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Cl
Class 2
2
Ghayoor Abbas
g.abbas@gcns.ac.uk
bb @ k
Introduction
A system that is totally electrically insulated from earth (ship’s
hull) is known as Insulated Neutral Distribution System
This scheme is favoured on LV systems e.g. 440V
Primarily adopted to avoid the risk of loss of essential services
L1
L2
G Load G Load
L3
N
Single Phase a.c. Insulated Three Phase a.c. Insulated
N
Neutrall Distribution
Di ib i System
S Neutral Distribution System
Introduction
An earthed system has the supply neutral point connected to
earth (ship’s hull)
This scheme is favoured on HV systems e.g. ≥1000V
Main claim for this system: faulty circuit is automatically isolated
by operation of protective device and approximate location of
fault
au t will be known
o
L
L1
L2
G Load Load
L3
N
Single Phase a.c. Earthed Three Phase a.c. Earthed
N
Neutrall Distribution
Di ib i System
S Neutral Distribution System
Circuit Fault
Insulation
G Load
Conductor
Circuit Fault – earth fault
Earth Fault
Circuit Fault – short circuit fault
Short-circuit
Circuit Fault – open circuit fault
Open Circuit
Short Circuit
Earth Fault
Earth Fault
Open Circuit Two conductors
Live conductor
Results in non‐ come into contact
touches the hull
flow of current by‐passing the
of the ship due to
of the ship due to
when the load due to two
break in
conductor breaks breaks in
insulation
insulation
A 10 A motor operates from a 220V insulated system. The supply
cables have a total impedance of 0.01Ω. What circuit current
would flow in each case?
Open Circuit
Open Circuit Earth Fault
Earth Fault Short Circuit
Short Circuit
I = V/Z No Effect I = V/Z
I = V/∞ I = 220/0.01
I = 0 A I = 22,000 A
Earthing
Load
Red
Yellow
3Φ a.c. Blue
Load
3Φ a.c.
“Single”
Single Earth Fault On Insulated System
Earth Fault On Insulated System
Source: DT Hall
“Double”
Double Earth Fault On Insulated System
Source: DT Hall
Resistance Earthing
Resistance Earthing
NER
Source: DT Hall
NER
Current Transformer
NER
3-Phase Busbar
Earthing Transformer
Earthing Transformer
Regulations
E/F Monitor
E/F Monitor
Most common,
common inexpensive,
inexpensive user‐friendly
user friendly
Not very sensitive, fail to indicate the presence of high
i
impedance
d E/F (60mA)
(60 A)
System healthy (no E/F) → Glow with equal half brilliance
If E/F occurs on one of the lines, the lamp connected to that
line goes dim or extinguish
Rest of the lamps will glow brightly due to increased voltage
E/F Lamps
E/F Lamps
Most common type E/F monitoring schemes;
Test
Switch
E/F Lamps
E/F Lamps
Test
Switch
Instrument type
Instrument type
More sensitive (1mA), expensive
Gives both visual and audible indication
Can be set to trigger the alarm at a pre‐set value of insulation
resistance
i
Injects a small d.c. voltage to the distribution system
Any resulting d.c. current is a measure of the insulation
resistance (directly displayed in kΩ or MΩ)
This type has been developed to meet regulations which
demand that on tankers, for circuits in or passing through
hazardous zones, there must be continuous monitoring of the
system insulation resistance
8 February 2010 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 32
Insulated & Earthed Distribution System
Instrument type
Instrument type
Load
Transformer
Earth Fault
Relay kΩ (mA)
EF Causes
EF Causes
E/F must be cleared ASAP by the staff – while E/F exists the
voltage to earth of two healthy phases will further stress the
insulation and could increase the possibility of a second E/F
occurring
On
O insulated
i l t d systems,
t selective
l ti tripping
t i i off circuits
i it is i to
t be
b
carried out until E/F clears
Tripping
i i off circuits
i i must be b coordinated
di d as random d and
d
unauthorised tripping of circuits jeopardises the safe
operation
ti off ship
hi
G G 440/220
Dist.
Board
A B C
E/F Monitor
d.f.b.
1 2 3 4
a b
Clearance an E/F
Clearance an E/F
Clearing of E/F requires breaking circuits in small part
Achieved by selectively opening the circuit breakers until E/F
lamps are cleared of the fault – gives a general direction of
the fault zone
Suppose 220V d.b. E/F monitor indicates the presence of and
E/F
Switches A, B and C are sequentially opened and closed in
turn untilil the
h E/F
/ monitor
i indicates
i di the
h faulted
f l d circuit
i i
Suppose B supplies a d.f.b. Located near its lighting circuits
Since there is no monitor available at location so an IR test
must be used
8 February 2010 School of Marine Engineering ‐ GCNS, "GA" 37
Insulated & Earthed Distribution System
Clearance an E/F
Clearance an E/F
At d.f.b fuse pair # 1 is removed to isolate the supply to the
load
IR test is now carried out
C
Connect one lead
l d off the
h megger to earth h (hull)
(h ll) and
d the
h other
h
to “b” – apply the test
If circuit is healthy (i.e., insulation is intact) megger will show
reading > 1MΩ
If circuit is faulty megger will show a low resistance value
Once the fault circuit is identified, switches should be opened,
fuses removed then lamp is taken
Repairing an E/F
Repairing an E/F
Question 9
a)) C
Compare the effect of earth leakage in an earthed
th ff t f th l k i th d
distribution system and in an insulated distribution
system (8)
b) Explain the method of earthing high voltage
Explain the method of earthing high voltage
installations (2)
Insulated System Earthed System
1. Double not single E/F constitutes
g 1. Single E/F constitutes short‐circuit
g
short‐circuit 2. With single E/F protective devices
2. Single E/F raises alarm but load disconnect the load
continues to be supplied with power
continues to be supplied with power 3. E/F do not cause the rise of phase
E/F do not cause the rise of phase
3. Single E/F raises phase voltages of voltages
healthy phase to line voltage 4. No risk of further stressing the
4 Higher phase voltages further stress
4. Higher phase voltages further stress insulation
the insulation 5. Operation of protective device
5. Locating and E/F is difficult – circuits roughly indicated the location of the
are individually broken into small
i di id ll b k i ll f l
fault
circuits