Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dim j, k As Integer
Private Sub Timer1_Timer()
i = i + 1
k = i Mod 2
If k = 0 Then
lblwait.Visible = True
Else
lblwait.Visible = False
End If
If pb1.Value >= 100 Then
pb1.Value = 100
Unload Me
MDIForm1.Show
Else
pb1.Value = pb1.Value + 10
End If
End Sub
Private Sub Form_Initialize()
j = 1
k = 1
End Sub
Private Sub TM1_Timer()
k = j Mod 2
If k = 0 Then
Label3.Caption = " "
Else
Label3.Caption = "MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM."
End If
j = j + 1
End Sub
MDI FORM
Private Sub mchange_Click()
StatusBar1.Panels(1).Text = "Allows user to change their
password."
Form11.Show
End Sub
Private Sub MDIForm_Load()
StatusBar1.Panels(1).Text = "Hello! Welcome to Management
Info. System"
StatusBar1.Panels(2).Text = Date
mnew1.Enabled = True
medit.Enabled = False
mview.Enabled = False
mnew1.Enabled = False
End Sub
Private Sub memp_Click()
StatusBar1.Panels(1).Text = "Allows to remove data about
existing employees."
Form17.Show
End Sub
End Sub
Private Sub mnuprint_Click()
CommonDialog1.Action = 5
End Sub
Form23.Show
End Sub
Private Sub mrememp_Click()
StatusBar1.Panels(1).Text = "List Of Removed Employees"
Form26.Show
End Sub
End Sub
End Sub
Dim a As String
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()
End
End Sub
End Sub
Dim db As Database
Dim r As Recordset
End Sub
End Sub
r!Load = Val(Text5.Text)
r.Update
r.MoveNext
End Sub
End Sub
r.MoveNext
r.MovePrevious
End If
repeat
End Sub
End Sub
Set db = OpenDatabase("c:/connec_app")
Set r = db.OpenRecordset("connec_app")
r.MoveFirst
repeat
End Sub
Text1.Text = r!Name
Text2.Text = r!father_nam
Text3.Text = r!occupation
Text4.Text = r!address
'Check1.Caption = r!desc_elect
'Check2.Caption = r!desc_elect
'Check3.Caption = r!desc_elect
'Check4.Caption = r!desc_elect
Text5.Text = r!Load
'Check5.Caption = r!no_elcpnt
'Check6.Caption = r!no_elcpnt
'Check7.Caption = r!no_elcpnt
'Check8.Caption = r!no_elcpnt
End Sub
End Sub
End Sub
End If
End Sub
r!book_no = Val(Text1.Text)
r!connc_no = Val(Text2.Text)
r!seq_no = Val(Text3.Text)
r!bill_no = Val(Text4.Text)
r!start = Val(Text5.Text)
r!Last = Val(Text6.Text)
r!Month = Val(Text7.Text)
r!due_date = Val(Text8.Text)
r!late_date = Val(Text9.Text)
r!name_div = Text10.Text
r!electric_type = Val(Text11.Text)
r!permit_load = Val(Text12.Text)
r!secutity_dep = Val(Text13.Text)
r!meter_no = Val(Text14.Text)
r!present_reading = Val(Text15.Text)
r!prev_reading = Val(Text16.Text)
r!total_reading = Val(Text17.Text)
r!meter_unit = Val(Text18.Text)
r!total_paid = Val(Text19.Text)
r!elec_amt = Val(Text20.Text)
r!electric_tax = Val(Text21.Text)
r!meter_rent = Val(Text22.Text)
r!bilsub_date = Val(Text23.Text)
r!discount = Val(Text24.Text)
r!address = Text25.Text
r!tildue_date = Val(Text26.Text)
r!aftr_due = Val(Text27.Text)
r.Update
r.MoveNext
End Sub
repeat
End Sub
repeat
End Sub
End Sub
r.MoveLast
repeat
End Sub
End Sub
Text2.Text = r!connc_no
Text3.Text = r!seq_no
Text4.Text = r!bill_no
Text5.Text = r!start
Text6.Text = r!Last
Text7.Text = r!Month
Text8.Text = r!due_date
Text9.Text = r!late_date
Text10.Text = r!name_div
Text11.Text = r!electric_type
Text12.Text = r!permit_load
Text13.Text = r!secutity_dep
Text14.Text = r!meter_no
Text15.Text = r!present_reading
Text16.Text = r!prev_reading
Text17.Text = r!total_reading
Text18.Text = r!meter_unit
Text19.Text = r!total_paid
Text20.Text = r!elec_amt
Text21.Text = r!electric_tax
Text22.Text = r!meter_rent
Text23.Text = r!bilsub_date
Text24.Text = r!discount
Text25.Text = r!address
Text26.Text = r!tildue_date
Text27.Text = r!aftr_due
End Sub
End Sub
End Sub
End Sub
End Sub
End Sub
End Sub
Dim db As Database
Dim r As Recordset
r.AddNew
r!receipt_no = Val(Text1.Text)
r!Date = Text2.Text
r!name_add = Text3.Text
r!book_no = Val(Text4.Text)
r!service_no = Val(Text5.Text)
r!for_work = Text6.Text
r!power_load = Val(Text7.Text)
r!name_substn = Text8.Text
r!name_feeder = Text9.Text
r!department_no = Val(Text10.Text)
r!meter_make = Text11.Text
r!capacity = Val(Text12.Text)
r!reading = Val(Text13.Text)
r!new_old = Text14.Text
r!seal_desc = Text15.Text
r!other_desc = Text16.Text
r.Update
r.MoveNext
End Sub
repeat
End Sub
End Sub
Text1.Text = r!receipt_no
Text2.Text = r!Date
Text3.Text = r!name_add
Text4.Text = r!book_no
Text5.Text = r!service_no
Text6.Text = r!for_work
Text7.Text = r!power_load
Text8.Text = r!name_substn
Text9.Text = r!name_feeder
Text10.Text = r!department_no
Text11.Text = r!meter_make
Text13.Text = r!reading
Text14.Text = r!new_old
Text15.Text = r!seal_desc
Text16.Text = r!other_desc
End Sub
Print " J Y O T I C O L L E G E O F I N F O
R M A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y "
End Sub
Visual basic is the most commonly used visual programming environment. It allows
us to create front-end applications.
Microsoft access is an RDBMS used to create client/server applications for small to
medium size enterprises. It is used most popularly with visual basic as the front-end.
Data access in visual basic gives us tools to create and use structured database
systems to manage our application’s data. One of these tools is the data control.
The ability to create and access a database such as Microsoft access gives us many
programming advantages:
It lets us write programs that use existing databases.
It allows our application to share data with other programs.
It simplifies our programming, since we do not need to handle low-level file
accessing and searching.
Data access in visual basic consists of performing operations on a physical database.
We can display the results of these operations and accept input from the user on visual
basic forms, using controls.
This approach simplifies the code we need to write and insulates us from the
underlying structures and mechanics of retrieving and updating data.
A visual basic database application has three parts, as shown below:
User Interface
Database Engine
Data Store
Introduction to ADO:
There is an increasing popularity of distributed applications and databases in the IT
industry. A distributed application is one that has two parts- a front end that runs on the
client computer and a back end that runs on the server. In distributed applications, the
main aim is to divide the computing task into two sections.
The front-end requires minimal resources and runs on the client. The back-end requires
large amounts of data or specialised hardware and runs on the server. A connection
between the client and server allows data to flow in both directions between the client
and server.
With the growing need and popularity of distributed applications and the different
formats in which data is stored there was a need to have a mechanism that supported
these applications and databases. As a solution, OLE DB brought a new approach of
accessing data.
Data access in visual basic:
Visual basic provides three data access interfaces. They are:
Data access objects (DAO):
Version 3 of visual basic introduced the DAO. This technology allows accessing and
manipulating local databases. We are familiar with the data control based on the DAO
technology. The main drawback in this technology is that it is not designed to access
remote databases.
Remote data objects (RDO):
RDO was designed to give access to remote databases. Version 4 of visual basic
introduced this technology. It is useful when accessing data from relational databases
such as the MS SQL server and Oracle.
The limitation to RDO is that it does not access desktop databases effienciently.
ActiveX data objects (ADO):
ADO is an interface to OLE DB, introduced in version 6 of visual basic. This is
Microsoft’s newest data access technology and provides access to almost any data stored
in different formats. ADO is a replacement for the older DAO and RDO and gives us
features not found in earlier. For example, the ADO enables accessing data from
relational and nonrelational databases. It also allows us to access other data sources such
as, e-mail, file systems, project management tools and spreadsheets.
OLE DB provides the underlying access to data with ADO as its interface.
Accessing data with the ADO data control(ADODC):
The ADO data control is the key element in creating data access applications with a
minimum of code. It provides a visual interface for setting data access properties.
It provides a link between an application and the data we need to access. We create this
link by placing the ADO data control on a form and setting its properties. Once we
establish the link we can display data on the form by binding controls to the ADO data
control without writing any code.
Controls can be bound to the ADO data control if they possess the data source property.
These include the:
Checkbox
Combo box
Image
Label
List box
Picture box
Textbox
To add the ADO data control in the toolbox we select the option ‘Microsoft ADO data
control 6.0’in the components item of the project menu.
The following figure illustrates an ADO data control as seen in the toolbox and a form
respectively.
After adding the control to the toolbox we set its properties and use it like any other
control.
We create a connection to a data source by setting the Connection String Property of the
ADO data control. This property specifies the type of the database that we need to access.
To set the property we click the ellipses button next to the connection string property in
the properties window of the ADODC.
This opens the property page; displaying the following three data source options to set the
connection string property as shown below.
The Connection String Property Page
Use data link file: This specifies a custom connection string that connects to a data
source. We can select a data link file on clicking browse.
Use ODBC data source name:
This option allows us to use as system-defined data source name (DSN) for the
connection string. A combo-box displays a list of data source names. To add or modify a
DSN we click the new button.
Use connection string:
Specifies a connection string to connect to the data source. Clicking the build button
displays the data link properties dialog box from which we can specify the provider
name, the connection and any other information required to connect to a data source.
Setting the provider
We set the provider as ‘Microsoft jet 4.0 OLE DB Provider’.
Setting the Connection String
The Record Source Property: The record source property specifies where the records
will come from after a connection is established to a database. This property can be set to
a table name, a stored procedure or a SQL statement. It is a good practice to use a SQL
statement, which retrieves only the selected rows from a table rather than selecting an
entire table.
At design time we set this property by visual basic’s property pages. In the dialog box for
the record source property the command type option displays four choices for specifying
the type of command to be used.
Setting the record source (the table of records)
Binding the controls to the ADODC:
The ADODC allows us to connect to database and access information from it. But it
cannot display that information on a form. For this we need to bind controls to the
ADODC to display the information. Only those controls that support the Data Source
property can be bound to the ADODC.
The Data Source property specifies the source that is, the ADODC that binds the control
to the database. For example, if a form has a text box and an ADODC connected to the
customers table in the northwind database. To be able to view the data in the customers
table we need to bind the text box to the data source-ADODC.
Next we set the Datafield Property, which specifies the fields in the data source. For
example, to view the names of all customers we set the DataField property of the text box
bound to the ADODC to the appropriate field in the customers table.
When the buttons on the ADODC are clicked, all the controls bound to the ADODC
display data of the current record. Also, any changes made to the data in the data in the
bound controls are written back to the database. This reduces writing code to a great
extent.
The following is the lists of controls in the toolbox of visual basic that can be bound to
the ADODC.
Picture box
Label
Text box
Check box
Combo box
List box
Image
OLE Control
Coverage
States:
Bihar
Delhi
Gujarat
Haryana
Karnataka
Himachal Pradesh
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamilnadu
Uttar Pradesh(East)
Uttar Pradesh(West)
West Bengal
Union Territories:
Chandigarh
Pondicherry
Data Dictionary
CustomerRecordsTable
CAF - CustomerApplicationFormNumber
TelNo - TelephoneNumber
PofId - Proff of ID
PofAdd - ProofofAddress
BillingRecords
DeclarationRecords:
CAF- CustomerApplicationFormNumber
Date1-date filled by the customer
Date2-date filled by the manager
MN-Manager’s Name
SM-Signature of manager
DetailsFillinfRecords:
Prevdues-previous dues
Adj-adjustments
Curchar-current charges
Amafterduedate-amount after due date
Totalcurchar-total current charges
FinalActivationRecords:
CAF- CustomerApplicationFormNumber
IA-Installation Address
CN-Customer’s name
OTCC-OTC code
Hcode-Handset code
SDCAN-SDCA name
SDCAC-SDCA code
Dirno-Directory number
CR-Customer’s Representative
RAR-Reliance Authorised Representative
FWP Records:
CAF- CustomerApplicationFormNumber
TP-Tariff Plan
SN-Signature of subscriber
Receipt Records:
CAF- CustomerApplicationFormNumber
RRS-Received Rs
DDno-Demand draft no
CCN-Credit Card no
HCN-Handset code no
SCN-Scheme code no
TP-Tariff Plan
DA-Deposit Amount
DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERIZING
DATA HANDLING
A separate and dedicated manpower is needed to maintain and run hardware and
the software.
If the network is not secured properly then it can be hacked.
It could result in substantial reduction of the workforce and thus result in
unemployment.
Acknowledgement
Self Certificate
Synopsis of the project
System Analysis & Design theory
Programming Methodology
E-R diagram
Data Flow Diagram
Input screens of forms
Output screens of forms
Reports screens
Reports output screens
Company’s Introduction
Data dictionary
Details of the project submitted on the CD
Conclusion
Bibliography
The manual system has many drawbacks; some of them are listed below:
Maintaining many registers:
In the manual system, number of registers has to be maintained which leads to
wrong entries in some confusions, misunderstandings, etc.
Duplication of data:
Sometimes, the entries are duplicated, which leads to incorrect details of
consumers and incorrect information regarding registration.
Occupy more space:
Maintenance of many registers means, unnecessary occupying great space.
Time consuming:
The manly maintained records, consumes a lot of time and efforts. Simple reasons
being that all activities are done by humans and human shave certain limitations, where
as computer system is much faster and accurate.
Expensive:
Maintenance of manual system needs a lot of material execution, excess
stationary, thus making things expensive.
Immediate reports not possible:
In the manual system, the ad-hoc reports needed may not be obtained sometimes.
Since for report making registers have to be looked over.
Security of records:
In a manual system, handling and keeping records is very risky as files could be
damaged by any kind of pests. File could also be damaged due to climatic conditions.
ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERISING DATA
HANDLING
No maintenance of registers:
In computerizing system, the storage device would be used for maintaining of
records. Hence there would be no need for maintaining of registers or files.
No duplication of entries:
In computerizing system, it is almost impossible that any entry is duplicated.
Improper records:
Computerizing system generates more clean and effective reports than in the
manual system.
Immediate records possible:
In the computerized system, the ad –hoc reports needed may be obtained as soon
as needed. There are much less files to be maintained and the computer could easily
search the particular data than any human being can.
Security of records:
In the computerized system, the records are much safer. Moreover the FLOPPIES
or CDs could be used for taking the backups of the data.
Not much expensive:
In a computerized system, there is one time expensive. There is no need to
purchase more files for more data. On the other hand, stationary needed is compulsory
and should not be counted in unnecessary expenses.
Not a time consuming task:
Since all entries are to be done by computer, it would take a little time to enter the
data in corresponding files. Moreover it is much accurate and faster than a human is.
More and faster availability of details:
A computerized system usually could give much more details, latest information
as compared to a human system.
Less manpower is required:
Less manpower is required to operate and maintain the computerized system than
the manual system.
Handle large amount of data:
Unlike manual system it can handle large amount of records very easily and
efficiently.
Occupy less space:
Space occupied by computer is much less than that of occupied by files and
registers.
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CDMA is popular with over 135 million subscribers worldwide,and the number is
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The advanced design and architecture of ELECTRICITY BILLING SYSTEM
network effectively integrates high bandwidth wireless data capability of CDMA 2000 1x
technology,custom made software and hardware on Reliance IHOSPITAL
MANAGEMENTS SYSTEM handsets,powerful servers running on indigenously
developed Reliance Application Platform(RAP) and HOSPITAL MANAGEMENTS
SYSTEM nationwide fiber optic backbone with terabit capacity.
This unique combination of technologies enables ELECTRICITY BILLING
SYSTEM phones to have hitherto unavailable broadband capability,necessary for audio
and video-on-demand services. The multimedia capabilities of Reliance IndiaMobile
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With ELECTRICITY BILLING SYSTEM ,you can also enjoy ‘always on’,high speed
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ELECTRICITY BILLING SYSTEM
“To succeed in the knowledge era, India must make a creative break from the
debilitating colonial hangovers of the past.”
The concept of the universe as one family(Vasudaive Kutumbakam) is not
something new to the Indian mind. It has been expounded in the Vedas and Upanishads
by our sages and seers. It is this breadth of vision that enabled India to realise its vast
creative potential in an entire range of areas:
astronomy,architecture,botany,medicine,metallurgy,meteorology,philosophy, and
political science in addition to industry and trade. India begin to decline only when we
began to look inwards. India’s resurgence during the last century owes itself to the
reassertion of those universal impulses.
Mahatma Gandhi visualized independent India as a home with its windows wide
open, letting in the refreshing breadth of stimulating ideas from all derections. Gurudev
Rabindranath Tagore dreamt of an India everyone could hold his and her head high
without a shadow pf fear. This is the mindset that flows from quiet self-confidence and a
high sense of self-esteem. Why, then, are some of us afraid of competition and why this
apprehension that others will swamp us?
I believe that we must deal with this issue courageously if India has to win in the
age of globalization and competition that is unfolding before us.
We are in a world where the prerequisite of progress is changing. In fact, even the
parameters of survival have become fundamentally different. The pervasive impact of
technology and a movement towards a barrier-free global market are giving a new
meaning to the rules of the game. The concept of survival now transcends from the
biological to the intellectual. The aphorism- survival of the fittest-applies not just to
citizens but also to companies, communities and countries.
This is not only an era of globalization and competition. We have entered the age of
knowledge.
These two elements-globalisation and competition-give to knowledge a new and
sharp focus. Citizens have to relate to an explosion of new knowlwdge that incessantly
challenges their ability. Metaphysically, they must run faster in order to remain where
they are. They must continuously improve individually and organizationally to add
economic value to enterprises. This demands constant efforts to enthusiastically embrace
a process of perceptual renewal and creativity.
Companies have to factor market dynamics founded on a new paradigm of constant
change. This calls for an ability to deal with continuous uncertainity by maintaining a
ceaseless state of transformation driven by market dictates.
Communities have to provide room to new forms of social organizations based on
knowlwdge and technology networks. This necessitates placing knowlwdge and
technology at the core of social values as well as an accommodation of borderless virtual
societies bonded by shared professional, recreational, ethnic,religious,political
,environmental and moral values.
And countries have to wake up to a new challenges brought about by full and ubiquitous
connectivity. This requires an acceptance of new norms of citizenship, cross border
employment and trade and inclusive political models. All of them demand a creative
break from the now-outmoded political and economic concepts.
Adapting to an explosion in knowledge, living with continous uncertainity,
relating to knowledgw networks and dealing with talent requires nurturing one resource:
human brain. In an age where knowledge is the fundamental source of wealth, power and
progress, success will come to those who have the capacity to conceptualise, the
competence to implement and the competitiveness to stay ahead.
This is the war that the Indian mind must win. And for us Indians, the importance
of tuning our mind to the new challenges should not be difficult to comprehend. For
ancient Indian wisdom reminds us that the ‘mind is the key to freedom as well as
progress’ (Man eva manushyanam karan bandha mokshoyo). To beable to win the battle
for freedom and progress in the knowledge age, we must rid the Indian mind of the
enfeebling hangover of the colonial past. We must go back to the roots of wisdom that lie
deep in our culture and world outlook.
Our capacity to conceptualise on a latge ‘beat the world’ format must not be
limited by incremental thinking. We must discard the tendency to think in a linear
manner. We must regain the intellectual power to look beyond the constellation of stars
and galaxies and discover new vistas to lead humanity in the domain of knowledge. We
can no longer be content with year-on-year improvement in growth and development
matrix, banking on conventional reference points and taking refuge in precedents. We
cannot afford to remain prisoners of conventional thinking.
In the knowledge age, individuals ,communities and the society have the
oppurtunity to leapfrog and create entirely new and large vistas for advancement. The
Indian intellect must break free from an evolutionary mindset in all spheres in a
revolutionary manner.
In the knowledge age, competence to implement is constrainted only by self-imposed
limits to creativity. The Indian mind must refuse to accept things as given. The social
ethos must give up trekking as given. As individuals, we must be ready to venture out.
Like the Indians of the past who carried both the message and materials from this country
to the west and the east, we must gather the courage to sail in uncharted seas with
courage and confidence.
The new workd will unrelentingly question the conventional in virtually every
discipline. Indian polity and society must move beyond the sanctuary of these comfort
zones to support a new intellectual edifice built around quest, experimentation, creativity,
adventure and research.
Our ability to stay ahead by competing is impaired by the lack of a sense of
common purpose. We must inculcate the ability to convert individual creativity into
collective brilliance.
Enterprising Indians must assimilate a spirit of a common sense of purpose to
succeed in such an environment. Not doing so would be untenable in an age where new
knowledge is created at the interface of disciplines and new initiatives are governed by a
framework of technological and market risk-sharing.
The Indian psyche must be recast to working in a collaborative framework. A
common disposition among Indians to overvalue oneself comes in the way of productive
partnerships. Such partnerships are an essential prerequisite of a networked society. From
outstanding and strategic alliances in business to fighting communicable diseases and
terrorism across borders, partnerdhips will be a way of life in a globally networked
society. Individuals and organizations in India have to downsize self-opinionated
behaviour to succeed in an environment of sharing resources and mutually reinforcing
skills.
India will win, no doubt. But winning should not be seen as a discipline,
rigorous training and killer instinct. What matters is not just how you played the game,
but also whether you won or lost. Indians must ingrain the winner takes all mindset and
recognize that the new world is unforgiving to losers.
Translating this frame of mind in the real world of policy, economy, industry
and societyboils down to an agenda made up of several path-breaking initiatives. At the
top of this agenda is the goal of global leadership in every sphere of economic and
competitive activity. Then comes a radical overhaul of systems in governance, education,
health, population control and social welfare. Following this, is a concerted effort in
managing critical resourced such as food, energy and water. Finally, there is the
unfinished economic activity from the chains of excessive regulation.
Universal outlook and creative destruction are at the core of this mental outlook.
We must not lament if inappropriate initiatives and inefficient enterprises are destroyed in
order to allow for new ones that are contemporary and globally competitive.
These concepts are not alien to the Indian society. The spirit of creative
destruction is imbibed in our epics. The trinity of brahma, the creator, Vishnu, the
preserver and shiva, the destroyer, epitomize this. We see the process of universal
creation and destruction in a complementary cyclical relationship, as day and night or
inhalation and exhalation.
In the final analysis, the character and contours of progress in the new era will
be shaped by the wayour mindset, as citizens ,as corporates, as communities, and as the
country itself, is trained to break free from the debilitating hangover of the colonial past,
and encouraged to innovate, create and collaborate. The pursuit of success in a rapidly
evolving digital economy will depend on stretching sights and extending enterprise to
attain global leadership in all sphere of life.
RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
(RAD)TOOLS
Visual programming:
Visual programming aims at providing the user with an interface that is intuitive and
easy to use. In developing such an interface, the programmer employs user-friendly
features such as windows, menus, buttons and list boxes.
A visual programming environment provides all features that are required to
develop a graphical user interface as ready to use components. The programmer does not
have to write code to create and display commonly required user-friendly features each
time around.
When the programmer needs a specific user interface feature such as a button, he selects
the appropriate ready to use component provided by the visual programming
environment. In Microsoft visual basic, all controls that can be used to create the user
interface are displayed in the toolbox as shown.
Visual development of graphical user interfaces which are easy to use and easy to
learn.
A programmer need not write code to display the required component.
For example, the visual programming environment displays a list of available
components. The programmer picks up the required component from this list to display
it.
The component can be moved, resized and even deleted, if required.
There is no restriction on the number of controls that can be placed on a form.
The programmer can create the user interface visually; he can align, move or size
the components as required without having to resort to writing code.
The interface components provided by the visual programming environment
have some line of code built into them.
For example, a button ‘knows’ when it has been clicked upon. In the case of conventional
programming tools, the programmer has to write code to determine the component that
has been clicked upon and then execute the appropriate code.
Disadvantages of visual programming:
While visual programming makes it very simple to create complex user interfaces, it
suffers from some disadvantaged:
As the name implies, the entire process of developing an application using a
visual development is visual. Thus, the development environment in itself is
highly graphical in nature and therefore requires more memory.
Visual development environments require computers of a higher configuration in
comparison to the conventional programming tools.
Larger capacity hard disk
More RAM
Faster processor
Primarily, visual development can be used only with GUI- operating systems such as
Windows.
Acknowledgement
Its our great privilege to work under the guidance of much experienced and devoted
faculty members of JYOTI INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. The
kind of exposure and experience guide’s global and professional attitude we got is
exactly what we desired to learn before starting our project.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to the following people for their
encouragement and guidance.
In the era of New technological development where the customer attitude, needs and
wants are changing very fast. Here customer is the king business begins and ends with the
customer. The business growth, profitability, liquidity and image of an organization
depends upon the customer.
It is therefore essential that a product/service meets the customer expectation fully
and ensure that he or she is fully satisfied it is necessary to pay emphasis on building and
maintain customer satisfaction by putting the customer first in all the activities.
Awareness comes only advertising and publicity and best marketing effort. Customer
satisfaction is not enough.
Most marketing theory and practice centers on the art of new customer on retaining
ones. A company would be wise to customer satisfaction regular, because the key to
customer relation is customer satisfaction. The great entrepreneur ELECTRICITY
BILLING SYSTEM think that making call should be less than price of a post card and
he is working for that. In his views, a highly satisfied customer stay longer, buys more as
the company introduces new products and talks favorably about the company and it’s
product.
CUSTOMER NEEDS AND WANTS
Needs
Better quality service.
Basic facilities with the handset like SMS,Telephone directory,time,date,storage
capacity.
Avilable in everywhere in India.
Customer problem should be solved quickly.
Employees of the Reliance Infocomm should educate the customer to operate the
prepaid connections.
Wants
Cheaper call rates for local,STD and ISD.
Pepaid policy (Plans) should be properly communicate to the customer.
Minimum recharge coupon should be provided such as in 50,100,150 or more.
Promotional sheme or gift sometime be provided by the company.
Customer Cust. Customer Executive
Executive ID Cust.
ID
Cust. Bill Receip
Rejectio Detail Reques Bill Plan t
n of s.. t Inf s.
request for o
Conn.
Bill
Plan Billing
Detail Custome
System
s r Care
2
System
1
Customer
Bill Plans Details Bill Details
Details
Many feasibility studies are disillusioning for both users and analysts.
ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY
Economic analysis is the most frequently used method for evaluating the
effectiveness of a candidate system. More commonly known as cost/benefit analysis,
the prodedure is to determine the benefits and savings that are expected from a
candidate system and compare them with costs. If benefits outweigh costs, then the
decision is made to design and implement the system. Otherwise, further justification
or alterations in the proposed system will have to be made if it is to have a chance of
being approved. This is an ongoing effort that improves in accuracy at each phase of
the system life cycle.
TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
Technical feasibility centers around the existing computer system (hardware,
software, etc.) and to what extent it can support the proposed addition. For example,
if the current computer is operating at 80 percent capacity- then running another
application could overload the system or require additional hardware. This involves
financial considerations to accommodate technical enhancements.If the budget is a
serious constraint, then the project is judged not feasible
BEHAVIORAL FEASIBILITY
People are inherently resistant to change, and computers have been known to change,
and computers have been known to facilities change. An estimate should be made to
how strong a reaction the user staff is likely to have toward the development of a
computerized system. It is common knowledge that computer installations have
something to do with turnover, transfers, retraining, and changes in employee job
status. Therefore, it is understandable that the introduction of a candidate system
requires special effort to educate, sell, and train the staff on new ways of conducting
business.
In our safe deposit example, three employees are more than 50 years old and have
been with the bank over 14 years, four years of which have been in safe deposit. The
remaining two employees are in their early thirties. They joined safe deposit about
two years before the study. Based on data gathered from extensive interviews, the
younger employees want the programmable aspects of safe deposit (essentially
billing) put on a computer. Two of the three older employees have voiced resistance
to the idea.Their vie is that billing is no problem. The main emphases is customer
service personal contacts with customers. The decision in this case was to go ahead
and pursue the project.
.
Introduction
Marketing is a social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and
wants through creating,offering and freely exchanging products and services of value
with others.
Marketing has often been described as “The Art of Selling Products” , but people are
surprised when they hear the most important part of marketing is not selling.Selling is
only the tip of marketing iceberg.
In this changing business world where new product/services are coming faster.
There is need to understand customer preference,customer needs and wants and the
psychology of the customer. In response , companies are shifting gears from managing
portfolios to managing customer portfolios. The focus today is on customer relationships
management. Companies emphasize keeping and growing customer instead of finding
new ones. They are improving their methods Measuring customer profitability and
customer lifetime value. They are intent on the return on their marketing investment and
its impact on shareholder value.
Marketing is no longer a company department charged with a limited number of
tasks:
Managing advertising, finding sales leads, providing customer service. Marketing must
be company wide understanding. It must drive the company’s vision,mission and
strategic planning. Marketing is about deciding who the company wants as its customer,
which needs to satisfy, what products and service to affer, what prices to set, what
communication to send and receive, what channel of distribution to use and partnerships
to develop. Marketing deals with the whole process of entering markets, establishing
profitable positions and building loyal customer relationships. This can happen only of all
departments work together: engineering designs the right products,finance furnishes the
required funds,purchasing buys quality materials,production makes quality products on
time and accounting measures the profitability of different customers,products and areas.
Marketing Strategy for Electricity Billing System
The target market is business class who most mobile phone. The target market is
middle income group and students. Now a days this segments is increasing rapidly. This
segment wants monthly recharge coupon and coupon for such different prices like
100,200,300 and 500 etc. In
This segments they use SMS,videogames etc. so separate strstegy can be develop for this
segments.
Positioning
Most versatile value added service,cheaper call rate for users.
Product Management
Network should be available everywhere in India such as BSNL is doing.
Pricing
Prices of the different mobile set should decrease then the other companies company
should focus on cheaper call rate such as local,STD and ISD.
Distribution
Firstly focus on major and big territory and then should also worked for rural areas.
Marketing Communication
Reliance Infocomm should create an advertising campaign with Amitabh Bachan and
Shahrukh Khan or Aamir Khan.
Launch strategy to generate publicity and media coverage.
Marketing research
Brand awareness , customer satisfaction before,during and after marketing campaign in
major and big territory in every year and search the opportunities for future product
development efforts.
PERT CHART
Process of PERT
A programme consists of several activities and sub-activities. In order to complete the
programme, these activities, sub-activities should be completed in a proper sequence and
in allotted time. Since some of the activities can be taken simultaneously, a neywork is
developed to show the sequence, time taken and the time of start of particular activities.
The whole process involved in the preparation of PERT is as follows:
__ Hardware cost
__ Personal cost
__ Facility cost
__ Operating cost
__ Supply cost
__ Maintenance cost
HARDWARE COST
The Hardware cost relates to the cost of each hardware item required for solving
that problem in case of each alternative. In case of computerization of solution, the
hardware includes computer system and various peripherals like printer,
scanners,plotter etc. These costs are treated as one time cost.
Personnel Cost
Personal cost is the each staff member cost. This cost includes the salaries,
allowances, and other benfits like health insurance, vacation time, conveyance
allowances sick pay etc. that each staff member will take away from that firm. The
cost is treated as recurring cost. So, evaluation of these costs is done very carefully.
Facility cost
This is the cost incurred in the preparation of the physical site where the
alternatives will be put into operation. This includes the cost of wiring, flooring,
acoustics, lighting, telephone installation, and air-conditioning; these costs are treated
as one-time costs. Once installed, they seldom require further investment.
Operating Cost
The Operating cost include the usage of telephone, electricity and such other
facilities. The operating costs may vary from month to month. The amount depends
on the number of shifts, the nature of the applications, usage of facilities and the
callibre of the operating staff. Electricity cost is an example of operating cost.
Supply Cost
This is the cost of various materials will be used by the staff like papers,
stationery, printer ribbons disks, inks, catridges and such other things. These are the
items which are used while working with computers. This cost can vary according to
the use. At the time of analysis only the temtative idea of consumption is made and
cost is evaluated.
Maintenance Cost
It is not that once a machine item has been purchased, investment finishes. Time
to time maintenance of machines, computer and peripherals is required. Maintenace
cost is the expenditure required for maintaining the alternative. With time, the
technology in use becomes obselete, so it becomes necessary to upgrate the
technology. Depreciation or Devaluation comes under the Maintenance cost.
Every alternative is also expected to provide benefits. The first task is to identify
each benefit and then assign a monetry value to that benefits for cost benefit analysis.
Benefits may be tangible and intagible, direct or indirect.
From computerization, one major benefit obtained, no doubt is improved
performance. By improvement we mean improvement in the accuracy of work done,
especially and easier access to the information, safe storage of valuable information.
Cost benefit analysis gives a clear picture of the various costs, benefits and rules
associated with each alternative. The procedure entails,
__ Identification of costs and benefits related to the alternative
__ Categorizing the various costs and benefit for analysis.
__ Selecting a method of evaluation,
__ Interpreting the results of the analysis and taking actions.
All type of costs can be classified as tangible or intangible costs, direct or indirect
costs and fixed and variable costs. Similarly, all type of benefits can be classified as
tangible or intangible benefits, direct or indirect benefits, and fixed and variable
benefits.
Tangible costs and benefits
Tangible costs or benefits are those costs and benefits that can be measured.
Hardware or software cost, personal training cost, or salaries of the employees are
examples of tangible costs. Completion of job into few hours only, or less effort in
completing the job is tangible benefits.
Intangible costs and benfits
Intangible are the costs and benefits whose financial value cannot be measured.
For example, problems occurring due to the implementation of new proposal or
adverse effect on goodwill of the company are some intangible costs. More satisfied
customer or improvement in quality of services is intangible benefits.
Direct costs and benefits
Direct costs and benefits are those costs and benefits with which rupee value can
be associated. For example cost of a floppy box or cost of stationery. A new system
that can handle 30 percent more work is the example of direct benefit.
Indirect costs and benefits
These costs are fixed, that is, they do not change regardless of the alternatives
used. Once encountered they do not recur.
Fixed costs and benefits
The costs and benefits, which are almost fixed from month to month, come under
this category. The expenses, which are fixed like salaries given to the employees, are
fixed costs. Firm owner knows that a fixed amount of money is to give away as salary
irrespective of the amount of work done. Similarly if some firm has taken internet
connection for some duration then once money has been paid as rent and connection
has been activated, whether the connection is; used or not, the hours will elapse after
the specified duration and the connection will have to be renewed.
Variable costs and benefits
These costs and benefits are not fixed. These cost are volume-oriented costs. They
change according to the volume of work.
After all financial data has been identified, it is required, it is required to analyze
and evaluate the data. There are several methods available for the evaluation of this
data. Data can be evaluated using any of the below listed techniques:
a) Net benefit analysis
b) Present value analysis
c) Net present value
d) Payback analysis
e) Break-even analysis
f) Cash-flow analysis
Statement of the problem
This is the first step while solving a problem using computers. In this step, the
problem is clearly understood and stated in detail. This statement consist of:
__ A layout of how to solve the problem,
__ What are the inputs to the program,
__ What are the outputs of the program that are to be obtained from the software
developed to solve the problem,
__ List of constraints, if applicable, in problem,
__ Some formula, if to be used in program, each and every such thing is specified in
detail.
Some times there are certain conditions, which are to be considered while writing
the program. All those conditions are also specified with sufficient detail at this point,
so that condition is not missed.
It is not necessary that a person who is developing a program is also the user of
that program. In that situation where the programmer of the program (or software)
and the user of the software are two different persons, it becomes necessary for the
programmer to consult the end user of the software time to time and get all the
necessary details of the problem from him to be solved. The end user interaction and
intervention is most important whenever needed so that software gets ready exactly
according to their need. We now consider few examples to make it clear that how to
write detailed solution.
ALOGARITHM
After clear statement of this problem, the instructions to be followed to solve a
problem are written. The instructions of these sets are followed one after another to
solve any problem. This set of instructions to process some input for obtaining the
desired result or output is called Algorithm.
Algorithm means a special method of solving a certain kind of problem. The word
Algorithm has been derived from the name of a ninth century’s Arabian mathematics
Al-Khowarizm. In computer science, the word has some different significance and
meaning. In computer science algorithm means, a precise method usable by a
computer for achieving the solution of problem. It is the list of procedures or steps for
solving a problem and to arrive at the solution.
An algorithm contains a finite number of steps each of which may include a
number of operations. It must have certain characteristics like,
1. It should have an output.
2. The steps that are included in the algorithm should be executable by the
computer (i.e. statement like “post this card” or “pick my pen” are not
executable by the compute. So such type of statements must not be in an
algorithm.
3. Time taken by each step must be finite and small.
4. It must produce an output, after execution of the steps i.e. every step of
algorithm should yield some result. If there is any step, which does not give
any result, then it is a useless step and should be omitted from the algorithm.
5. Algorithm should be written in a very simple language like ordinary English,
so that any one could understand it easily.
Algorithm writing is an art. Once an algorithm is written it is necessary to show that it
computes the results correctly. This is referred to, as algorithm validation is to assure
that the algorithm will work correctly irrespective of, in what language it is to be
coded later. Once algorithm is validated, we can switch over to next step of problem
solving. The purpose with which algorithm has been written, algorithm should serve
that purpose fully.
Now question arises that how to analyze an algorithm. This is called the analysis of
algorithm.
As an algorithm is executed (when coded as program), it makes use of the computers
central processing unit (CPU) to perform operations and it uses the memory to hold
the program and its related data. Analysis of algorithm includes estimation of the time
and storage required by that algorithm during execution. It requires some time greater
mathematical skills. This analysis is done to get an idea of efficiency of algorithm we
are following. Data sets needed by the algorithm are predicted and it is observed that
how much they are satisfying the constraints. Once it is Okayed than next step of
problem solving starts.
FLOW CHART
Flow chart is the pictorial representation of the steps involved in solving a
problem. It is the next step towards problem solving. Usually, the flowchart is
primarily used as an aid in formulating, writing, and understanding the programs. For
easy visual recognition, the standard convention is to use only predefined and
accepted specific symbol for a particular operation only so that every computer
professional interprets the flowcharts in the same manner.
START
Read
the values
of
X, Y and Z
Is
X >
Y?
Is Is
X > Z? Z > Y?
Print Print Print
X Z Y
STOP
FLOWCHART
Decision table defining the problem and the actions to be taken. It is a single
representation of conditions actions. Fig. Shows the general layout of any decision
table. A decision table consists of two main portions.
STUB And ENTRY.
The stub part is divided into an upper quadrant called the conditional stub.
And a lower quadrant called the action stub.
The entry part is also divided into two quadrants. The upper quadrant is called the
Conditional entry and a lower quadrant are called the action entry.
The condition stub contains in the question form, the condition that may exit.
The action stub contains outlines in the narrative form, the action to be taken to meet
each condition.
The condition entry provides the answers to the questions that are asked in the
condition stub quadrant.
The action entry indicates the appropriate action resulting from the answers to the
conditions in the condition entry quadrant.
ADVANTAGE OF DECISION TABLE
Decision tables are best suited for dealing with complex branching routines such
as complex links of inventory control or calculating purchasing discounts, sales
commissions etc.
These tables are easier to construct than flow charts if several conditions are to be
tested and decision to be taken. Also, it is easier to follow the table when a particular
condition is met just by coming down the column.
PSEUDOCODE
This is another method of writing and analyzing the program logic. These are also
the set of instructions like a program, but written in very simple language. As this is a
step prior to program writing so the language in which source program is to be
developed influences pseudocodes. Programming language influences Pseudo means
artificial code that is why it is known as pseudocode as this set of instructions.
This is an optional step of problem solving. This means if programmer feels that
there is no need of writing pseudocode, he can skip this step. But, writing
pseudocodes is especially useful while writing the large programs. In that case, all
complexities of the program are stated in a very simple format, which can be
translated to the code of desired programming language very easily.
CODING
After all the steps if program development has been followed i.e. problem has
been clearly stated, algorithm of the problem has been written, for convenience
flowchart has also been drawn and if required pseudocode has also been developed
for the problem, then comes the turn of writing the actual program in some high level
language. The programming language is chosen according to the domain of problem
and knowledge of program mer. using that language the algorithm or pseudocode is
converted to the program. After coding is complete this program is fed into the
computer for further operations on it. These programs are fed using some text editor
program. What are editors, every one must be familiar by now. Most of the language
implementations available today have their own editor.
IMPLEMENTATION
Implementation is next step of problem solving. By implementation we mean that
making the program developed actually execute on the computer. Implementation of
software is not a stand-alone step. It is an integrated step, which itself is comprised of
three sub steps, which must be followed for successful implementation of software,
these three sub steps are,
_ Compiling the software;
_ Identifying the errors;
_ Debugging of errors in the software;
_ Testing of the software;
The first two steps are not two distinct phases, rather they are the phases
contained in each other. Both are followed almost together.
COMPILING AND IDENTIFYING ERRORS
After the program has been developed, it needs to be compiled to convert it into
object code acceptable by computer. The program is compiled by the language
compiler. It is quite possible that the program has few errors. These errors could be of
different types. Major classes of errors are:
_ Syntactical errors
_ Run time errors
_ Logical errors
When program is compiled, the list of some errors is displayed on the screen.
These are the syntactical errors. Syntactical errors are the errors, which occurs due
to the wrong coding. That is, if sentences of the program are not according to the
grammatical rules of the language, then these errors occur. Another reason for
syntactical errors is the wrong spelling of key words of language. Key words are the
words which have pre-defined meaning and use in their domain language. If their use
is not according to the language, again the syntactical errors will occur. Like the
natural languages have some punctuation rules, a programming language also has
some punctuation rules. If any of these rules is break-up again an error will be there.
During compilation phase the source file is accessed and if errors are found, then
that file is edited and the corrections are posted in the file. After the errors have been
detected and the corrections have been included in the source file, the file is
recompiled. This detection of errors and removal of those errors is called debugging.
The file is compiled again, so changes done last time get included in the object file
also by itself. This process of compilation, debugging and correction posting in the
source file continues until all syntactical errors are removed completely. If program is
very large and complex, more is the number of times the program has to be corrected
and compiled.
Successful compilation of the program means that now the program is following
all the rules of the language and ready to execute. The compiler indicates all of the
syntax errors of the program at this stage. If a program has been compiled
successfully, it does not mean that program will work according to our requirements.
It may not work. To get an idea of the working of program, this program, this
program is tested using the test data. This is called testing of the program.
TESTING
No program is perfect. Communication problems, programmer negligence or time
constraints create errors that must be eliminated before the system is ready to accept.
This section reviews the program or software testing and steps that must be taken to
prepare a program for implementation.
A question may arise in the readers mind that why to test a program. System
testing is done to assure that various parts of the program are connected to each other
in a correct logical sequence.
It is to assure the programmer and the user that program is fully capable of giving the
results according to the requirements. Any best program is worthless if it does not
meet the users needs. Any program is tested for the reasons,
1. To ensure that the program does not malfunction under peak loads.
2. To get an idea that how much capable the program is to handle the errors.
3. To see how much user friendly the program is.
This is stage where the remaining two type errors may occur. The errors, which occur
at this stage, may be either run-time error or logical error. Both type of errors are
difficult to recognize. When a program is executed it may happen that the person who
is running the program gives the input in a wrong manner or may not handle the
variables and other program elements correctly. Because of this the program does not
behave in the proper way. It may malfunction and show some error. These errors are
the run time errors. So it is suggested that the data should given correctly.
The data, which is used with program to test it, is called the test data. The proper
choice of test data is an important as testing of program itself. The test data should be
selected such that it represents the actual data of program. If test data is not the
representative of the data, which is to be provided by the user, the reliability of the
output is suspected.
The test data may be live (data taken from actual files of the user) or artificial or
dummy (data developed for the wholesale purpose of testing). Properly created
artificial or data provides all combinations of values and formats and make it possible
to test all logic and transaction routines. The proper artificial data provides and
extreme values for testing the limits of the candidate system.
When program is tested though the care is taken in handling the program elements
and input has been given correctly, even then the program may not give the correct
result. This happens due to the wrong logic. If the logical sequence of statements is
not correct then also program can have errors. Such errors are called logical errors.
These errors can be removed by correcting the logic of program.
From the above discussion, it is clear that testing of software or a program is an
important phase and result of this is an error-less, it is tested and debugged again and
again.
The testing of software begins with the testing of the programs, followed by string
and system testing, system documentation verification and user acceptance testing.
The user acceptance, test involves the user directly and verifies that the systems
procedures operate upto standards.
DOCUMENTATION
After the program has been written for the solution of a problem and that had
been implemented successfully on the computer it appears as if the job of the
software developer has finished. But it is not so. It is likely that the programmer and
user of the program are into the same persons. That is, the person the program and the
person developing the program are two different persons. It is very essential for the
user of the program that they know all the necessary details of the program. The
inputs to that program, outputs of that program or software, their designs and layouts,
data structures, data files, any special procedures, all such information is collected
and presented in a precise form. This is called documentation.
Well-organized software application has a good documentation. Some
programmers neglect the necessity of documentation. As a result of this, the work
suffers, after they hand-over the program to the user. At the time of any problem, the
user needs to refer the manuals. If those manuals are not proper or they have not been
prepared they will led the work suffer. Development of new programs will be
required. This is the wastage of time and money both.
Documentation of the software must contain the following information,
_ In detail, the purpose of software.
_ Who has developed the program and for whom?
_ What does the program do?
_ What are the data files used with that software?
_ Detailed description of the data files?
_ Security measures inbuilt in the software to avoid the authorized access to
the software.
_ Operating instructions.
In addition to this, the software must contain the following details also
_ The flowcharts of various components of software.
_ Test run results.
_ What to do in the unusual situations? And so on.
MAINTENANCE
The programmer intervention does not finish by preparing software according to
the user needs and hand-over it to user along with its proper documentation. Like
every thing, needs after sales service and maintenance, similarly the software is not
an exception. The maintenance of any software is also a very necessary aspect related
to software development. Also cost of maintenance various from 50%-80% of the
total development cost.
Maintenance is not as rewarding or exciting as developing the systems. It may
have problems like,
_ Availability of only few tools of maintenance;
_ User may not accept the cost of maintenance;
_ Standards and guidelines of project are poorly defined
_ Minimal standards for maintenance.
Maintenance of software can be classified as corrective, adaptive, and perceptive
maintenance.
Corrective maintenance means repairing processing or performance failures or
making changes because of previously uncorrected problems.
Adaptive maintenance means changing the program function.
Perceptive maintenance means enhancing the performance or modifying the
programs to respond to the users additional or changing needs. This needs more time
and money than corrective and adaptive maintenance.
As maintenance is very costly and very essential, efforts have been done to reduce
its cost. One way to reduce the costs is through maintenance management and
software modification audit. Software modification consists of rewriting of programs
and updating of system level.
Electricity Billing System
Electricity Billing System from scratch to be in the reckoning for a place in the
Global Fortune 500 list. This achievement is even more significant due to the fact, that
the entire growth was achived in an organic manner and in a span of just 25 years.
Electricity Billing System was not just firmly rooted in traditional Indian values, but was
also a quintessentially modern man-the man of the new millennium. This was clearly
reflected in his passion for mega-sized projects, the most advanced technology and the
highest level of productivity.
The corporate philosophy he followed was short simple and succinct- “Think big.
Think differently. Think fast. Think ahead. Aim for the best”. He inspired the Reliance
team to do better than the best-not only in India but also in the world.
Electricity Billing System, had an acute sense that education alone empowers
people. He was a great communicator. He communicated to inspire, to guide , to educate
and to motivate.
He employed telephone as a powerful tool to achieve these goals. He used
telephone to defeat distance, to compress time and to remain abreast of events. He was
acutely aware of the power of information and communications. He would often say: “
make the tools of Infocomm available to people at an affordable cost, they will overcome
the handicaps of literacy and lack of mobility”.
He wanted a telephone call to be cheaper than a post card. This, he believed, would
transform every home, empower every Indian ,remove the roadblocks to opportunity and
demolish the barriers that divide our society.
Electricity Billing System was of the conviction that Noncom would energies
enterprises, galvanize governance, make livelihood an enjoyment, learning an
experience,and living an excitement.
Electricity Billing System is a fascinating outcome of this powerful conviction. It is
a major initiative to translate his inspiring dream into reality.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Customer
Administrator
Customer
Care Bill
& Plans
Billing
System
Management
Bill Information
Administrator
Customer Satisfaction After Using the
Powered by state of the art equipment,Reliance Infocomm’s fibre optic cables across
over 60000 km of the country’s geography,are capable of carrying millions of concurrent
phone calls.
Such infrastructure ensures that the highest quality of voice and data communication
is maintained at a high level. No more busy signals,no more calls that cut off midway.
Electricity provides the full range of long distance telephony servisec,covering
intercity,interstate,national long distance and international long distance to all types of
users from the individual to a large corporation.
Staying connected is now going to be a different experience altogether!
MS-ACCESS
Billing System ”. An attempt has been made by us to make the project must up to date.
We have tried our best to include, solve the basic problems faced by the management of
the many companies. Computerized package would surely be some help and answer to
the day to day problems. We would like to express our deep appreciation to all those
who have encouraged and help me to continue prepare my software package and our
heart felt thanks to Mr.S.D.SINGH for his valuable suggestions and guidance.
NARESH KUMAR
BCA 6 sem
JCIT,BAREILLY
Pseudocode
This is another method of writing and analyzing the program logic. These are also the set
of instructions like a program, but written in very simple language. As this is a step prior
to program writing so pseudocodes are influenced by the language in which source
program is to be developed. Pseudo means artificial. Code means program in which high
level language. As it is artificial code, that is why it is known as pseudocodes as this set
of instructions is influenced by programming language.
This is an optional step of problem solving. This means if programmer feels that there is
no need of writing pseudocodes, he can skip this step. But, writing programmer feels that
there is no need of writing pseudocodes is especially useful while the large programs. In
that case, all complexities of the program are stated in a very simple format ,which can be
translated to the code of desired programming language very easily.
SELF CERTIFICATE
Signature of Student
Jyoti Institute Bareilly