RADAR SYSTEMS

Unitwise Important Questions

UNIT-I

1.Draw the diagram of a Basic Radar system and explain the operation of each block in detail.
2.Discuss the range of radar frequencies in electromagnetic spectrum.
3.Describe a pulsed Radar system. Discuss how the direction and range of an object is determined using
this system.
4.Discuss about the frequencies used for radar.
5.Derive the Radar range equation.
6.With a block diagram explain the operation of pulse radar.
7.Discuss the parameters on which maximum detectable range of a radar system depends.
8.Compute the maximum detectable range of a radar system specified below:Operating wavelength =
3.2 cm,Peak pulse transmitted power = 500 Kw,Minimum detectable power = 10−13 W,Capture area
of the antenna = 5 sq.m,Radar cross-sectional area of the target = 20 sq.m.
9.Derive fundamental radar range equation governed by minimum receivable echo power smin.
10.Modify the range equation for an antenna with a transmitting gain G and operating at a
wavelength, λ ?
11.Draw the functional block diagram of simple pulse radar and explain the purpose and functioning of
each block in it.
12.Describe briefly some of the factors governing the relationship between the radars cross section of a
target and its true cross section.

UNIT-II

1.Define and explain Transmitter power in Radar equation and express the Radar equation in terms of
the energy contained in the transmitted wave-form.
2.Discuss the factors of PRF and range ambiguities.
3.Write short notes on: (a) Radar cross section of targets.(b) System losses in Radar.
4.What is Doppler effect? What are some of the ways in which it manifests it self? What are its Radar
applications?
5.With a transmit (CW) frequency of 5GHz, calculate the Doppler frequency seen by a stationary Radar
when the target radial velocity is 100 km/h(62.5mph)?
6.Explain how the limitations of simple CW Radar are overcome in multiple frequency CW Radar.
7.Determine the range and Doppler velocity of the target if the target is moving away from a FM-CW
Radar. The beat frequency observed for triangular modulation as fb (up) = 50kHz.and fb (down)
= 20 kHz. The modulating frequency is 2MHz and Doppler shift is 2kHz.
8.Explain how you distinguish between CW Radar and Pulsed Radar.
9.Determine the operating frequency if the target is moving with acceleration as same as acceleration
of gravity and the received signal bandwidth is 50Hz.
10.(a)With the help of a suitable block diagram, explain the operation of CW Doppler radar in a
sideband super heterodyne receiver.
(b) Calculate the Doppler frequency of stationary CW radar transmitting at 6 MHz frequency when a
moving target approaches the radar with a radial velocity of 100 Km/Hour.(c) List the limitations of
CW radar.
11.What is Doppler frequency shift? Discuss the effect of receiver bandwidth on the efficiency of
detection and performance of CW Doppler radar.
12.Describe methods to achieve isolation between transmitter and receiver of CW Doppler radar if same
antenna is to be used for transmission and reception.

UNIT-III

1.Draw and explain frequency-response characteristics of an MTI using range gates and filters.
2.What is the difference between MTI radar using range gates and an MTI with a single-delay-line
canceller?
3.Description of Range gate Doppler filters. (b) Differentiate blind phases from blind speeds.
4.Discuss the application of electrostatic storage tubes in MTI radar?
5.With the help of suitable block diagram, explain the operation of a FM-CW altimeter.
6.Discuss all the possible errors in the measurement accuracy of altitudes using a FM-CW radar.
7.Discuss the results of multiple frequency usage for operating FM-CW radar while mentioning the
8.Limitations of multiple frequency usage in CW radars.
9.Write short notes on the following:
a. Range and Doppler measurement of a target using FM-CW radar.
b. Unwanted signals and the measurement errors in FM altimeter.
10.Describe the effect of sinusoidal modulating signal in the place of rectangular pulses on the
performance of radar.
11.With necessary mathematical expressions, describe range and Doppler measurement if the
transmitted signal of CW radar is frequency modulated.
12.a. What is the principle of MTI Radar? b. Explain the Butterfly effect that is produced by MTI.

UNIT-IV

1.Explain the block diagram of amplitude comparison monopulse radar for single angular coordinate and
explain its operation.
2.Explain the scanning patterns employed with pencil beam antenna.
3.(a)What are the advantages of monopulse radar over conical scan radar?
(b) Explain the block diagram of amplitude comparison monopulse for extracting error signals in both
elevation and azimuth.
4.Describe the phase comparison monopulse tracking technique in a radar system with the help of
necessary block diagram.
5.List the merits and demerits of monopulse tracker over conical scan type tracker.
6.How is radar target acquired in a typical radar?
7.What factors determine the range and angular accuracies in a radar?
8.Describe automatic tracking of a target through range gating technique.
9.Describe sequential lobing type of error signal generation to track a target automatically.
10.Describe the process of acquiring a moving target prior to tracking it along with the patterns used for
acquisition.
11. Describe the principle of cosecant-squared antenna pattern with the help of aneat sketch.
12.What are the various types of phase shifters used in phased arrays? Explainanyone with a neat
sketch.

UNIT-V

1. Derive the impulse response of a matched filter that is commonly used in a radar receiver.
2. Describe any two types of duplexers used in radar receivers.
3. Draw the block diagram of a cross correlation receiver of radar and explain?
4. Describe the characteristics of an envelope detector of a radar receiver with the help of necessary
equations.
5. Explain the principle of coherent detector with a neat diagram.
6. Explain the operation of tapped delay-line integrator with a neat sketch.
7. Explain the principle and characteristics of a matched filter. Hence derive the expression for its
frequency response function.
8. Write short notes on the following: frequency scan.
9. Displays for visual presentation of radar echo signal.
10. Radiation patterns and feed arrangements for array antennas in a radar system.
11. Write short notes on the following:circulator.
12. Visual displays to view radar echo signals in all types of radar systems.

UNIT-VI

1.Explain the functioning and characteristics of PPI display.

2.Explain the need for a duplexer and its requirements for a pulsed radar
3.List out the different types of displays used for radar applications, and their characteristics
4.Three network units, each of 6 dB noise figure and 10 dB, 6 dB and 3 dB gains respectively are
cascaded. Determine the overall noise figure of the system
5.Explain the principle behind the operation of duplexers and receiver protectors.
6.Explain how a circulator can be utilized for a radar receiver protection
7.Describe the principle behind the operation of a phased array antenna in a radar system
8.Substantiate the requirement of duplexers in efficient radar systems. Describe the operation of branch
and balanced type duplexers with necessary diagrams.
9.Write notes on various antenna parameters and their significance as applicable to radars.
10.Explain and distinguish between the branch-type and balanced duplexers
11.List out the merits and demerits of phased array antennas.
12.Explain how the circulator can be used as a duplexer in radar system.