19th Century Socio-Religious Movements

8/1/2018----18 & 19 Century Socio Religious Movement (India) Brahmo Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, Prarthana Samaj, Manav Dharma
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18 & 19 Century Socio-Religious Movement (India) -Brahmo

Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, Prarthana Samaj, Manav
Dharma Sabha, Arya Samaj, Theosophical Society, Allgarh
School, Farralzzi, Wahabl Movement
Brahmo Samaj
Rajarama Mohan Roy: (1772-1833)
He published a book called Tohfat al - Muwabhiddin (A Gift of Deists), in 1804 and criticised
idolatry and polytheism.
He worked as Diwan, under District Magistrate, Mr Digby, and served East India Company
(EIC) for nine years and left the job in 1814.
In 1814, or 1815 founded Atmiya Sabha (Friendly Association).
In 1818, published "A Conference Between an Advocate for and an Opponent Practice of
Burning Widows Alive"
In 1819, published "Samvad Kumudini" - an anti sati journal and defeated Subra-maniyam
Sashtri in the debate.
David Hare was his associate in education.
In 1825, he founded Unitarian Mission and then Vedanta College.
On 20th August, 1828, the first meeting of Brahmo Samaj was organised. Tarachanda
Chakravarty was Secretary. Brahmo Samaj was earlier known as Unitarian Mission.
Brahmo Samaj faded after his death in 1833.
Debendranath Tagore (1817-1905)

In 1839, he founded "Tattava Bodhini Sabha" (Truth-teaching Association).
In 1840, Tattvabodhini School was founded;
In 1843, published Tattavabodhini Patrika and decided to revive Brahmo Sabha.
He joined Brahmo Sabha in 1842 and wrote Brahmo Covenant.
In 1850, he released a volume of scriptures, the BraEma Dharma, for use in public and
private worship.
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Keshab Chandra Sen (1838-1884):
He joined Brahmo Samaj in 1857.
In 1860, Sen founded the Sangat Sabha (Believer's Associations).
In 1862, they organised inter-caste marriage
On 15th november, 1866, Senorganised Brahmo Samai of India; those loyal to Tagore
grouped themselves into the Adi (original) Brahmo Samaj.
In 1864, after KCS visit to South, Veda Samaj was founded;
The Adi Brahmo Samai opposed the Brahmo Marriage Act of 1872. the Act legalised Brahmo
marriage.
The Brahmo Samaj organised into SriTjurbar (an apostolic body of fheeldgrs and teachers.
In 1870, Sen left to England and met Queen Victoria.
In 1871. Sridharalu Naidu changed the name of Veda Samaj to Brahmo Samaj in Southern
India.
He organised the Indian Reform Association with the intent of improving the life of the
peasants and to reach them he published a journal, Sulabh Samachar
In 1878, he married his daughter to the Maharaja of CoochVihar and violated the marriage
act of 1872.
On 15th May, 1878, the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj was founded by Brahmos who re-jected
Sen's leadership, mainly by Shiv Nam Sashtri and Anand Mohan Bose.
In Jan, 1881, he founded Nava Vidhan (New Despensation) symbolised by a Red banner
bearing the name of his Church plus the Hindu trident, the Christian Cross, and the Islamic
Crescent.
In 1884, a new code, the -Nava Samhita, replaced the
existing Brahma Dharma.
In 1891, it opened the Das Ashram, a welfare institutions for the untouchables, and the
Brahmo Girls School of Calcutta.
Sadharan Samaj allied with the movement of Viraslingam, a Telugu Reformer, in Andhra,
and Pratap
Chandra Majumdar deseminated Brahmoism in England, America in 1874 and
1884.
Ramakrishna Mission
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Ramakrishna Pramah-Ansa (1834-86)
Original name Gangadhar Chattopadhyaya: born in Hugh
By 1872, Ramakrishna's wife Sarda Devi, joined him.
The teachings of Ramakrishna were popularized by Kesab Sen after 1875 when the two met
for the first time
In 1882, one of the disciples Mahendranath Gupta began to record his teachers' conversation.
Narendranath Alias Vivekanand (1863-1902)

Joined Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, but in 1882, he met Ramakrishna Pramahansa.
In 1892, he travelled down the western coast of India where at the suggestion of Raja of
Khetri, he took the name of S wami Vivekanand.
To attain World Parliament on Religions, Vivekanand left Bombay in 31 May, 1893 and
arrived in Chicago
on 11th September. Vivekanand did not return to India again until early 1897.
On 5th May, 1897, founded Ramakrishna Mission : two H.Q : Belur (Ben-gal) and Mayavati
(Almora); he became President and Swami Brahmananda became head of the monastery.
He died at the age of 40.
Parivarjjika : the days of wandering
Important magazines : Udbodhan.
Prarthana Samaj
Atmarama Pandurang (1823-98) founded Prarthana Samaj.
Pratap Chander Majumdar published Subodh Patrika
Important followers: R.G.Bhandarkar. Jyotiba Phule. M.GRanade.
They popularised Pandh-arpur Saints;
S.P Kelkar founded Brahmo Samai of Bombay because of the influence of Dayananda.
In 1906. Vithal Ramaii Shinde, founded Depressed Classes Mission of India.
Manav Dharma Sabha

Founded by Durgaram Manchharam, Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhad.
Paramahansa Mandali : In 1849 organised by Dadoba
Arya Samaj
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Founded by Dayanand Saraswati: (1824-1883)
He separated all Hindu scriptures into two categories: arsha and un-arsha
Preached 'purified hinduism', one that rejected
1. Puranas
2. Polytheism
3. Idolatry
4. the role of Brahman priests
5. pilgrimages
6. nearly all rituals
7. the ban on the widow remarriage
One of his new disciples : Raja Jai Kesan Das, suggest to record his saying, resulted in the
publication of the first edition of Satyartha Prakash (The Light og Truth).
In 187.4, he traveled to Gujarat and Bombay; on 10th April, 1875, he founded Arya Samaj
(Noble Society); called "Go Back to Vedas"
Preached Suddhi Movement. .
Written Vedabhasya in Hindi and Sanskrit
Died on 30th October, in Ajmer
Lahore Samaj was the main wing; and its Executive Committee was called Antarang Sabha.
Lala Hansraja established a College and Sraddhanand started a Gurukul.
In Jallundar, Sraddh-ananda founded Arya Kanya Pathasala.
On March, 1902. The Gurukul Kangri opened in Hardwar.
Theosophical Society
Helena Petrovna Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott founded the society on 17th November,
1875.
In 1877, Blavatsky published Isis Unveiled.
In 188871lavatsky published The Secret Doctrine
Annie Besant (1847-1933) arrived in 1893, an Irish, joined Blavatsky and edited the magazine
"Lucifer"
In 1898, Besant founded the Central college at Benaras.
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In 1907, Colonel Olcott died and Annie Besant replaced him as President and shifted the
headquarter to Adyar.
In 1933, Besant died and George Arundale became President from 1933 to 1945 and then
followed by first Indian President C.Jinarajadasa from 1945 to 1953.
Minor Sects and Reformer

1. Tariqh i Muhammadiyah: Sayyid Ahmed Barelwi of Rai Bareilly, Titu Mir (1782-1831) was
his son
2. Taa'yuni Movement (Bengal): Maulana Karamat Ali
3. Madrassah i Rahmiyah Shaikh Abdur Rahman (1644-1718), succeeded by Abdul Aziz
4. Barelwi Ulma: Ahmad Riza Khan
5. Nirankari (Formless): Baba Dayal Das (1783-1855), he was succeeded by his son
BabaDarbara Singh, his original name was Mul Rai (1814-1870), then succeeded by Rattan
Chand and then by Gurdit Singh from 1909 to 1947.
6. Namdhari: Baba Ram Singh, Balak Singh was his Guru
7. Niti Prakash Sabha: KanhyalalAlakhdari (1873), Ludhiana
8. Singh Sabha:
In 1873, the first Sabha was held; founded by Khem Singh Bedi, Thakur Singh
Sandhanwalia, Kanwar Vikrama Singh of Kapurtala, Giani Gian Singh
9. Lahore Singh Sabha Prof. Gurumukh Singh and Bhai Ditt Singh
10. Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha Dadabhai Naoroji
11. Radhaswami Satasang: Tulsi Rama or Shiva Dayal Sahib, later known as Swamiji
Maharaja, his disciple was Saliq Ram, later known as Huzur Maharaj, published Prem
Patra, Prem Bani, Radha Swami Matha Prakash.
12. Deva Samaj: Shiva Narayana Agnihotri (An Engineer), later became Satyanand Agnihotri
13. Vamchari Sampradaya: Ramasharan Pal, 1830
14. Nigamagama Mandali: Swami Gyanananda, at Mathura in 1896
15. Hari Gyan Mandir: Shraddha Ram at Phillaur
16. Bharat Dharma Maha-mandal: Pandit Din Dayal Sharma, he had earlier founded
Panchayat Taraqqi Humud, Published Magazine -Hariyana Mathur Akhbar, Kohinoor
with Munshi Har Sukh Hai, he also founded Gan Varnashrama and Hitaishini Ganga
Dharma Sabha
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17. Nadwah ul Ulama: Maulana Shibli Numani in 1894inLucknow
18. Ahl-i-Haddith: Mohd. Syed Nazir and Hussain Wali Khan
19. Ahl-i-Quran: Md. Abdullah Chakralvi
20. Ahmadiya or Qadini: Mirza Gulam Ahmad (Gurudaspur, Punjab), called himself Krsna
and Massiah Published Raidd i Niyog in 1895
21. Deoband School: Muhammad Qasim Nanotawi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi founded it in
1867 in Saharanpur, it was a branch of Wahabi.
Allgarh School
Founded by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98)
Established two Madarsa: at Muradabad and Gazipur
In 1870, published Tahzib ul Akhalaq and Asbad i Baghvat'
Third Madarsa was established in Aligarh, on 8th January, 1877 founded Mohammaden
Anglo Oriental College, stone was laid by Lytton
Theodore Beck was his associate and was first Principal and succeeded by Morrison. Beck
founded Union Indian Patriotic Association, Aligarh, 1888
Farralzzi
Founded by Haji Shariyatullah, born in Shamail in Eastern Bengal, Maulana Murad was
Guru
Declared India a land of Dar ul Hurb, it was a movement for the religious reforms.
Died in 1840, succeeded by his Mohd. Mushin or Dadu Miyan (1819-1860)
Headquarter: Bahadurpur and Barasat
Wahabl Movement
Founded Syed Ahmad (1786-1831) of Bareilly, based on the principles of Abdul Wahab (1703-
1787)
In 1803, declared India as Dar ul Harb and pleaded to make it Dar ul Islam.
Pagal Panthi
Mir-Nasir-Ali-and most important was Titu Mir or Titu Mian, lived in Chandpur, disciple of
Syed Ahmad, met at Mecca,
Important centre : Patna
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Press
In 1550, first Press was established by Portuguese.
In 1780, James Augustus Hicky started the first newspaper weekly in India:
This paper was very aggressive and attacked both Warren Hastings and Chief Justice (E.
Impey); attacked the missionary.
Six more papers were started in Calcutta in between 1780rl793. One of the journal's editor
was deported by Sir John Shore. Three newspapers were: India Gazette - 1780, Calcutta
Gazette - 1784, Hurkaru
In 1785, in Madras, Madras Courrier weekly was started.
In 1795 :India Herald's editor was deported, because of writing against Prince of Wales;
Madras Gazette was banned.
In 1789, in Bombay first weekly was called Bombay Herald.
In !790, Bombay Courrier and in 1791, Bombay Gazette merged with Bombay Herald in 1792.
In 1818, Digdarshan was started as the first Bengali weekly by Marshman from Srirampore.
In 1818 (23 May), Samachar Darpan (Bengali) was started by Marshman from Sri Rampore.
In 1818 Bengal Jeti probably whose editor was Harachand Roy (Member of Atmiya Sabha).
On Dec. 4th, 1821, Samvad Kaumudi was started by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
On 5th March, 1822, Samachar Chandrika, (which was initially, weekly, but was latter made
twice a week) was started.
On Apr., 1822, Ram Mohan published, a weekly, Mirat -ul-Akhbar, in Persian language.
On 28th March, 1822 Jami-i-Jahanuma, a weekly, was started in Urdu and Persian language.
Bangadoot/Bengal Herald (weekly) was published in four languages : English, Bengali,

Persian and Hindi. Its editor was R. Montegomery Martin and patron was Rammohan Roy,
Dwarkanath Tagore.
In 1822, Bombay Samachar in Gujarati was published.
In 1837, Syed-ul-Akbhar, a weekly in Urdu was published.
In 1838, Dilli Akhbar, an Urdu weekly was published.
In 1838, English paper Bombay Times/ Times of India (Latter) was developed by Bombay
Courrier.
In 1840, Hindu Patriot was started by Harishchandra Mukherjee.
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In 1851, Gujarati fortnightly Rust Goftar was started by Dadabhai Naoroji.
In 1852, Akhbar -O-Saudagar, a Gujarati tri-weekly was started. Its editor was Dadabhai
Kavasji.
In 1898, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar started Somaprakash in Bengali
In 1862, Indian Mirror was started. Initially its editor was Devendranath Tagore, followed by
Keshavchandra Sen and Narendranath Sen.
In 1861, Indian Field (English), was started by Kishorichandra Mitra.
In 1862, Bengali was started by Girishchandra Ghosh.
In 1865, National Paper was started. Its editor was Navgopal Mitra.
Hindu Patriot was started by Kishori Das Pal.
On 28th September 1861, Bombay Times, Bombay Standard, Bombay Courrier and The
Telegraph merged together to form Times of India. Its editor was Robert Knight.
In 1875, The Friend of India, a journal was started by Robert Knight. It was established by
Carey, Ward and Marshman in 1818. Initially, it was monthly but, was latter changed to
weekly,
In 1875, Statesman was started by Robert Knight (called Bayard of Indian Press). In 1890,
Statesman and Friend of India merged to become Statesman.
In 1868, Madras Mail, the first evening newspaper was started.
In 1865, Pioneer was started from Allahabad.
In 1876, Military Gazette was published from Lahore.
In 1881, on request of S.N. Banerjee, Sardar Dayal Singh started a paper, Tribune in Lahore.
In 1858, Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan became the editor of the Bengali journal Somaprakash.
In 1864, Bhudev Mukhopadhyay started a monthly Shiksha Darpan O
Sambadasara.
Jogendranath Vidyabhu-shan started a newspaper Arya Darshan (on Italian Unification) in

Bengali.
Hindu Hitaishini from Dhaka and Bharat Mihir from Mymen Singh was started.
On 20th Feb., 1868 -Amrit Bazar Patrika (formerly called Polomagura). Its first editor was
Shishir Kumar Ghosh (Father of Indian Revolutionary Terrorism).
In 1871, Patrika was published.
On Jan.l, 1879, Bengali was revived by S.N. Banerjee.

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In 1881, Bangabhasi was published.
In 1883, Sanjeevani was published.
In 1870, Keshavachandra Sen started Sulabh Samachar.
On 20th Sept. 1878, Hindu was started from Madras by G. Subramanium Ayyer as a weekly.
Later, it was made tri-weekly in October 1883, when Kusturiangar became its editor. In 1889,
it was made a daily.
On 4th Jan., 1881 Kesari (in Marathi) was started by Tilak and Agarkar
On 2nd Jan., 1881 Mahratta (in English) was started by Tilak and Kelkar.
In Jan. 1900, G.A. Nateshan published Indian Review from Madras.
After 1900, government's reaction became active.
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8/1/2018----18 & 19 Century Socio Religious Movement (India) Brahmo Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, Prarthana Samaj, Manav Dharma

18 & 19 Century Socio-Religious Movement (India) -Brahmo

In 1814, or 1815 founded Atmiya Sabha (Friendly Association).

David Hare was his associate in education.

In 1825, he founded Unitarian Mission and then Vedanta College.

Brahmo Samaj faded after his death in 1833.

Debendranath Tagore (1817-1905)

In 1840, Tattvabodhini School was founded;

In 1843, published Tattavabodhini Patrika and decided to revive Brahmo Sabha.

He joined Brahmo Sabha in 1842 and wrote Brahmo Covenant.

In 1860, Sen founded the Sangat Sabha (Believer's Associations).

In 1862, they organised inter-caste marriage

In 1864, after KCS visit to South, Veda Samaj was founded;

In 1870, Sen left to England and met Queen Victoria.

In 1884, a new code, the -Nava Samhita, replaced the

existing Brahma Dharma.

Chandra Majumdar deseminated Brahmoism in England, America in 1874 and

By 1872, Ramakrishna's wife Sarda Devi, joined him.

Narendranath Alias Vivekanand (1863-1902)

He died at the age of 40.

Parivarjjika : the days of wandering

Important magazines : Udbodhan.

Pratap Chander Majumdar published Subodh Patrika

Important followers: R.G.Bhandarkar. Jyotiba Phule. M.GRanade.

They popularised Pandh-arpur Saints;

In 1906. Vithal Ramaii Shinde, founded Depressed Classes Mission of India.

Manav Dharma Sabha

Paramahansa Mandali : In 1849 organised by Dadoba

Preached 'purified hinduism', one that rejected

4. the role of Brahman priests

6. nearly all rituals

7. the ban on the widow remarriage

Preached Suddhi Movement. .

Written Vedabhasya in Hindi and Sanskrit

Died on 30th October, in Ajmer

Lala Hansraja established a College and Sraddhanand started a Gurukul.

In Jallundar, Sraddh-ananda founded Arya Kanya Pathasala.

On March, 1902. The Gurukul Kangri opened in Hardwar.

In 1877, Blavatsky published Isis Unveiled.

In 188871lavatsky published The Secret Doctrine

In 1898, Besant founded the Central college at Benaras.

Minor Sects and Reformer

2. Taa'yuni Movement (Bengal): Maulana Karamat Ali

3. Madrassah i Rahmiyah Shaikh Abdur Rahman (1644-1718), succeeded by Abdul Aziz

4. Barelwi Ulma: Ahmad Riza Khan

6. Namdhari: Baba Ram Singh, Balak Singh was his Guru

7. Niti Prakash Sabha: KanhyalalAlakhdari (1873), Ludhiana

10. Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha Dadabhai Naoroji

13. Vamchari Sampradaya: Ramasharan Pal, 1830

14. Nigamagama Mandali: Swami Gyanananda, at Mathura in 1896

15. Hari Gyan Mandir: Shraddha Ram at Phillaur

18. Ahl-i-Haddith: Mohd. Syed Nazir and Hussain Wali Khan

19. Ahl-i-Quran: Md. Abdullah Chakralvi

Established two Madarsa: at Muradabad and Gazipur

In 1870, published Tahzib ul Akhalaq and Asbad i Baghvat'

Died in 1840, succeeded by his Mohd. Mushin or Dadu Miyan (1819-1860)

Headquarter: Bahadurpur and Barasat

Important centre : Patna

In 1785, in Madras, Madras Courrier weekly was started.

Madras Gazette was banned.

In 1789, in Bombay first weekly was called Bombay Herald.

Bangadoot/Bengal Herald (weekly) was published in four languages : English, Bengali,

In 1822, Bombay Samachar in Gujarati was published.