THYRISTOR COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES

INTRODUCTION
In practice it becomes necessary to turn off a conducting thyristor. (Often
thyristors are used as switches to turn on and off power to the load). The process of
turning off a conducting thyristor is called commutation. The principle involved is that
either the anode should be made negative with respect to cathode (voltage commutation)
or the anode current should be reduced below the holding current value (current
commutation).
The reverse voltage must be maintained for a time at least equal to the turn-off
time of SCR otherwise a reapplication of a positive voltage will cause the thyristor to
conduct even without a gate signal. On similar lines the anode current should be held at a
value less than the holding current at least for a time equal to turn-off time otherwise the
SCR will start conducting if the current in the circuit increases beyond the holding current
level even without a gate signal. Commutation circuits have been developed to hasten the
turn-off process of Thyristors. The study of commutation techniques helps in
understanding the transient phenomena under switching conditions.
The reverse voltage or the small anode current condition must be maintained for a
time at least equal to the TURN OFF time of SCR; Otherwise the SCR may again start
conducting. The techniques to turn off a SCR can be broadly classified as
• Natural Commutation
• Forced Commutation.

NATURAL COMMUTATION (CLASS F)

This type of commutation takes place when supply voltage is AC, because a
negative voltage will appear across the SCR in the negative half cycle of the supply
voltage and the SCR turns off by itself. Hence no special circuits are required to turn off
the SCR. That is the reason that this type of commutation is called Natural or Line
Commutation. Figure 1.1 shows the circuit where natural commutation takes place and
figure 1.2 shows the related waveforms. tc is the time offered by the circuit within which
the SCR should turn off completely. Thus tc should be greater than tq , the turn off time
of the SCR. Otherwise, the SCR will become forward biased before it has turned off
completely and will start conducting even without a gate signal.
T
+

vs ~ ↑ R ↑ vo

Fig. 1.1: Circuit for Natural Commutation

134
 Supply voltage vs Sinusoidal

π 3π ωt
0 2π

ωt
α

Load voltage vo
Turn off
occurs here
ωt

π 3π ωt
0 2π

Voltage across SCR

tc

Fig. 1.2: Natural Commutation – Waveforms of Supply and Load Voltages

(Resistive Load)

This type of commutation is applied in ac voltage controllers, phase controlled

rectifiers and cyclo converters.

FORCED COMMUTATION
When supply is DC, natural commutation is not possible because the polarity of
the supply remains unchanged. Hence special methods must be used to reduce the SCR
current below the holding value or to apply a negative voltage across the SCR for a time
interval greater than the turn off time of the SCR. This technique is called FORCED
COMMUTATION and is applied in all circuits where the supply voltage is DC - namely,
Choppers (fixed DC to variable DC), inverters (DC to AC). Forced commutation
techniques are as follows:
• Self Commutation
• Resonant Pulse Commutation
• Complementary Commutation
• Impulse Commutation
• External Pulse Commutation.
• Load Side Commutation.

135
 • Line Side Commutation.
SELF COMMUTATION OR LOAD COMMUTATION OR CLASS A
COMMUTATION: (COMMUTATION BY RESONATING THE LOAD)
In this type of commutation the current through the SCR is reduced below the
holding current value by resonating the load. i.e., the load circuit is so designed that even
though the supply voltage is positive, an oscillating current tends to flow and when the
current through the SCR reaches zero, the device turns off. This is done by including an
inductance and a capacitor in series with the load and keeping the circuit under-damped.
Figure 1.3 shows the circuit.
This type of commutation is used in Series Inverter Circuit.

T L Vc(0)
i R + -
Load C

Fig. 1.3: Circuit for Self Commutation

EXPRESSION FOR CURRENT

At t = 0 , when the SCR turns ON on the application of gate pulse assume the
current in the circuit is zero and the capacitor voltage is VC ( 0 ) .

Writing the Laplace Transformation circuit of figure 1.3 the following circuit is
obtained when the SCR is conducting.

1 VC(0)
sL CS S
T R I(S) + - + -
C

V
S

Fig.: 1.4.

136
 V − VC ( 0 ) 
I (S) = S
1
R + sL +
CS

CS V − VC ( 0 ) 
= S
RCs + s 2 LC + 1

C V − VC ( 0 ) 
=
 R 1 
LC  s 2 + s +
 L LC 

V − VC ( 0 )
= L
R 1
s +s +
2

L LC

(V − V ( 0 ) )
C

= L
2 2
R 1  R   R 
s2 + s + +  − 
L LC  2 L   2 L 

(V − V ( 0 ) )
C

= L
2
R   1  R  
2 2
 
 s +  + −   
 2 L   LC  2 L  
 

A
= ,
(s +δ ) +ω2
2

Where

A=
(V − V ( 0 ) ) ,
C
δ=
R
ω=
1  R 
−
2

, 
L 2L LC  2L 

ω is called the natural frequency

A ω
I (S) =
ω ( s + δ )2 + ω 2

137
Taking inverse Laplace transforms

A −δ t
i (t ) = e sin ω t
ω

Therefore expression for current

V − VC ( 0 ) −R
i (t ) =
t
e 2 L sin ω t
ωL

Peak value of current =

(V − V ( 0 ) )
C

ωL

Expression for voltage across capacitor at the time of turn off

Applying KVL to figure 1.3

vc = V − vR − VL

di
vc = V − iR − L
dt

Substituting for i,
A −δ t dA 
vc = V − R e sin ω t − L  e −δ t sin ω t 
ω dt  ω 

e sin ω t − L ( e−δ tω cos ω t − δ e −δ t sin ω t )

A −δ t A
vc = V − R
ω ω

A −δ t
vc = V − e [ R sin ω t + ω L cos ω t − Lδ sin ω t ]
ω

A −δ t  R 
vc = V − e  R sin ω t + ω L cos ω t − L sin ω t 
ω  2L 

A −δ t  R 
vc = V − e  sin ω t + ω L cos ω t 
ω 2 

Substituting for A,

vc ( t ) = V −
(V − V ( 0 ) ) e −δ t R 
 2 sin ω t + ω L cos ω t 
C

ωL

vc ( t ) = V −
(V − V ( 0 ) ) e −δ t R 
 2 L sin ω t + ω cos ω t 
C

138
SCR turns off when current goes to zero. i.e., at ω t = π .

Therefore at turn off

(V − V ( 0 ) ) e −δπ
vc = V −
C ω
( 0 + ω cos π )
ω

− δπ
vc = V + V − VC ( 0 )  e ω

− Rπ
Therefore vc = V + V − VC ( 0 )  e 2 Lω

Note: For effective commutation the circuit should be under damped.

2
 R  1
That is   <
 2L  LC

• With R = 0, and the capacitor initially uncharged that is VC ( 0 ) = 0

V t
i= sin
ωL LC

1
But ω=
LC

V t C t
Therefore i= LC sin =V sin
L LC L LC

and capacitor voltage at turn off is equal to 2V.

• Figure 1.5 shows the waveforms for the above conditions. Once the SCR turns off
voltage across it is negative voltage.
π
• Conduction time of SCR = .
ω

139
 C
V
L Current i

ωt
0 π/2 π

2V
Capacitor voltage
V

ωt

Gate pulse

ωt

ωt

−V
Voltage across SCR

Fig. 1.5: Self Commutation – Wave forms of Current and Capacitors Voltage

Problem 1.1 : Calculate the conduction time of SCR and the peak SCR current that flows
in the circuit employing series resonant commutation (self commutation or class A
commutation), if the supply voltage is 300 V, C = 1µF, L = 5 mH and RL = 100 Ω.
Assume that the circuit is initially relaxed.

T RL L C
+ −
100 Ω 5 mH 1 µF

V
=300V

Fig. 1.6.

140
Solution:
2
1  RL 
ω= − 
LC  2 L 

2
1  100 
ω= −3 −6
− −3 
5 ×10 ×1 ×10  2 × 5 ×10 

ω = 10, 000 rad/sec

Since the circuit is initially relaxed, initial voltage across capacitor is zero as also
the initial current through L and the expression for current i is

V −δ t R
i= e sin ω t , where δ = ,
ωL 2L

V
Therefore peak value of i=
ωL

300
i= = 6A
10000 × 5 × 10−3

π π
Conducting time of SCR = = = 0.314msec
ω 10000

Problem 1.2 : Figure 1.7 shows a self commutating circuit. The inductance carries an
initial current of 200 A and the initial voltage across the capacitor is V, the supply
voltage. Determine the conduction time of the SCR and the capacitor voltage at turn off.

L T i(t)
→ IO
10 µH
C +
V 50 µF − VC(0)=V
=100V

Fig. 1.7.

141
Solution :
The transformed circuit of figure 1.7 is shown in figure 1.8.

sL IOL
− +
I(S) +
VC(0)
=V
+ − S
V
S − 1
CS

Fig.1.8: Transformed Circuit of Fig. 1.7

The governing equation is

V V ( 0) 1
= I ( S ) sL − IO L + C + I (S )
s s Cs

V VC ( 0 )
− + IO L
Therefore I (S) = s s
1
sL +
Cs

V VC ( 0 ) 
 −  Cs
I (S) =  s s  I LCs
+ 2O
s LC + 1
2
s LC + 1

V − VC ( 0 )  C
I (S) = 
IO LCs
+
 1   1 
LC  s 2 +  LC  s 2 +
 LC   LC 

V − VC ( 0 ) sIO
I (S) = +
L  s + ω 
2 2
s +ω2
2

V − VC ( 0 )  ω
I (S ) = 
sI 1
+ 2 O 2 where ω =
ω L  s + ω  s + ω
2 2
LC

Taking inverse LT
C
i ( t ) = V − VC ( 0 )  sin ω t + I O cos ω t
L

142
The capacitor voltage is given by

t
1
vc ( t ) = i ( t ) dt + VC ( 0 )
C ∫0

1  
t
C
vc ( t ) = ∫  V − VC ( 0 )  sin ω t + I O cos ω t  dt + VC ( 0 )
C 0  L 

1  (V − VC ( 0 ) ) C t I t 
vc ( t ) =  ( − cos ω t ) + O ( sin ω t ) + VC ( 0 )
C  ω L o ω o 

1  (V − VC ( 0 ) ) C I 
vc ( t ) =  (1 − cos ω t ) + O ( sin ω t ) + VC ( 0 )
C  ω L ω 

× LC sin ω t + (V − VC ( 0 ) ) LC
IO 1 C
vc ( t ) = (1 − cos ω t ) + VC ( 0 )
C C L

L
vc ( t ) = IO sin ω t + V − V cos ω t − VC ( 0 ) + VC ( 0 ) cos ω t + VC ( 0 )
C

sin ω t − (V − VC ( 0 ) ) cos ω t + V
L
vc ( t ) = I O
C

In this problem VC ( 0 ) = V

Therefore we get, i ( t ) = I O cos ω t and

L
vc ( t ) = IO sin ω t + V
C

143
The waveforms are as shown in figure 1.9

I0
i(t)

ωt
π/2

vc(t)

ωt
π/2

Fig.: 1.9

π
Turn off occurs at a time to so that ω tO =
2

0.5π
Therefore tO = = 0.5π LC
ω

tO = 0.5 × π 10 × 10−6 × 50 ×10−6

tO = 0.5 × π ×10 −6 500 = 35.1µ seconds

and the capacitor voltage at turn off is given by

L
vc ( tO ) = I O sin ω tO + V
C

10 × 10 −6
vc ( tO ) = 200 −6
sin 900 + 100
50 ×10

 35.12 
vc ( tO ) = 200 × 0.447 × sin   + 100
 22.36 

vc ( tO ) = 89.4 + 100 = 189.4 V

144
Problem 1.3: In the circuit shown in figure 1.10. V = 600 volts, initial capacitor voltage
is zero, L = 20 µH, C = 50µF and the current through the inductance at the time of SCR
triggering is Io = 350 A. Determine (a) the peak values of capacitor voltage and current
(b) the conduction time of T1.
L T1

→ I0
i(t)
V C

Fig. 1.10
Solution:
(Refer to problem 1.2).

The expression for i ( t ) is given by

C
i ( t ) = V − VC ( 0 )  sin ω t + I O cos ω t
L

It is given that the initial voltage across the capacitor, VC ( O ) is zero.

C
Therefore i (t ) = V sin ω t + IO cos ω t
L

i ( t ) can be written as
C
i ( t ) = IO2 + V 2 sin (ω t + α )
L

L
IO
where α = tan −1 C
V

1
and ω=
LC

The peak capacitor current is

C
I O2 + V 2
L

Substituting the values, the peak capacitor current

50 ×10 −6
= 350 2 + 600 2 × = 1011.19 A
20 ×10 −6

145
The expression for capacitor voltage is

sin ω t − (V − VC ( 0 ) ) cos ω t + V
L
vc ( t ) = I O
C

L
with VC ( 0 ) = 0, vc ( t ) = I O sin ω t − V cos ω t + V
C

This can be rewritten as

L
vc ( t ) = V 2 + IO2 sin (ω t − β ) + V
C

C
V
Where β = tan −1 L
IO

The peak value of capacitor voltage is

L
= V 2 + IO2 +V
C

Substituting the values, the peak value of capacitor voltage

20 ×10−6
= 600 2 + 350 2 × + 600
50 ×10−6

= 639.5 + 600 = 1239.5V

To calculate conduction time of T1

The waveform of capacitor current is shown in figure 1.11. When the capacitor
current becomes zero the SCR turns off.
Capacitor
current

ωt
α 0

π−α

Fig. 1.11.

146
 π −α
Therefore conduction time of SCR =
ω

 L 
 IO 
π − tan −1  C 
 V 
 
=  
1
LC

Substituting the values

 L 
 IO 
α = tan −1  C 
 V 
 
 

350 20 ×10−6
α = tan −1
600 50 ×10−6

α = 20.250 i.e., 0.3534 radians

1 1
ω= = = 31622.8 rad/sec
LC 20 × 10 × 50 ×10−6
−6

Therefore conduction time of SCR

π − 0.3534
= = 88.17µ sec
31622.8

RESONANT PULSE COMMUTATION (CLASS B COMMUTATION)

The circuit for resonant pulse commutation is shown in figure 1.12.

L
T
i
a
b C

IL
V
Load
FWD

Fig. 1.12: Circuit for Resonant Pulse Commutation

147
 This is a type of commutation in which a LC series circuit is connected across the
SCR. Since the commutation circuit has negligible resistance it is always under-damped
i.e., the current in LC circuit tends to oscillate whenever the SCR is on.
Initially the SCR is off and the capacitor is charged to V volts with plate ‘a’ being
positive. Referring to figure 1.13 at t = t1 the SCR is turned ON by giving a gate pulse. A
current I L flows through the load and this is assumed to be constant. At the same time
SCR short circuits the LC combination which starts oscillating. A current ‘i’ starts
flowing in the direction shown in figure. As ‘i’ reaches its maximum value, the capacitor
voltage reduces to zero and then the polarity of the capacitor voltage reverses ‘b’ becomes
positive). When ‘i’ falls to zero this reverse voltage becomes maximum, and then
direction of ‘i’ reverses i.e., through SCR the load current I L and ‘i’ flow in opposite
direction. When the instantaneous value of ‘i’ becomes equal to I L , the SCR current
becomes zero and the SCR turns off. Now the capacitor starts charging and its voltage
reaches the supply voltage with plate a being positive. The related waveforms are shown
in figure 1.13.
Gate pulse
of SCR
t
t1 π
V
Capacitor voltage
vab
t

tC
Ip i

t
π
IL ω
∆t
ISCR

Voltage across
SCR
t

Fig. 1.13: Resonant Pulse Commutation – Various Waveforms

148
EXPRESSION FOR tc , THE CIRCUIT TURN OFF TIME
Assume that at the time of turn off of the SCR the capacitor voltage vab ≈ −V and
load current I L is constant. tc is the time taken for the capacitor voltage to reach 0 volts
from – V volts and is derived as follows.

t
1 c
V = ∫ I L dt
C0

I L tc
V=
C

VC
tc = seconds
IL

For proper commutation tc should be greater than tq , the turn off time of T. Also,
the magnitude of I p , the peak value of i should be greater than the load current I L and
the expression for i is derived as follows

The LC circuit during the commutation period is shown in figure 1.14.

T i
+
C VC(0)
− =V

Fig. 1.14.

The transformed circuit is shown in figure 1.15.

I(S)

sL

T 1
Cs
+
V
− s

Fig. 1.15.

149
 V
I (S) = s
1
sL +
Cs

V 
  Cs
I ( S ) = 2 
s
s LC + 1

VC
I (S) =
 1 
LC  s 2 + 
 LC 

V 1
I (S) = ×
L s2 + 1
LC

 1 
V  LC 
I (S) = × 
1
×
L s2 + 1  1 
LC  LC 

 1 
C  LC 
I (S) =V ×
L s2 + 1
LC
Taking inverse LT

C
i (t ) = V sin ω t
L

1
Where ω=
LC

V
Or i (t ) = sin ω t = I p sin ω t
ωL

C
Therefore Ip = V amps .
L

150
EXPRESSION FOR CONDUCTION TIME OF SCR
For figure 1.13 (waveform of i), the conduction time of SCR

π
= + ∆t
ω
I 
sin −1  L 
π I 
= +  p
ω ω

ALTERNATE CIRCUIT FOR RESONANT PULSE COMMUTATION

The working of the circuit can be explained as follows. The capacitor C is
assumed to be charged to VC ( 0 ) with polarity as shown, T1 is conducting and the load
current I L is a constant. To turn off T1 , T2 is triggered. L, C, T1 and T2 forms a resonant
circuit. A resonant current ic ( t ) flows in the direction shown, i.e., in a direction opposite
to that of load current I L .
C
ic ( t ) = I p sin ω t (refer to the previous circuit description). Where I p = VC ( 0 )
L
& and the capacitor voltage is given by

1
vc ( t ) = iC ( t ).dt
C∫

1 C
vc ( t ) = ∫ VC ( 0 ) sin ω t.dt .
C L

vc ( t ) = −VC ( 0 ) cos ω t
T1 iC(t) IL

C L iC(t) T2
ab
− +
VC(0) L
V T3 O
A
FWD D

Fig. 1.16: Resonant Pulse Commutation – An Alternate Circuit

151
 When ic ( t ) becomes equal to I L (the load current), the current through T1
becomes zero and T1 turns off. This happens at time t1 such that

t1
I L = I p sin
LC

C
I p = VC ( 0 )
L

 I L
t1 = LC sin −1  L
 V ( 0 ) C 
 C 

and the corresponding capacitor voltage is

vc ( t1 ) = −V1 = −VC ( 0 ) cos ω t1

Once the thyristor T1 turns off, the capacitor starts charging towards the supply
voltage through T2 and load. As the capacitor charges through the load capacitor current
is same as load current I L , which is constant. When the capacitor voltage reaches V, the
supply voltage, the FWD starts conducting and the energy stored in L charges C to a still
higher voltage. The triggering of T3 reverses the polarity of the capacitor voltage and the
circuit is ready for another triggering of T1 . The waveforms are shown in figure 1.17.

EXPRESSION FOR tc
Assuming a constant load current I L which charges the capacitor

CV1
tc = seconds
IL

Normally V1 ≈ VC ( 0 )

For reliable commutation tc should be greater than tq , the turn off time of SCR T1 .
It is to be noted that tc depends upon I L and becomes smaller for higher values of load
current.

152
 Current iC(t)

V
Capacitor
voltage vab
t
t1

V1

tC
VC(0)

Fig. 1.17: Resonant Pulse Commutation – Alternate Circuit – Various Waveforms

RESONANT PULSE COMMUTATION WITH ACCELERATING DIODE

D2
iC(t)

T1 IL
C L iC(t) T2

- +
VC(0)
L
T3 O
V A
FWD D

Fig. 1.17(a)

153
 iC
IL

0 t
VC

0 t
t1 t2
V1
VC(O) tC

Fig. 1.17(b)

A diode D2 is connected as shown in the figure 1.17(a) to accelerate the

discharging of the capacitor ‘C’. When thyristor T2 is fired a resonant current iC ( t )
flows through the capacitor and thyristor T1 . At time t = t1 , the capacitor current iC ( t )
equals the load current I L and hence current through T1 is reduced to zero resulting in
turning off of T1 . Now the capacitor current iC ( t ) continues to flow through the diode D2
until it reduces to load current level I L at time t2 . Thus the presence of D2 has
accelerated the discharge of capacitor ‘C’. Now the capacitor gets charged through the
load and the charging current is constant. Once capacitor is fully charged T2 turns off by
itself. But once current of thyristor T1 reduces to zero the reverse voltage appearing across
T1 is the forward voltage drop of D2 which is very small. This makes the thyristor
recovery process very slow and it becomes necessary to provide longer reverse bias time.
From figure 1.17(b)

t2 = π LC − t1

VC ( t2 ) = −VC ( O ) cos ω t2

Circuit turn-off time tC = t2 − t1

Problem 1.4 : The circuit in figure 1.18 shows a resonant pulse commutation circuit. The
initial capacitor voltage VC (O ) = 200V , C = 30µF and L = 3µH. Determine the circuit
turn off time tc , if the load current I L is (a) 200 A and (b) 50 A.

154
 T1 IL
C L iC(t) T2

− +
VC(0)
L
T3 O
V A
FWD D

Fig. 1.18.
Solution
(a) When I L = 200 A
Let T2 be triggered at t = 0 .
The capacitor current ic ( t ) reaches a value I L at t = t1 , when T1 turns off

 I L
t1 = LC sin −1  L
 V ( 0 ) C 
 C 

 200 3 ×10−6 
t1 = 3 × 10−6 × 30 ×10−6 sin −1  
 200 30 ×10−6 
 

t1 = 3.05µ sec .

1 1
ω= =
LC 3 ×10−6 × 30 ×10−6

ω = 0.105 ×106 rad / sec .

At t = t1 , the magnitude of capacitor voltage is V1 = VC ( 0 ) cos ω t1

That is V1 = 200 cos 0.105 ×106 × 3.05 ×10−6

V1 = 200 × 0.9487

V1 = 189.75 Volts

CV1
and tc =
IL

155
 30 ×10 −6 ×189.75
tc = = 28.46µ sec .
200

(b) When I L = 50 A
 50 3 ×10−6 
t1 = 3 × 10−6 × 30 ×10−6 sin −1  
 200 30 ×10−6 
 
t1 = 0.749µ sec .

V1 = 200 cos 0.105 ×106 × 0.749 ×10−6

V1 = 200 ×1 = 200 Volts .

CV1
tc =
IL

30 ×10 −6 × 200
tc = = 120 µ sec .
50

It is observed that as load current increases the value of tc reduces.

Problem 1.4a : Repeat the above problem for I L = 200 A , if an antiparallel diode D2 is
connected across thyristor T1 as shown in figure 1.18a.

D2
iC(t)

T1 IL
C L iC(t) T2

- +
VC(0)
L
T3 O
V A
FWD D

Fig. 1.18(a)

156
Solution

I L = 200 A

Let T2 be triggered at t = 0 .
Capacitor current iC ( t ) reaches the value I L at t = t1 , when T1 turns off

 I L
Therefore t1 = LC sin −1  L 
VC ( O ) C 

 200 3 ×10−6 
t1 = 3 × 10−6 × 30 ×10−6 sin −1  
 200 30 ×10−6 
 

` t1 = 3.05µ sec .

1 1
ω= =
LC 3 ×10−6 × 30 ×10−6

ω = 0.105 ×106 radians/sec

At t = t1
VC ( t1 ) = V1 = −VC ( O ) cos ω t1

VC ( t1 ) = −200 cos ( 0.105 ×106 × 3.05 ×10−6 )

VC ( t1 ) = −189.75V

iC ( t ) flows through diode D2 after T1 turns off.

iC ( t ) current falls back to I L at t2

t2 = π LC − t1

t2 = π 3 ×10−6 × 30 ×10−6 − 3.05 ×10−6

t2 = 26.75µ sec .

1 1
ω= =
LC 3 ×10 × 30 ×10−6
−6

ω = 0.105 ×106 rad/sec.

157
 At t = t2
VC ( t2 ) = V2 = −200 cos 0.105 ×10 +6 × 26.75 × 10−6

VC ( t2 ) = V2 = 189.02 V

Therefore tC = t2 − t1 = 26.75 ×10 −6 − 3.05 × 10 −6

tC = 23.7 µ secs

Problem 1.5: For the circuit shown in figure 1.19 calculate the value of L for proper
commutation of SCR. Also find the conduction time of SCR.

4 µF

V
=30V L
RL i

30 Ω IL

Fig. 1.19.
Solution:
V 30
The load current I L =
= = 1 Amp
RL 30
For proper SCR commutation I p , the peak value of resonant current i, should be
greater than I L ,
Let I p = 2I L , Therefore I p = 2 Amps .
V V C
Also Ip = = =V
ωL 1
×L L
LC

4 ×10 −6
Therefore 2 = 30 ×
L

Therefore L = 0.9mH .

1 1
ω= = = 16666 rad/sec
LC 0.9 × 10 × 4 ×10−6
−3

158
 I 
sin −1  L 
π I
Conduction time of SCR = +  p 
ω ω

1
sin −1  
π 2
= +
16666 16666

π + 0.523
= radians
16666

= 0.00022 seconds

= 0.22 msec

Problem 1.6: For the circuit shown in figure 1.20 given that the load current to be
commutated is 10 A, turn off time required is 40µsec and the supply voltage is 100 V.
Obtain the proper values of commutating elements.

C
V
=100V L i IL

IL
Fig. 1.20.
Solution
C
I p peak value of i = V and this should be greater than I L . Let I p = 1.5 I L .
L

C
Therefore 1.5 × 10 = 100 ... ( a )
L

Also, assuming that at the time of turn off the capacitor voltage is approximately
equal to V, (and referring to waveform of capacitor voltage in figure 1.13) and the load
current linearly charges the capacitor

CV
tc = seconds
IL

and this tc is given to be 40 µsec.

100
Therefore 40 ×10 −6 = C ×
10

159
 Therefore C = 4µ F

Substituting this in equation (a)

4 × 10 −6
1.5 × 10 = 100
L

104 × 4 ×10−6
1.52 × 102 =
L

Therefore L = 1.777 ×10−4 H

L = 0.177 mH .

Problem 1.7 : In a resonant commutation circuit supply voltage is 200 V. Load current is
10 A and the device turn off time is 20µs. The ratio of peak resonant current to load
current is 1.5. Determine the value of L and C of the commutation circuit.

Solution
Ip
Given = 1.5
IL

Therefore I p = 1.5 I L = 1.5 ×10 = 15 A .

C
That is Ip = V = 15 A ... ( a )
L

It is given that the device turn off time is 20 µsec. Therefore tc , the circuit turn off
time should be greater than this,

Let tc = 30 µ sec .

CV
And tc =
IL
200 × C
Therefore 30 ×10 −6 =
10

Therefore C = 1.5µ F .

Substituting in (a)
1.5 × 10 −6
15 = 200
L

160
 1.5 ×10 −6
152 = 200 2 ×
L

Therefore L = 0.2666 mH

COMPLEMENTARY COMMUTATION (CLASS C COMMUTATION,

PARALLEL CAPACITOR COMMUTATION)

In complementary commutation the current can be transferred between two loads.

Two SCRs are used and firing of one SCR turns off the other. The circuit is shown in
figure 1.21.

IL

R1 R2
ab iC
V
C
T1 T2

Fig. 1.21: Complementary Commutation

The working of the circuit can be explained as follows.

Initially both T1 and T2 are off; Now, T1 is fired. Load current I L flows
through R1 . At the same time, the capacitor C gets charged to V volts through R2 and T1
(‘b’ becomes positive with respect to ‘a’). When the capacitor gets fully charged, the
capacitor current ic becomes zero.
To turn off T1 , T2 is fired; the voltage across C comes across T1 and reverse biases
it, hence T1 turns off. At the same time, the load current flows through R2 and T2 . The
capacitor ‘C’ charges towards V through R1 and T2 and is finally charged to V volts with
‘a’ plate positive. When the capacitor is fully charged, the capacitor current becomes
zero. To turn off T2 , T1 is triggered, the capacitor voltage (with ‘a’ positive) comes across
T2 and T2 turns off. The related waveforms are shown in figure 1.22.

EXPRESSION FOR CIRCUIT TURN OFF TIME tc

From the waveforms of the voltages across T1 and capacitor, it is obvious that tc
is the time taken by the capacitor voltage to reach 0 volts from – V volts, the time
constant being RC and the final voltage reached by the capacitor being V volts. The
equation for capacitor voltage vc ( t ) can be written as

161
 vc ( t ) = V f + (Vi − V f ) e− t τ

Where V f is the final voltage, Vi is the initial voltage and τ is the time constant.

At t = t c , vc ( t ) = 0 ,

τ = R1C , V f = V , Vi = −V ,

− tc

Therefore 0 = V + ( −V − V ) e R1C

− tc

0 = V − 2Ve R1C

− tc

Therefore V = 2Ve R1C

− tc

0.5 = e R1C

Taking natural logarithms on both sides

−t
ln 0.5 = c
R1C

tc = 0.693R1C

This time should be greater than the turn off time tq of T1 .

Similarly when T2 is commutated

tc = 0.693 R2C

And this time should be greater than tq of T2 .

Usually R1 = R2 = R

162
 Gate pulse Gate pulse
of T1 of T2
t
p
V
IL 2V
V
Current through R1 R1
R1
t

Current through T1 2V
R2
V
R1
t

2V Current through T2
R1
V
R2
t
V
Voltage across
capacitor vab
t

-V
tC tC

Voltage across T1
t

tC

Fig. 1.22

163
Problem 1.8 : In the circuit shown in figure 1.23 the load resistances R1 = R2 = R = 5Ω
and the capacitance C = 7.5 µF, V = 100 volts. Determine the circuit turn off time tc .

R1 R2

V
C
T1 T2

Fig. 1.23.
Solution
The circuit turn-off time tc = 0.693 RC seconds

tc = 0.693 × 5 × 7.5 ×10−6

tc = 26 µ sec .

Problem 1.9: Calculate the values of RL and C to be used for commutating the main SCR
in the circuit shown in figure 1.24. When it is conducting a full load current of 25 A flows.
The minimum time for which the SCR has to be reverse biased for proper commutation is
40µsec. Also find R1 , given that the auxiliary SCR will undergo natural commutation
when its forward current falls below the holding current value of 2 mA.

i1 IL

R1 RL
iC
V
=100V C
Auxiliary Main
SCR SCR

Fig. 1.24.
Solution
In this circuit only the main SCR carries the load and the auxiliary SCR is used to
turn off the main SCR. Once the main SCR turns off the current through the auxiliary
SCR is the sum of the capacitor charging current ic and the current i1 through R1 , ic
reduces to zero after a time tc and hence the auxiliary SCR turns off automatically after a
time tc , i1 should be less than the holding current.

164
 Given I L = 25 A

V 100
That is 25 A = =
RL RL

Therefore RL = 4Ω

tc = 40 µ sec = 0.693RLC

That is 40 × 10−6 = 0.693 × 4 × C

40 ×10 −6
Therefore C=
4 × 0.693

C = 14.43µ F

V
i1 = should be less than the holding current of auxiliary SCR.
R1
100
Therefore should be < 2mA.
R1

100
Therefore R1 >
2 ×10−3

That is R1 > 50 K Ω

IMPULSE COMMUTATION (CLASS D COMMUTATION)

The circuit for impulse commutation is as shown in figure 1.25.

T1 IL

−
T3 VC(O) C
+
L
L T2 O
V A
FWD D

Fig. 1.25: Circuit for Impulse Commutation

165
 The working of the circuit can be explained as follows. It is assumed that initially
the capacitor C is charged to a voltage VC ( O ) with polarity as shown. Let the thyristor T1
be conducting and carry a load current I L . If the thyristor T1 is to be turned off, T2 is
fired. The capacitor voltage comes across T1 , T1 is reverse biased and it turns off. Now
the capacitor starts charging through T2 and the load. The capacitor voltage reaches V
with top plate being positive. By this time the capacitor charging current (current through
T2 ) would have reduced to zero and T2 automatically turns off. Now T1 and T2 are both
off. Before firing T1 again, the capacitor voltage should be reversed. This is done by
turning on T3 , C discharges through T3 and L and the capacitor voltage reverses. The
waveforms are shown in figure 1.26.

Gate pulse Gate pulse Gate pulse

of T2 of T3 of T1
t

VS
Capacitor
voltage

VC
tC

Voltage across T1
t

VC

Fig. 1.26: Impulse Commutation – Waveforms of Capacitor Voltage, Voltage

across T1 .

166
EXPRESSION FOR CIRCUIT TURN OFF TIME (AVAILABLE TURN OFF
TIME) tc
tc depends on the load current I L and is given by the expression

t
1 c
VC = ∫ I L dt
C0

(assuming the load current to be constant)

I L tc
VC =
C

VC C
tc = seconds
IL

For proper commutation tc should be > tq , turn off time of T1 .

Note:
• T1 is turned off by applying a negative voltage across its terminals. Hence this is
voltage commutation.
• tc depends on load current. For higher load currents tc is small. This is a
disadvantage of this circuit.
• When T2 is fired, voltage across the load is V + VC ; hence the current through
load shoots up and then decays as the capacitor starts charging.

AN ALTERNATIVE CIRCUIT FOR IMPULSE COMMUTATION

Is shown in figure 1.27.
i
T1 +
IT1 VC(O) C
_

T2
D

V
L

IL

RL

Fig. 1.27: Impulse Commutation – An Alternate Circuit

167
 The working of the circuit can be explained as follows:
Initially let the voltage across the capacitor be VC ( O ) with the top plate positive.
Now T1 is triggered. Load current flows through T1 and load. At the same time, C
discharges through T1 , L and D (the current is ‘i’) and the voltage across C reverses i.e.,
the bottom plate becomes positive. The diode D ensures that the bottom plate of the
capacitor remains positive.
To turn off T1 , T2 is triggered; the voltage across the capacitor comes across T1 .
T1 is reverse biased and it turns off (voltage commutation). The capacitor now starts
charging through T2 and load. When it charges to V volts (with the top plate positive), the
current through T2 becomes zero and T2 automatically turns off.
The related waveforms are shown in figure 1.28.

Gate pulse Gate pulse

of T1 of T2
t

VC
Capacitor
voltage
t

−V
tC
This is due to i
IT 1
IL
Current through SCR V
RL
t

2V
RL

IL
Load current

V Voltage across T1

tC

Fig. 1.28: Impulse Commutation – (Alternate Circuit) – Various Waveforms

168
Problem 1.10: An impulse commutated thyristor circuit is shown in figure 1.29.
Determine the available turn off time of the circuit if V = 100 V, R = 10 Ω and C = 10
µF. Voltage across capacitor before T2 is fired is V volts with polarity as shown.

+
T1
-
C VC(0)
V +
T2 R

-
Fig. 1.29.

Solution
When T2 is triggered the circuit is as shown in figure 1.30.

VC(O)
- + i(t)
+
C
T2
V R

Fig. 1.30.

Writing the transform circuit, we obtain

1 VC(0)
Cs s
− + I(s)

+
V R
s −

Fig. 1.31.

169
We have to obtain an expression for capacitor voltage. It is done as follows:

1
(V + VC ( 0 ) )
I (S) = s
1
R+
Cs

C (V + VC ( 0 ) )
I (S ) =
1 + RCs

I (S) =
(V + V ( 0 ) ) C

 1 
Rs + 
 RC 

1 VC ( 0 )
Voltage across capacitor VC ( s ) = I ( s ) −
Cs s

1 V + VC ( 0 ) VC ( 0 )
VC ( s ) = −
RCs  1  s
s+ 
 RC 

V + VC ( 0 ) V + VC ( 0 ) VC ( 0 )
VC ( s ) = − −
s  1  s
 s + 
 RC 

V V V ( 0)
VC ( s ) = − − C
s s+ 1 s+
1
RC RC

(
vc ( t ) = V 1 − e
−t
RC
) −V ( 0) e
C
−t
RC

In the given problem VC ( 0 ) = V

Therefore (
vc ( t ) = V 1 − 2e
−t
RC
)
The waveform of vc ( t ) is shown in figure 1.32.

170
 V

vC(t)
t

VC(0)
tC
Fig. 1.32.

At t = tc , vc ( t ) = 0

 − tc

Therefore 0 = V 1 − 2e RC 
 

− tc
1 = 2e RC

1 − tc
= e RC
2

Taking natural logarithms

 1  −t
log e   = c
 2  RC

tc = RC ln ( 2 )

tc = 10 ×10 ×10−6 ln ( 2 )

tc = 69.3µ sec .

Problem 1.11 : In the commutation circuit shown in figure 1.33. C = 20 µF, the input
voltage V varies between 180 and 220 V and the load current varies between 50 and 200
A. Determine the minimum and maximum values of available turn off time tc .
T1 I0

−
C VC(0)=V
+
V

T2
I0

Fig. 1.33.

171
Solution
It is given that V varies between 180 and 220 V and I O varies between 50 and
200 A.
The expression for available turn off time tc is given by

CV
tc =
IO

tc is maximum when V is maximum and I O is minimum.

CVmax
Therefore tc max =
IO min

220
tc max = 20 ×10−6 × = 88 µ sec
50

CVmin
and tc min =
IO max

180
tc min = 20 ×10 −6 × = 18µ sec
200

EXTERNAL PULSE COMMUTATION (CLASS E COMMUTATION)

T1 T2 L T3

+
VS RL 2VAUX C VAUX
−

Fig. 1.34: External Pulse Commutation

In this type of commutation an additional source is required to turn-off the

conducting thyristor. Figure 1.34 shows a circuit for external pulse commutation. VS is
the main voltage source and VAUX is the auxiliary supply. Assume thyristor T1 is
conducting and load RL is connected across supply VS . When thyristor T3 is turned ON at
t = 0 , VAUX , T3 , L and C from an oscillatory circuit. Assuming capacitor is initially
uncharged, capacitor C is now charged to a voltage 2VAUX with upper plate positive at
t = π LC . When current through T3 falls to zero, T3 gets commutated. To turn-off the

172
main thyristor T1 , thyristor T2 is turned ON. Then T1 is subjected to a reverse voltage
equal to VS − 2VAUX . This results in thyristor T1 being turned-off. Once T1 is off capacitor
‘C’ discharges through the load RL

LOAD SIDE COMMUTATION

In load side commutation the discharging and recharging of capacitor takes place
through the load. Hence to test the commutation circuit the load has to be connected.
Examples of load side commutation are Resonant Pulse Commutation and Impulse
Commutation.

LINE SIDE COMMUTATION

In this type of commutation the discharging and recharging of capacitor takes
place through the supply.

L T1

+ IL

T3 +
_C L
FWD O
VS A
Lr D
T2

Fig.: 1.35 Line Side Commutation Circuit

Figure 1.35 shows line side commutation circuit. Thyristor T2 is fired to charge
the capacitor ‘C’. When ‘C’ charges to a voltage of 2V, T2 is self commutated. To
reverse the voltage of capacitor to -2V, thyristor T3 is fired and T3 commutates by itself.
Assuming that T1 is conducting and carries a load current I L thyristor T2 is fired to turn
off T1 . The turning ON of T2 will result in forward biasing the diode (FWD) and applying
a reverse voltage of 2V across T1 . This turns off T1 , thus the discharging and recharging
of capacitor is done through the supply and the commutation circuit can be tested without
load.

173