Eukaryotic Cells Mr. E.

Davis
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Cell Overview

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 Cell Structure and Function
• Cells vary in size.
Longest cell – nerve cells
(up to 2 meters long)

Smallest cell – bacteria

Largest cell – egg cell

Cells vary in shape. Shape is often related to

function.

Blood cells are smooth, round, and flow

easily through the blood vessels

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Types of Cells

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Types of Cells
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Cellular Organization

• Cell – The Basic Unit Of Life

• Tissue – group of cells functioning together.
• Organ – group of tissues functioning together.
• Organ System – group of organs functioning
together.
• Organism – group of organ systems functioning
together.

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Animal Cell
Most important = nucleus (controls all cell functions)

Prokaryote Eukaryote
No nucleus Nucleus
No membrane bound organelles Membrane bound organelles

Simple Complex
Contains: cell wall, cell membrane, Contains: nucleus and organelles
and ribosomes,
Bacteria only Plants/animals/fungus
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 Two Basic Cell Types

Prokaryote
• Lacks internal compartments.
• No true nucleus.
• Most are single-celled
(unicellular) organisms.
• Examples: bacteria

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Two Basic Cell Types

Eukaryote
• Has several internal structures
(organelles).
• True nucleus.
• Either unicellular or multicellular.
unicellular example: yeast
multicellular examples:
plants and animals

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 • Plasma membrane (cell membrane)
Surrounds cell, maintains homeostasis
Organelle Structure & Function selectively permeable (controls what
enter and leaves the cell)

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 Cell Wall

• Rigid Structure
• Surrounds cell membrane
• Provides support
Ex. Plants, Fungi, some protist & bacteria

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Nucleus
• Nucleus – control center
(contains chromatin)

• Chromatin – Tangles of
DNA

• Nucleolus – located in the

center of the nucleus,
produces ribosomes

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 Eukaryotic Nucleus
• The nucleus stores chromatin (DNA
plus proteins) in a gel-like substance
called the nucleoplasm.
• The nucleolus is a condensed region
of chromatin where ribosome
synthesis occurs.
• The boundary of the nucleus is called
the nuclear envelope. It consists of
two phospholipid bilayers: an outer
membrane and an inner membrane.
• The nuclear membrane is continuous
with the endoplasmic reticulum.
• Nuclear pores allow substances to
enter and exit the nucleus.

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Ribosomes

• Found on the endoplasmic reticulum

or cytoplasm

• Site of protein synthesis

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Endoplasmic
Reticulum
• Folded membrane (increased surface area)
• Assembly and transport of proteins and
lipids
• Rough ER has attached ribosomes

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Cytoplasm

• Liquid between the nucleus and cell membrane

• Suspends organelles
• A place for chemical reactions and transport

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Golgi Apparatus (body)

• Packaging and shipping of

proteins and lipids
• Packaged into vesicles

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Vacuole

Storage of food,
water, and waste

Larger in plant cells –

usually contains water

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 • Produces Energy
(ATP) for the cell
• Inner folded
membrane increases
surface area

Mitochondrion
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Cell Movement Organelles
Flagella Cilia
• Short hair-like projections from the
• Long whip-like structure that membrane
extend from the cell
membrane • Cell movement
• Usually 1 or 2 on a cell

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Cytoskeleton Cell Membrane
• Helps a cell keep its shape • Serves as the cell's boundary
from its environment and
regulates which materials enter
and leave the cell

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 • Cells must keep the proper concentration of nutrients and
water and eliminate wastes.
• The plasma membrane is selectively permeable – it
will allow some things to pass through, while blocking other
things.

Homeostasis –
Maintaining a
Balance

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 Structure of the Plasma Membrane

• Lipid bilayer – two sheets of lipids (phospholipids).

• Found around the cell, the nucleus, vacuoles, mitochondria, and
chloroplasts.
• Embedded with proteins and strengthened with cholesterol molecules.

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Cell Membrane Transport

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Cell Membrane Destruction - Ebola

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The Onion Root Tip
Onion Root Tip
Onion Root Tip
Onion Root Tip
Centrioles - Found in animal cells.
Organizes the chromosomes during
cell division.

Chromatin - A granular material

made up of DNA bound to protein

Chromosome - Threadlike
structure that contains genetic
information.

Nuclear Envelope - A double

membrane that surrounds the
nucleus.
Lysosomes - Contains enzymes that break down lipids,
carbohydrates, and proteins
 Lysosomes
• Enzymes within the lysosomes aid the breakdown of
proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even
worn-out organelles.
• These enzymes are active at a much lower pH than that of the
cytoplasm.
• Therefore, the pH within lysosomes is more acidic than the
pH of the cytoplasm.
Plastids are double
membrane bound
organelles found
inside plants and
some algae, which
are primarily
responsible for
activities related to
making and storing
food.
Many plastids are
photosynthetic but
some are not.