CHAPTER 2 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

1.Two kingdom classification was proposed by-Linnaeus(plant &Animal kingdom) a)this

classification is inadequate.Justify(According to this classification all the organisms are grouped
to either plant kingdom or animal kingdom.Unicellular& multicellular ,Prokaryotes
&Eukaryotes,Autotrophs & heterotrophs are grouped together in his classification.So this
classification is practically useless & inadequate.
2.Five kingdom classification proposed by-R.H.Whittaker-(The kingdoms defined by him
were named Monera, Protista, Fungi,Plantae and Animalia. The main criteria for
classification used by him include cell structure, thallus organisation, mode of nutrition,)
i,Kingdom monera-(prokaryotes)ii,Protista-(unicellular eukaryotes)iii,Fungi-(Multicellular,
eukaryotes ,heterotrophs) iv,Plantae-( Multicellular,eukaryotes,Autotrophs) v,Animalia-
( Multicellular, eukaryotes ,heterotrophs but holozoic in nutrition) 3`.Archaebacteria-
( they live in some of the most harsh habitatssuch as extreme salty areas (halophiles), hot springs
(thermoacidophiles)and marshy areas (methanogens). Methanogens are present in the guts of
several ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes and they are responsible for the production
of methane (biogas)) 4.Heterocyst-( Some cyanobacteria (also referred to as
blue-green algae) can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called heterocysts, e.g.,
Nostoc and Anabaena.) 5. The Mycoplasmas are organisms that completely lack a cell wall.
They are the smallest living cells known and can survive without oxygen.
6. ‘diatomaceous earth’- diatoms have left behind large amount of cell wall deposits in their
habitat; this accumulation overbillions of years is referred to as ‘diatomaceous earth’. Being
gritty this soil is used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups. Diatoms are the chief ‘producers’
in the oceans. 7.Gonyaulax-A Dinoflagellate that undergo rapid multiplication that they
make the sea appear red (red tides) 8.Match the following: i)Amoeboid
protozoans:-- Amoeba ii) Flagellated protozoans:-- Trypanosoma.( The parasitic forms cause
diaseases such as sleeping sickness) iii) Ciliated protozoans:-- Paramoecium iv)
Sporozoans—Plasmodium (malarial parasite- which causes malaria) 9)Lichen (is a
symbiotic association between algae &Fungi,in which algal component is called phycobiont and
Fungal component is called Mycobiont) 10)Micorrhiza (is a symbiotic
association between Fungi and plant root) 11.Differentiate between,
Plasmogamy(Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes) Karyogamy
(Fusion of two nuclei called) 12, dikaryophase-The phase of pairing of two nuclei after
plasmogamy. 13.Match the following: i) Phycomycetes --common
examples are Mucor, (Rhizopus (the bread mould) and Albugo (the parasitic fungi on mustard).
Ii) Ascomycetes --unicellular, e.g., yeast (Sacharomyces) or multicellular,e.g., Penicillium.( The
asexual spores are conidia produced exogenously on the special mycelium called conidiophores.)
iii ) Basidiomycetes --Agaricus (mushroom) Ustilago (smut) and Puccinia (rust fungus). Iv )
Deuteromycetes --Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Trichoderma 14,Symptoms of
viral diseases in plants- In plants, the symptoms can be mosaic formation, leaf rolling and
curling, yellowing and vein clearing, dwarfing and stunted growth. 15. Differentiate
between Ascospore(Ascospores are formed in ascus of Ascomycetes.They are endogenous) &
Basidiospore –(formed in basidium of Basidiomycetes.They are exogenous) 16 Viruses : cause
diseases like mumps, small pox, herpes and influenza. AIDS in humans is also caused by a
virus.