

Phase Diagram of Bi-Sn

 PROCDURE
- weigh and divide the alloys into test tubes so that their
weight percentages match the desired values.

- hook up the thermocouple to logger pro and calibrate it in

an ice bath so that base temp. is 0 degrees Celsius.

- melt each allow into a liquid state and measure the temp.
using logger pro until the liquid turns to a solid state and
low enough temp. that the phase diagram shows nothing
more is going on.

- read the graph accordingly to determine the temperatures

used for the phase diagram.

- repeat with each alloy sample

SETUP
 HOW TO READ LOGGER PRO GRAPH

(1) (2)

- in graph (1) the pure form of the metal is measured and only
one temperature is taken, at the flat part of the slope.

- in graph (2) weight percentage alloys is measured and T1 is

the top temp. of the linear slope and T2 is the bottom temp. of
the linear slope.

- each value represent a point on the phase diagram

 ALLOY PERCENTAGES
Weight Percentages (%) Actual Weight Percentages (grams)

Sample # Bismuth Tin Sample # Bismuth Tin

1 100 0 1 10 0

2 97.5 2.5 2 9.74 0.25093

3 95 5 3 9.5153 0.4999

4 90 10 4 9.039 1.0065

5 70 30 5 7.0023 2.9719

6 50 50 6 5.0119 5.0162

7 30 70 7 3.018 7.0189

8 10 90 8 1.0171 9.0079

9 5 95 9 0.4925 9.4979

10 2.5 97.5 10 0.2507 9.7545

11 0 0 11 0 10
LOGGER PRO GRAPHS
(1)
(4)

(2) (5)

(3) (6)
LOGGER PRO GRAPHS cont.
(7)

( 10 )

(8)

( 11 )

(9)
 Temperature Readings

Sample # % Tin T1 T2 T3

1 0 270 270

2 2.5 258.3 239.3 130.3

3 5 252.2 137.8

4 10 237.6 139.5

5 30 172.2 140.3

6 50 141.2 136

7 70 198 136.9

8 90 227.3 189.4 104.2

9 95 236.7 203.2 70.6

10 97.5 241 220.4

11 100 241 241

 PHASE DIAGRAM
COMPARISON

Experimental

Theoretical
 Potential Error
Unable to get the low T3's due to cooling curve slope
being similar to slow of T2-T3 line.
Metals may have not mixed 100%, so may have been
partial nodes of pure metals.
Since weight percentages were such little samples slight
miscues in weighing could have a greater effect.

Lack of ideal data points makes graph look funny.

 RESOURCES
- http://www.springerlink.com/content/t0j7138825ntl830//fulltext.html#Fig1

- people from Agilent Technologies

- Younes Ataiiyan

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_8/10.html
 SPECIAL THANKS
-Agilent Technologies
(machine and design of mold for wire)
-Rob Wenrich
-Ron Toy
-Ryan Basch

-Younes Ataiiyan
(supervising, masterminding new experiments
after failures of old, helping conduct experiment)