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craft bridge

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Aircraft bridges, including taxiway bridges and runway bridges, bring aircraft traffic over motorways,
railways, and waterways, and must be designed to support the heaviest aircraft that may cross them. In 1963, a
taxiway bridge at Chicago O'Hare Airport, one of the busiest airports in the world, was planned to handle
future aircraft weighing 365,000 pounds (166,000 kg), but aircraft weights doubled within two years of its
construction.[1] Currently, the largest passenger aircraft in the world, the Airbus A380, has a maximum take-off
weight (MTOW) of 575 t (1,268,000 lb). The largest Boeing planes, i.e. the current "Project Ozark" versions of
the Boeing 747-8, are approaching MTOW of greater than 1,000,000 lb (450,000 kg). Aircraft bridges must be
designed for the substantial forces exerted by aircraft braking, affecting the lateral load in substructure
design.[2] Braking force of 70 percent of the live load is assumed in two recent taxiway bridge designs.[2][3] And
"deck design is more apt to be controlled by punching shear than flexure due to the heavy wheel loads."[2]
Taxiway bridges are unusually wide relative to their length, and aircraft loading cannot be assumed to be
distributed evenly to a bridge superstructure's web, so different modeling is required in these bridges' structural
design.[4]:2–3 In cold climates, provisions for anti-icingmust be made. In the U.S., regulations of the Federal
Aviation Administration must be met.[2][5] And there are various other differences versus typical bridges
covered by AASHTO standards.[6]
A major issue is that closing an airport for construction even temporarily is impossible.
Major alternatives considered for construction of a taxiway bridge in 2008 were:

 use of precast, prestressed concrete I-girders


 use of precast, prestressed concrete box girders
 use of steel girders
 cast-in-place, post-tensioned concrete box girder bridge.[2]
Finite Element Analysis has been advocated for, or applied in, taxiway bridge design since at least 1963.[7]

Contents

 1Example: Port Columbus Airport Crossover Taxiway Bridge


o 1.1Design and construction
 2List of taxiway bridges, runway bridges, and related tunnels
 3References
 4External links

Example: Port Columbus Airport Crossover Taxiway Bridge[edit]


The Port Columbus Airport Crossover Taxiway Bridge is an aircraft taxiway bridge at Port Columbus
International Airport in Columbus, Ohio that was completed in 2008. It is a 24-cell box-girder bridge that
spans the primary entrance roadway to the airport terminal. The taxiway bridge would allow aircraft to travel
from the main terminal building to new outer runways of the airport. The bridge has a single 191 feet (58 m)
span, is 217 feet (66 m) wide and is designed to carry a 747-400 aircraft weighing 894,900 pounds
(405,900 kg).[4]:2 In order to fulfill the load requirements of large aircraft, the bridge design employs a post-
tensioned cast-in-place concrete structural system with integral abutments. To keep the deck free from ice in
winter a hydronic anti-icing system consisting of tubes containing glycol from a pump and heater is embedded
into the deck.[4]:3
Structural design of the box-girder bridge was guided by two applications of finite modeling. One modeled the
cross-section of the concrete box of the bridge and allowed for aircraft to be placed variously. This yielded
implications for the transverse reinforcement and post-tensioning in the top slab of the concrete box. A second
model yielded implications for the superstructure's flexural strength requirements, for connections to the
integral abutments, for the two huge abutment walls, and for drilled shafts. The abutment walls are each 230
feet (70 m) long, 30 feet (9.1 m) tall, and from 7.5 feet (2.3 m) to 6 feet (1.8 m) thick.[4]:2–3
Lighting requirements specified by the Ohio Department of Transportation are met, and then for aesthetics
alone, a system of blue linear lights are integrated into the underside of the bridge and inclined abutments.[4]:4
The entrance roadway spanned by the bridge, named the International Gateway, is a below-grade roadway with
seven vehicle lanes and two light rail lines. Also crossing the International Gateway are two other single-span
post-tensioned bridges. These provide for maintenance and other vehicular traffic around the perimeter of the
airport and 74 feet (23 m) and 29.5 feet (9.0 m) wide.[4]:1
Design and construction[edit]
The bridge was completed in 2008. Architect Miguel Rosales of Boston-based transportation
architects Rosales + Partners provided the conceptual design, visualizations and final design.[4] The Engineer of
Record was R.W. Armstrong. The construction team included contractor C.J. Mahan Construction Company,
and concrete suppliers Arrow Concrete (drilled shafts) and Anderson Concrete (superstructure and
abutments).[4]
Construction time and cost was saved by a choice of the contractor. Instead of excavating and then
building falsework before casting the superstructure of the bridge, the contractor chose to build it supported by
the ground, and then excavate underneath. This was feasible as the initial ground level was approximately at
the level required for the bottom of the planned superstructure.[4]:3
The bridge received the 2008 Portland Cement Association Bridge Award.[4]

List of taxiway bridges, runway bridges, and related tunnels[edit]

Kai Tak Tunnel east entrance, near the old Kai Tak airport

Taxiway bridges and runway bridges are bridges at airports to bring airplane taxiways and runways across
motorways, railroads, or waterways. A taxiway bridge must be designed to carry the weight of the maximum
size airplanes crossing and perhaps stopping directly upon it. A runway bridge is similar but may have
different stresses. Alternatively, a motorway may be brought by tunnel underneath one or more runways and
taxiways. Examples include:

 At Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, a sixth runway was added in 2003 at


quite some distance west of the rest of airport, with use of a connecting
taxiway bridge crossing the A5 motorway.
 At Los Angeles International Airport, a tunnel was completed in 1953
allowing Sepulveda Boulevard to revert to straight and pass beneath the
two runways; it was the first tunnel of its kind.[8]
 At Amsterdam Schiphol Airport, the 650-metre (2,130 ft) Schiphol tunnel
brings the A4 motorway underneath an airplane runway and two taxiways.
 At Indianapolis International Airport, a taxiway bridge is planned to
connect a future fourth runway across the Interstate 70. During 2002-04,
the Indiana Department of Transportation realigned the I-70 to
accommodate this.
 The third runway of the Stockholm Arlanda Airport is reached from the
main terminal area by taxiway bridges constructed to be able to handle the
heaviest and largest airplanes in traffic.
 The Orlando International Airport authority, planning for a future high-
speed rail line, invested in extra length for its taxiway bridges over its
southern airport access road.
 The Singapore Changi Airport has two taxiway bridges spanning Airport
Boulevard. These bridges required shields installed on either side to shield
the road from the jet blast. Planning for it since the 1990s, the airport spent
S$60 million in total in modifications to support the Airbus A380.
 The Soekarno–Hatta International Airport has two taxiway bridges located
in the southwest corner of the airport connecting the north and the south
runway, a third taxiway bridge located in the north east corner is under
construction and is scheduled to finish in 2018[9]
 the Copenhagen Airport has one runway and one taxiway running over the
Denmark 221 road.
 $35-million Taxiway Sierra Underpass reconstruction at Sky Harbor
International Airport in Phoenix, Arizona included a $13 million five-span,
cast-in-place, post-tensioned concrete box girder bridge. The airport also
has the Taxiway Tango Underpass.[2][10]
 $10.5 million Port Columbus Airport Crossover Taxiway, at Port
Columbus International Airport, Columbus, Ohio[4]
 Taxiway B Bridge, Tampa International Airport[11]
 Taxiway bridge over Interstate 73, Piedmont Triad International Airport,
Greensboro, North Carolina[3]
 Five taxiway bridges, Beijing Capital Airport[12]
 1967-built steel girder taxiway bridge, Chicago O'Hare International
Airport[13] In 1963, the weight thought to be necessary was 365,000 pounds
(166,000 kg) for the 1967 built bridge. In 1969, aircraft weights had
doubled. It was a 4-span welded steel girder bridge with a concrete deck,
226 feet (69 m) long, 125 feet (38 m) wide, bridge.[1] Maximum stress for
the bridge was found to occur when an aircraft was 6 feet off the
centerline.[14]
 Interstate 285 runs under a runway and taxiway of Atlanta's Hartsfield-
Jackson International Airport[15] (and see [2]?)
 Tunnel Road East, the main entranceway to Heathrow Airport, runs under
a runway and two taxiways[15]
 S. 188th Street runs under a runway and a taxiway of Seattle-Tacoma
International Airport[15]
 Kai Tak Taxiway Bridge No. 3, a fast-track design-and-build contract
awarded in 1993, at Hong Kong's Kai Tak Airport, which closed in
1998.[16]
 Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport has US Route 1 and an
active railroad running under a runway and taxiway.[15]
 Düsseldorf International Airport has the approach end of runway 23L and
the last taxiway out of the same runway 05R above a railway line.
The Düsseldorf Airport Station offers a very good view of passing aircraft.
 Hua Hin Airport's runway crossed over Phet Kasem Road (Thailand Route
4) and Southern Railway Line
Numerous taxiway bridges have been proposed but not built.

References[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:a b O.C. Guedelhoefer; J.R. Janney. W.R. Schriever,
ed. Evaluation of Performance by Full-Scale Testing. American Society for
Testing and Materials. pp. 17–19. (book title is Full-Scale Load Testing of
Structures)
2. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Ted Bush; Kent Bormann; Rob Turton (Spring
2008). "Airport Bridges Take Off" (PDF). Aspire. Retrieved July 31,2016.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Shane Johnson; Tom Morrison (April 10, 2015). "Design and
Construction of Micropiles Supporting Taxiway Bridge" (PDF).
4. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k Kevin M. Gorak; Troy D. Jessop (Winter 2009). "A
New Welcome at the Port Columbus International Airport" (PDF). Aspire:
34–37. Retrieved 17 May 2013. (with 4 pages of additional photos published
in the web version)
5. Jump up^ "Advisory Circular AC 150/5300-13A" (PDF). Federal Aviation
Administration. May 1, 2012.
6. Jump up^ Anthony N. Mavrogiannis, of Airport Consultants Council,
Review Comments on Advisory Circular 150/5300-13, Airport Design, see
esp. p.3.
7. Jump up^ Alan R. Jefts (1983). Finite Element Analysis of a Taxiway
Bridge. American Society of Civil Engineers. in book Proceedings of the
Eighth Conference on Electronic Computation
8. Jump up^ LAX airport diagram, 1956 shows runways 25 and 26 crossing the
line of Sepulveda Boulevard (although boulevard is not indicated).
9. Jump
up^https://ekonomi.kompas.com/read/2017/02/10/101500626/bandara.soekar
no-hatta.bangun.east.cross.taxiway.
10. Jump up^ David A. Burrows (October 2013). "Bridges for Planes, Trains,
but not Automobiles". Structure.
11. Jump up^ "Tampa International Airport - Taxiway B Bridge Design-Build.
Tampa, Florida". Finley Engineering Group.
12. Jump up^ Sun Rongmei; Zhang Xianmin. "Dynamic Analysis of the Taxiway
Bridge Under Aircraft Moving Load".
13. Jump up^ Corrosion Investigation Study of Reinforcing Steel Taxiway
Bridge and Spiral Ramps at Chicago-O'Hare International Airport. 1982.
14. Jump up^ [1] Airport World 1973, vol 6, pages 36-37.
15. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Google maps, accessed July 2016
16. Jump up^ Anthony Walker. Hong Kong: The Contractors' Experience. p. 89.

External links[edit]
 Port Columbus International Airport Cross-Over Taxiway Bridge Project
Coordinates: 40.0002°N 82.9052°W
Categories:
 Bridges by mode of traffic
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