SMK SUNGAI TAPANG

PEPERIKSAAN 3, 2018
FORM 5

Name: ………………………… Biology 4551/2

Class: ………………………… Paper 2 2 ½ hours

Section A
Answer all questions in this section.
Write your answers in the spaces provided in the question paper.

1. Diagram 1.1 shows the phases in a cell cycle.

Diagram 1.1
(a) (i) Name the phase P.
[1 mark]
Interphase

(ii) Name the process Y.

[1 mark]
Mitosis

(b) Diagram 1.2 shows the different stages of mitosis.

Diagram 1.2

(i) Name the stages of mitosis represented by A, B, C and D.

[4 marks]
A: Telophase C : Metaphase

B : Prophase D: Anaphase

(ii) Arrange the stages of mitosis in the correct sequence.

[2 marks]
B, C, D, A (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)

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 (c) State two similarities between the process of mitosis and meiosis.
[2 marks]
P1: Both mitosis and meiosis are nuclear division
P2: DNA in the chromosome replicate only once before the start of mitosis and meiosis.

(d) State two importance of meiosis to an animal.

[2 marks]
P1: Provides/Increase genetic variation (which occurs from one generation to the next)
P2: Meiosis ensures that the diploid number of chromosomes is maintained from one generation to the next //
important in restoring the diploid condition of an organism

2. Diagram 2 shows the mechanism of enzyme action in which an enzyme-controlled reaction may proceed.

Diagram 2

(a) Identify P, Q, R and S.

[4 marks]
P : Substrate R : Enzyme

Q : Active site S : Products

(b) Based solely on the diagram, state

(i) The hypothesis which explains the mechanism of enzyme action shown
[1 mark]
The ‘lock and key’ hypothesis

(ii) Two properties of enzymes

[2 marks]
1. Enzymes are highly specific
2. Enzymes are not destroyed at the end of reaction / by the reaction they catalyse

(c) Which organelle in the cells is responsible for the synthesis of enzymes?
[1 mark]
Ribosome

(d) A few factors affect the activity of enzymes.

(i) Explain how an increase in temperature may raise the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction.
[2 marks]
P1: As the temperature increases, the substrate molecules move faster.
P2: Collisions between the substrate and enzyme molecules occur more frequently
P3: causes the chances of the substrate molecules coming into contact with the active site of the enzyme increases.

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 (ii) However, enzymes become denatured at high temperatures and cease to be effective.
By using the letters P and Q from the diagram, suggest what happens when an enzyme is denatured.
[2 marks]
P1: At very high temperatures, chemical bonds holding the enzyme molecules in their precise shape begin to break.
P2: This alters the three dimensional shape of the enzyme molecules and eventually destroys the active sites..

(iii) State one factor, other than temperature, which can alter the nature of the part of the enzyme labelled Q.
[1 mark]
pH / substrate / enzyme concentration

3. Cells take in some substances by diffusion.

(a) Tick (  ) the two correct statements about diffusion in the boxes provided in Table 1.

Molecules move diffuse from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
Molecules spread out randomly. 
Molecules diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. 
Molecules stay where they are.

[2 marks]

(b) Osmosis is a special type of diffusion. The diagram shows red blood cells in different solutions.

(i) Draw an arrow (  ) on each diagram to show the direction of the water molecules.

[2 marks]
(ii) State the conditions of the red blood cells after being immersed in each solution.

Red blood cell Condition

In concentrated salt solution The red blood cell crenates
In pure water The red blood cell haemolyses
[2 marks]

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 (c) Diagram 3.1 represents the appearance of a plant cell in salt solutions of three different concentrations.

Diagram 3.1
(i) Which diagram represents a fully plasmolysed cell?
[1 mark]
Q

(ii) Suggest why vacuole in Q is smaller than that in R.

[1 mark]
The salt solution in which cell Q is immersed is more concentrated. (Therefore, the water in the vacuole of cell Q,
diffuse out to the surrounding by osmosis and become smaller than the vacuole in cell R)

(iii) Region S contains salt solution. Explain why.

[1 mark]
Plant cell wall is fully permeable to salt solution. (Salt solution diffuse into the region S through the cell wall).

(d) Diagram 3.2 shows two different types of transport processes across the plasma membrane.

Diagram 3.2 (a)

Diagram 3.2 (b)

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 (i) Name the two processes shown in Diagram 3.2.
[2 marks]
Process X: Facilitated diffusion
Process Y: Active transport

(ii) State one differences between the two processes.

[1 mark]
P1: Process X is the process in which molecules diffuse out from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration whereas process Y is the movement of molecules or ions from a region of lower concentration to a
region of higher concentration.
P2: Process X does not require energy whereas process Y requires energy (in the form of ATP)

4. Diagram 4.0 shows a pollen grain on the stigma of a flowering plant.

Diagram 4.0

(a) Draw a diagram with labelled of the embryo sac and its contents in the space provided.
[3 marks]
(b) The pollen grain contains two nuclei. Name and state the function of both nuclei.
[2 marks]
P1: Generative nucleus and tube nucleus
P2: Generative nucleus divides by mitosis to form two male gamete nuclei
P3: Tube nucleus forms the pollen tube and leads the two male gamete nuclei to the embryo sac
P4: Its penetrates the ovule through the micropyle. The tube nucleus disintegrates and the tip of the tube bursts,
leaving a passage for the male nuclei to enter the embryo sac.

(c) Describe the process that takes place when the pollen tube penetrates the ovule through the micropyle.
[2 marks]
P1: One male gamete nucleus fuse with the egg nucleus, forming a diploid zygote (2n)
P2: The other male gamete nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei, forming a triploid nucleus (3n)
P3: Double ferilisation occurs within the ovule. The union of two male gamete nuclei with different nuclei of the embryo
sac.

(d) Diagram 4.1 shows a human foetus in its mother’s uterus.

Diagram 4.1

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 (i) Name the structures labelled P and Q.
[2 marks]
P: placenta Q: Umbilical cord

(ii) What is the function of structure labelled P?

[1 mark]
P1: The site of the exchange of nutrients / respiratory gases / wastes between the foetus and its mother
P2: Secretes oestrogen and progesterone

(e) Diagram 4.2 shows two types of twins.

Diagram 4.2

(a) (i) Name the type of twins X.

[1 mark]
Identical twins

(ii) State one differences between twins X and twins Y.

[1 mark]
Twins X share the same placenta whereas twins Y have separate placenta

5. Diagram 5.1 shows the level of antibodies in the blood of an individual after receiving two injections.

Diagram 5.1

(a) (i) Name type of the immunity shown in the graph. Explain your answer.
[2 marks]
P1: Artificially acquired passive immunity
P2: The concentration of antibodies in the blood increases immediately above the immunity level after the
injection given.
P3: The amount of antibodies in the blood does not last long.

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 (ii) Complete the table to show how each type of immunity is acquired.

Type of immunity How it is acquired

Active immunity // naturally acquired active
immunity
// artificially acquired active immunity
from an outside source // The body receives
Passive immunity // naturally acquired passive
immunity
// artificially acquired passive immunity
The body produces its own antibodies in
response to stimulation // the body produces
its own antibodies after recover from disease
// the body produces its own antibodies after
vaccination
The body receives antibodies
antibodies through breast feeding/placenta //
The body receives antibodies from anti-
serum
[2 marks]

(b) Diagram 5.2 shows the cross section of xylem tissue.

Diagram 5.2

Explain how the xylem vessel is adapted to carry out its function.
[2 marks]
P1: Elongated cells arranged end to end
P2: The end wall of the xylem vessels are open so that the cells join end to end
P3: to form a continuos hollow tube
P4: this arrangement allows water to flow upwards continuosly from one cell to the next

(c) Diagram 5.3 shows the blood circulatory systems of two organisms, P and Q.

Diagram 5.3

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 (i) State the type of blood circulatory system of the organisms.
[2 marks]
Organism P : double (closed) circulatory system
Organism Q : single (closed) circulatory system

(ii) State one similar characteristic between the blood circulatory system of organism P and Q.
[2 marks]
Both are closed circulatory system which means the blood flow within the heart and blood vessels / blood is pumped
into blood vessels.

(iii) Organism P has two ventricles while organism Q has one ventricle. What are the advantages of
having two ventricles?
[2 marks]
P1: Having two ventricles allow oxygenated blood to be separated from deoxygenated blood.
P2: This ensures an efficient and rapid delivery of highly oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body
P3: and the flow of deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated

Section B
Answer any two questions from this section.
[40 marks]

6. (a) The regulatory mechanism in plants is not as complex as that of animals. Explain why.
[4 marks]
 Most plant cells are dead at maturity and do not carry out any chemical reactions. [1]
 Also, plant cells are not bathed in fluids but surrounded by air. [1]
 In a hypotonic environment, plant cells do not swell and burst because they have cell walls. [1]
 The water movement in plants is aided by natural factors such as transpirational pull. (That is why plants do not
need a complex regulatory system like animals). [1]

Diagram 6.1 (a) shows cells found on the lining of the trachea and Diagram 6.1 (b) shows vascular tissue
found in a plant.

(a) (b)

Diagram 6.1

(b) In what ways are the cells in Diagram 6.1 (a) and Diagram 6.1 (b) different from a typical animal cell and a
plant cell respectively?
[6 marks]
 Unlike a typical animal cell, the epithelial cells Diagram 6.1 (a) lining the trachea are elongated cells with hair-
like projections called cilia. [2]
 These cells secrete mucus which traps dust particles while the cilia sweep the impurities away from the lungs. [1]
 The cells in Diagram 6.1 (b) are xylem vessels. [1]
 Unlike a typical plant cell, xylem vessels are dead cells which do not contain cytoplasm and organelles. [1]
 In the centre of these cells are long, hollow cavities which allow water and minerals to flow through easily. [1]

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 (c)
An organ is made up of different from a typical animal cell and a plant cell respectively?

Explain these statements by referring to the cross section of the skin in Diagram 7.2
[10 marks]
 The skin is made up of many types of tissues, each performing different functions.
 The epidermis is the outer layer of the skin.
 It is made up of many types of tissues, each performing different functions.
 The epidermis is the outer layer of the skin.
 It is made up of epithelial tissue which forms a protective barrier against infections, mechanical injuries and
dehydration. [2]
 The dermis comprises the following tissues:
 Connective tissue such as elastic fibres and collagen fibres which give elasticity to the skin [1]
 Blood capillaries which supply blood to the skin, and lymphatic vessels which collect extracellular fluid within
the dermis.[2]
 Varoius nerve endings which are scattered thrughout the dermis and epidermis. They act as receptors of
pressure, changes in temperature, touch and pain. [1]
 Specialised epithelial cells in the skin form glands such as hair follicles which produce hair; sweat glands
which secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the hair and the skin.[3]
 Smooth muscles (hair erector muscles) which are attached to the hair follicles and when they contract cause the
hairs to stand erect. [1]

7. (a) Plants live in various types of habitats. Diagram 7.1 shows the different types of tissues found in the stems of
plants that live in two different habitats.

Diagram 7.1

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 Describe how these tissues provide the mechanical support needed by the plants to live in their habitats.
[10 marks]
 Water hyacinths are floating aquatic plants.
 These plants do not need as much strengthening tissue in their stems and leaves compared to terrestrial plants.
 They have aerenchyma tissues in the stems and leaves. [1]
 Arenchyma tissues are spongy tissues with large air spaces between the cells. [1]
 They provide buoyancy so that the plants can float on the surface of water. [1]
 Support in terrestrial woody plants is provided by sclerenchyma and xylem tissues found in the stem. [1]
 Sclerenchyma tissues consists of cells with secondary cell walls that are usually lignified. [1]
 Fibres are long, straight and thin tissues of the sclerenchyma which provide mechanical support among the
vascular tissues. [1]
 The cell walls of the xylem vessels and traheids are thickened with lignin. This results in the formation of different
types of xylem vessels.[1]
 Woody plants usually undergo secondary growth which results in the formation of a large amount of secondary
xylem called wood.[1]
 Wood makes terrestrial plants stronger and provides mechanical support to the plants.[1]

(b) Diagram 7.2 shows how fish moves in its habitat.

Diagram 7.2

Explain how the skeletal system of the fish is adapted for its movement.
[10 marks]

 A fish has an endoskeleton. [1]

 It has a flexible vertebral column. [1]
 The vertebral column is moved from side to side by the contraction and relaxation of antagonistic muscles called
myotomes.[2]
 Myotomes are W-shaped muscle blocks that make up each side of a fish’s body. [1]
 When the muscles on one side of the fish’s body contract, those on the other side relax. [1]
 Alternating waves of contractions and relaxations pass down the myotomes on either side of the body from the
head to the tail.[2]
 These cause different parts of the body to be swept from side to side, pushing water backwards and sideways
and the body forward. [2]

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8. Diagram 8.1 shows a physiological process in a human.

Diagram 8.1

(a) Describe the process shown in the diagram.

[5 marks]
 Germinal epithelial cells divide many times by mitosis to produce diploid spermatogonia. [1]
 Spermatogonia undergo growth and differentiation to become primary spermatocytes. [1]
 Each primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I to form two haploid secondary spermatocytes. [1]
 Each secondary spermatocyte divides again during meiosis II to produce two spematids. [1]
 The spermatids obtain nourishment from nearby nutritive cells (Sertoli cells), develop tails, differentiate and
mature into sperms. [1]

(b) Diagram 8.2 shows the formation of two pairs of twins.

Diagram 8.2

Discuss the similarities and differences in the formation of both pairs of twins.
[5 marks]

 Twins P are Siamese twins while twins Q are identical twins. [1]
 Similarities:
 One ovum is fertilised by one sperm to form one zygote. The zygote then divides to form two separate embryos.
[1]
 Both types of twins share the same genetic constitution. [1]
 Both types of twin are of the same sex, either both are males or both are females. [1]
 Differences:
 Identical twins develop from embryos which are completely separated during embryonic development whereas in
siamese twins are identical twins which are not separated completely during embryonic development. [1]

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 (c) Diagram 8.3 shows the stages of secondary growth in a dicotyledonous stem.

Diagram 8.3

Desribe the changes in the stem that result in the formation of secondary tissues.
[10 marks]
 Secondary growth begins when the vascular cambium (the parenchyma cells between the vascular bundles)
begins to divide actively. [1]
 As a results of this division, the vascular bundles join up into a complete ring. [1]
 Then the cells of the cambium ring divide, forming secondary xylem on the inside of the vascular cambium. [1]
 Secondary phloem is formed on the outside of the ring. [1]
 Smaller cells in the ring form the medullary rays, connecting the cortex with the pith. [1]
 As secondary growth continues over the years, layer upon layer of secondary xylem accumulates, producing
wood. [1]
 Wood consists of tracheids, xylem vessels and fibres. [1]
 These cells have thick lignified walls that make wood hard and strong. [1]
 The cork cambium beneath the epidermis divides actively to form the outer cork and the inner secondary
cortex. [1]
 The external cork layer forms a protective bark on the surface of the woody stems. [1]

9. (a) Table 1 shows the concentration of glucose and urea in the renal artery and renal vein.

Concentration (mg per 100 cm 3 plasma)

Substance
Renal artery Renal vein
Glucose 90 80
Urea 30 16

Table 1

Both substances are present in the lower concentrations in the renal vein than in the renal artery. However,
urea appears in the urine of a healthy individual but glucose does not. Explain why.
[10 marks]

 As blood enters the glomerulus through renal artery, ultrafiltration takes place.[1]
 The high hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus forces the fluid into the capsular space. [1]
 The glomerular filtrate contains urea and glucose. [1]
 In a healthy individual, all glucose molecules are reabsorbed into the blood capillaries at the proximal convoluted
tubule. [1]
 Therefore, the urine of a healthy person does not contain glucose. [1]
 Since glucose is filtered initially at the glomerulus, its concentration is lower in the renal vein than in the renal
artery.[2]
 Urea is secreted into the renal tubule at the distal convoluted tubule.[1]
 Urea is finally eliminated in the urine through the collecting duct.
 The renal vein carries away filtered blood that has a lower content of urea.[1]

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 (b) Diagram 9.1 shows a reflex action arc. Diagram 9.2 shows the regulation of blood glucose level. Both
diagrams illustrate coordinating systems in the human body.

Diagram 9.1

Diagram 9.2

(i) Describe the reflex action in Diagram 9.1.

[4 marks]

 The sensory receptors in the skin detect the stimulus (pain from a sharp pin). [1]
 Nerve impulses are generated and transmitted along the afferent neurone to the interneurone in the spinal cord.
[1]
 The nerve impulses are transmitted from the interneurone to the efferent neurone. [1]
 The efferent neurone transmits nerve impulses to an effector (the muscle). The muscle contracts to pull the finger
away from the pin. [1]

(ii) Differentiate between the two coordinating systems.

[6 marks]

 The coordinating system that governs the reflex action in Diagram 9.1 is the nervous system whereas the
coordinating system that governs the regulation of the blood glucose level is the endocrine system. [1]
 The nervous system conveys electrical signals in the form of nerve impulses whereas the endocrine system
conveys chemical signal in the form of hormones. [1]
 Nerve impulses are conducted via the neurones while hormones are conveyed via the bloodstream. [1]
 Nerve impulses are transmitted rapidly while hormones are transmitted slowly. [1]
 Nerve impulses are carried between specific locations whereas hormones are carried from one source to many
destinations. [1]
 The effects of the nerve impulses are short-lived whereas the effects of hormones are long-lasting. [1]

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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