Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Department of Education
Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Division of Zamboanga del Sur
Tubod National High School
STUDENT’S HANDOUT
ARISTOTLE
Who wrote that “man is a rational animal”
We are all born and raised in a society
Man is a social being (Gadamer)
We interact with one another and build relationship in the hope of pursuing better life
We may share a distinct culture, same political dynamics, or similar institutions
As a rational animal, hence, we use our reason in order to satisfy our curiosity and discover the “how and
why” of so many things around us
NATURAL SCIENCE
In this source of knowledge this includes biology, chemistry, earth sciences, physics
Natural science actually explains and attempt to predict various phenomena in nature such cellular
composition, atomic particles, weather conditions and earthquake patterns.
PHILOSOPHY
It is easier to do rather than to define (Fr. Roque Ferriols)
It is an Active realization of truth (Indian Philosophy)
This includes Metaphysics, Epistemology, Theodicy, Phenomenology
In every branches, it studies everything through everything at the same time
Metaphysics: Being
Epistemology: Knowledge
Theodicy: God
Phenomenology: Experience and meaning
HUMANITIES
It is a branch of knowledge that tends to humanize human as they express themselves in various forms
This includes art and art history; literature, and music among others
IMPORTANT TERMS:
Domain: a sphere of knowledge, influence or activity
Discipline: a particular branch of learning or body of knowledge, such as physics, sociology and history
Empiricism: the view that all rationally acceptable beliefs or propositions are justifiable or knowable only
through experience or senses – Empirical knowledge
CONTEMPORARY SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE
These are the domains pertain to the applied professions that involves practical application of the theories
of knowledge to an actual or situational phenomena which is applicable for a domain
Examples: Business Administration, Communications, Technology Criminal Justice, Education,
Engineering, Law, Social Work, Nursing and Medicine
Social Sciences and Natural Sciences which are based on empirical knowledge – evident phenomena
and can be tested for its accuracy
SOCIETY
Defined as “people in general thought of living together in organized communities with shared laws,
traditions and values” (Merriam-Webster)
A group of people may be regulated by the same set of norms with shared values and tradition
Interaction of people they may gain benefits which are impossible when they work individually
The term ‘social’ is closely related human society as it refers to the interaction of individuals and groups
as well as the welfare of humans as members of the society
SCIENCE
Pertains to “knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments
and observation” in the strict sense – a body of knowledge
Refers to the different methods or modes of inquiry utilized in order t obtain knowledge
Often times the scientific study related with matter, rocks, plants, constellations, motion that in cam be
utilized systematically to study intricacies of human experience, such as attitudes, behavior, opinions,
feeling, and ideologies among others.
*“A statement is scientific if it is of such a nature that it can be tested by observation or experiment.”
ANTHROPOLOGY
The rise of Western imperialism in 18th and 19th centuries prompted interest in the study of culture of the
colonies
Key Personalities: Franz Boas, Bronislaw Malinowski
ECONOMICS
Became a separate discipline with the publication of Adams Smith’s The Wealth of Nations in 1776
Key personalities: Adams Smith, Karl Marx
GEOGRAPHY
Became academic discipline in Europe during 18th and 19 centuries while many geographic societies
were founded in the 19th century
Key personalities: Immanuel Kant, Alexader von Humboldt, Carl Ritter
HISTORY
The Greeks were the first writers of history is one of the oldest of the social sciences
Key Personalities: Herodotus (the father of History), Thucydides, Leopold von Ranke
LINGUISTICS
Modern linguistics started to develop in the 18 century with philology reaching its zenith in the 19 century
Key personalities: Ferdinand de Saussure, Jacques Derrida, Hans Georg- Gadamer, Jurgen Habermas
POLITICAL SCIENCE
As an academic discipline. Political Science is a relatively new field that was principally worked on by
American scholars in the 19th and 20th centuries
Key personalities: Plato, Aristotle, Augustine of Hippo, Niccolo Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke
SOCIOLOGY
As a formal academic field of study was founded by Emile Durkheim during late 19 th century with
establishment of the first sociology department in Europe
Key Personalities: Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim
PSYCHOLOGY
In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig (Germany) thereby
effectively making Psychology a formal field of study
Key personalities: Wilhelm Wundt, G. Stanley Hall, John Dewey, Sigmund Freud
DEMOGRAPHY
The 19th century saw the emergence of demography when it separated from statistics as field of study
Key personalities: Thomas Malthus, Adolphe Quetelet, William Farr
BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY
• Physical Anthropology
• Cultural anthropology
• Archaeology
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
• Biological anthropology is its other name
• It is the study of human biology within the milieu (A person’s social environment) of evolution
• This centers primarily on the human biological origins and the variations in human species
• The physical anthropologists also analyse human fossil remains
• They are now thousands specimen of human ancestors being house in museum and research collections
all over the world
• They also excavate and study these hardened remains as they try to formulate theories on the origin of
humans and subsequent variation
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
• Involves the study and comparative analysis of literate societies, including all aspects of human behavior
• This includes religion, ritual, myth, technology, gender roles, kinship forms, economic and political
structures; music and folklore
• Ethnography: a means to study and record the different ways of human societies and provides descriptive
accounts which form the basis for comparative studies of many cultures
LINGUISTIC ARCHAEOLOGY
• Study of human speech and language as well as the various changes that have taken place over time
• This tries to comprehend different processes in human communication, language use.
ECONOMICS
• Is a discipline that concentrates on how a particular society solves its problem of scarcity of resources
• Greek word oikos – house and nomos – custom or law
• The term oikonomia literally translates as “management of a house hold”
• Goal: to develop better policies in order to minimize problems and maximize the benefits of everyday
work
ECONOMIST
• Economists seeks to understand people’s activities concerning production, distribution and consumption
of goods and services
• They analyze key concepts pertaining to supply and demand, savings and investments, cost and price;
economic fluctuations, finance, capital and wealth
• In essence, they ask What goods are produced? How these goods are produced? And For whom they
are produced?
GOALS OF ECONOMICS
Economic Growth Price-level stability
Economic Freedom Work efficiency
Equitable distribution of income Economic efficiency
Full employment Economic security
Balance of trade
MACROECONOMICS
• Analyses how the economics functions as a whole or its basic subdivisions such as the government or
the business sectors
• Also study inflation and unemployment why some nations are well-off while some others under huge
dept.
• Includes total output, total employment, total income and general level of prices
MICROECONOMICS
• Focuses on the behavior of individual agents, like household, industries and firms
• Economists evaluate how prices of goods and services are usually pegged and what factors determine
the value of land, labor and capital
• Experts measures price of specific product, number of workers employed by a single firm or expenditures
of a certain family
GEOGRAPHY
• It the of the features of the earth and the location living things on the planet
• Greek word geographia – to describe the earth (literal)
• Geo – earth; graphe; – to describe
• Also deals with different human activities aside from studying mountains, rivers and plants
HISTORY
• Is a branch of knowledge that attempts to ascertain, record and explain facts and events that happened
in the past.
• Greek word historia – inquiry
• One of the oldest Social Science tracing its origin in the myths and traditions of early people that were
passed from one generation to the other
• For the historians, it very ambitious to unfold and interpret human thoughts and actions that are ever
changing while relying on written accounts that may have incompletely survive in the past
SOCIAL HISTORY
• Experiences of common people
• Sample work: Crime, Society and the State in the 19th Century Philippines (Greg Bakoff, Atenoe de Manila
University, 1996)
CULTURAL HISTORY
• Customs, arts, traditions
• Sample work: Balatik: Etnoastronomiya Kalangitan sa Kabihasnang Pilipino (Dante L. Ambrosio, The
University of the Philippines Press, 2010)
POLITICAL HISTORY
• Political ideas, events, movements, parties’ leaders
• Sample work: Illustrado Politics: Filipino Elite Responses to American Rule (Micheal Cullinane, Ateneo
de Manila University Press, 2003
ECONOMIC HISTORY
• Economic occurrences, way of living distribution of goods
• Sample work: The Tobacco Monopoly in the Philippines: Bureaucratic Enterprise and Social Change
1766 – 1880 (Ed. C. de Hesus, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1980)
DIPLOMATIC HISTORY
• International relations between states
• Sample work: The United States and the Philippines: A Study of Neocolonialism (Stephen Rosskamm
Shalom, New Day Publishers, 1986)
MILITARY HISTORY
• Military affairs, strategies, doctrine, armed conflict
• Sample work: Filipino – American War 1899 – 1913 (Samuel K. Tan University of the Philippines Press,
2002)
LINGUISTIC
• Is a field of knowledge involving the scientific study of language as a universal and recognizable aspect
of human behavior and capacity?
• Linguists study changes that have taken place on various language over time as well as their modern
variations
• “man is a linguistic being” – Hans Georg Gadamer (Man and Language)
• “A good speaker does not borrow words from the other languages rather steals words from other
language” - Fr. Roque Ferriols, SJ (A Memoir of 6 Years, 1978)
GENERAL LINGUISTICS
• Concepts and categories of language or languages; theory of language
MICRO LINGUISTICS
• Structure of language systems
• Phonetics – study of correct pronunciations of words
• Phonology – study of sounds of the language
• Morphology – study of language form
• Syntax – study of how words form into phrases
• Semantics – the study of meanings of words or terms
MACRO LINGUISTICS
• External view of language
• Stylistics - the study of the distinctive styles found in particular literary genres and in the works of
individual writers.
• Developmental Linguistics - the study of the development of linguistic ability in an individual, particularly
the acquisition of language in childhood
• Historical Linguistics - the study of language change
• Language Geography - the study of the spatial patterns of languages
• Psycholinguistics - the study of the cognitive processes and representations underlying language use
• Sociolinguistics - the study of social patterns and norms of linguistic variability
• Clinical Linguistics - the application of linguistic theory to the area of Speech-Language Pathology
POLITICAL SCIENCE
• It deals with both theory and practice of politics, including analysis on public policies and laws
• Study of governments and need for the institution, its form and its processes
• Key concepts: state, politics, power and ideology as well as the effects of these notions on individuals
and groups
COUNTRY
• People or Nation
• Government
• Territory
• Sovereignty and Jurisdiction
• Independence
• Recognition from the other country
DEMOCRACY
• It is the government of the people, by the people and for the people
SOCIOLOGY
• Is a field of study dealing with systematic study of patterns of human interaction.
• Patterns are affected, controlled or arrange by historical events, beliefs and practices or various social
influences on an individual, a family or larger group of people
• Latin word socius – companion; Greek word logos – word of study of
• Concentrates on the social influences or processes occurring within the group of people rather that those
forces affecting an individual
• The science of society
• Interested in discovering repetitive and general patterns in human behavior as people interact with one
another
•
GENERAL SOCIOLOGY
• Deals with the properties and homogeneity common to all social and cultural phenomena, including those
characteristics found among groups and institutions
• Concern may include the conditions, forms and forces of human association
SPECIAL SOCIOLOGY
• Focuses on specific sociocultural phenomenon usually selected for further study, including socialization,
interaction, conflict and denomination
• Examples of the most developed sociologies as field of study include sociology of population, sociology
of law, sociology of religion and sociology of knowledge
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
• Topics: social institutions, groups, inequality, mobility, stratification, bureaucracy, ethnic groups, family,
education, politics, religion
SOCIAL CHANGE
• Topics: changes in culture and social relations and the disruptions occurring in society; ecological
changes, cultural change, modernization
APPLIED SOCIOLOGY
• Topics: resolution of social problems through research in social work, counselling, criminology
PSYCHOLOGY
• Deals with the nature of human behavior’s, both internal and external factors that affects these behavior’s
• Latin word psychologia combining psych – spirit or soul; and logia – study of
• Literal meaning study of soul
• Concentrates individuals and various forces that mold them
• Physical Sciences: it draws out knowledge on the physical structure of humans, including nervous system
and stages maturation
• Social Sciences: it obtains information about the social world such as motivation emotions, behavior and
attitude
• Four Goals: to describe, explain, predict and change behavior’s
• Key concepts: Cognition, perception, thought, personality and motivation
BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY
• Abnormal Psychology
• Behavioral Psychology
• Biopsychology
• Cognitive Psychology
• Comparative Psychology
• Cross-Cultural Psychology
• Developmental Psychology
• Educational Psychology
• Experimental Psychology
• Forensic Psychology
• Heath Psychology
• Personality Psychology
• Social Psychology
DEMOGRAPHY
• Is the science and statistical study of human population.
• French word demographie derive from Greek word demos – people; and graphie
• Three Demographic processes: 1. Birth; 2. Migration; 3. Aging and Death
• To comprehend the mechanisms behind human population
• Categorized under the disciplines in the Social Science
• Also in Sociology – Topics: population dynamics, change, composition, quality