Report of Plennary Discussion

Block 7 Scenario 3

Group 1 of Tutorial

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN DAN ILMU KESEHATAN

PROGRAM STUDI FARMASI

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH YOGYAKARTA

Jl. Lingkar Selatan, Tamantirto, Kasihan, Bantul, Yogyakarta

Telp. (0274) 387656, Fax (0274) 387646

Website :www.umy.ac.id
 MEMBER OF GROUP 1

 Istia tasqiyah (20170350019)

 Andika ardi pradana (20170350024)

 Amelia nur'afni mulyanti (20170350029)

 Edi winanto (20170350062)

 M. Rinaldi Apriyatna (20170350068)

 Kaila Ama Khoiril Khusnah (20170350069)

 Iis Nur Azizah (20170350076)

 Annisa Bella Prameswara (20170350077)

 Nilam Suciati (20170350096)

 Hanna Diastri (20170350102)

 Riza Lukluk kusumawati (20170350109)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise the presence of Allah SWT who until now still gives us the pleasure of faith and health, so
we are given this extraordinary opportunity that is the opportunity to complete our paper writing
assignments.

Prayers and greetings we do not forget to always send to our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW
who has conveyed Allah's guidance to all of us, which is the most correct guide that is the perfect
Islamic Sharia religion and is the single greatest gift for all universe.

At the same time, we express our deepest gratitude to Mr. Puguh Novi Arsito, M.Sc, Apt as the
person in charge of block 7 who has given his trust to us to complete this paper on time.

We also hope sincerely that this paper can be useful in increasing knowledge as well as insight
into phytopharmaca development.

In addition we also realize that in our paper we can find a lot of shortcomings and far from
perfection. Therefore, we really look forward to criticism and suggestions for later we can revise
and write in the next period, because once again we realize that there is nothing perfect without
constructive advice.

At the end we hope our simple paper can be understood by everyone who reads. We also
apologize profusely if in our paper there are words that are not pleasing to the heart.

Yogyakarta, October 03 2018

Writer

Daftar Isi
BAB I
 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Fitomedicin is the seventh block of the School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta.
In the seventh plenary discussion block, explained that pharmacy students could explain the
development of traditional medicine to be phytopharmaca.

1.2 The Object of The Study

1. This report written as a report of scenario 2 of seventh block’ discussion so that student
can understand teoriticaly.
2. The writter be able to finish case that given in scenario with analysis methode and
learning with group discussion
3. Reach the achievement of the purpose of the tutorial learning methods.

BAB II
THE RESEARCH FINDING

2.1. Scenario
 RZ works in an RnD natural materials industry. he was assigned to develop an
immunostimulator phytopharmaca formula derived from the plant Morinda citrifolia /
Echinacea sp. to fulfill halal requirements, the production process must be guaranteed as
well.

2.2. Analysis of Scenario

2.2.1. What are the active compounds found in Morinda citrifolia / Echinacea sp. ?
2.2.2. What are the steps for developing herbal medicine to become phytopharmaca?

2.3. Disscusion
2.3.1. The content of active compounds in Morinda citrifolia / Echinacea sp
Noni contains active substances such as essential oils, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids,
polyphenols. The main active substances in noni leaves include: terpenoids, polysaccharides,
antibacterials, ascorbic acid, beta carotene, arginine, xeronine, and proxeronine, antraquinone
and scolopetin. Reported by Furuzawa, et al. (2003) polysaccharide compounds in noni fruit
juice have the potential as prophylactic and therapeutic properties as immunomodulators of
sarcoma 180 tumor system.
While the prominent Echinacea sp content is caffeic acid derivatives (about 1%),
especially echinacosides (E.pallida), cyclic acid (E.purpurea), alkamide (E.purpurea). The
nutritional properties possessed by Echinacea purpurea are polysaccharides, flavonoids, caffeine
acid, essential oils, polyacetylene, alkalamides. Water-soluble polysaccharides and chicoric acid
function as stimulants to the body's resistance, while soluble fat components such as
isobutilamide serve to increase cell phagocytosis. So in plants both active substances used for
immunostimulators are polysaccharides.

2.3.2. The stages of developing traditional medicine into phytopharmaca are as follows.
1. Selection
2. Preclinical test, consisting of toxicity test and pharmacodynamic test
3. Simple standardization, determination of identity and manufacture of standardized
preparation
4. Clinical test

 Selection
Before starting the research, it is necessary to choose the type of traditional medicine /
herbal medicine that will be studied and developed. Types of traditional medicines / herbal
medicines that are prioritized for research and development are:
 1. It is expected to be efficacious for diseases that occupy the top in incidence (based on
disease)
2. Based on efficacious experience for certain diseases
3. It is a rare alternative to certain diseases, such as AIDS and cancer
 Preclinical test
Preclinical testing is carried out after the selection of traditional medicines that will be
developed into phytopharmaca. Preclinical testing is carried out in vitro and invivo in
experimental animals to see their toxicity and pharmacodynamic effects.
a. Toxixity test
Toxicity tests were divided into acute toxicity tests, sub-chronic, chronic, and specific
toxicity tests which included testogenicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. Acute
testitis is intended to determine LD50 (lethaldose 50) is a dose that kills 50% of
experimental animals, assesses various toxic symptoms, spectrum of toxic effects on
organs, and ways of death. In subchronic testing, the drug is given for one or three
months, while in chronic toxicity tests the drug is given for six months or more.
Subchronic and chronic toxicity tests aim to determine the toxic effects of traditional
drugs on long-term administration.
b. Farmakodinamic test
Traditional drug pharmacodynamics aim to examine the pharmacodynamic effects and
track the work mechanism in effecting the effects of the traditional medicine.

 Simple standardization determination of identity and manufacture of standardized

preparation
Herbal medicine dosage forms greatly affect the effects. Fresh ingredients have different
effects compared to dried materials. Processes such as boiling, brewing can damage certain
active substances that are thermolable.

Simplisia Standardization process

o Collection of ingredients
1. Wild crafting
2. Controlled wild crafting / extensive cultivation
3. Cultivation → organic farming
o Sorting wet
- part of another plant
- other parts of plants
- container fragments,
- grass of damaged material.
o Washing (springs, wells, PAM)
1978 Frazier Theory: 1X dirt washing reduced 25% 3X dirt washing reduced 58%
 o Changing form
- material surface wider Cutting, Cutting, Stripping, Solving, Shrinking
o Drying
use Oven or sunlight.
o Dry sorting

Standardization Parameters
o Specific parameters: identity, organoleptic, solvents in certain solvents,
chromatogram patterns, total levels of compounds, levels of certain compounds
o Non-specific parameters: moisture content, ash content, drying losses, specific
gravity, residual solvents, pesticide residues, heavy metal contamination,
microbial contamination
Specific Identity Parameters from Plant
Name of extract: extract of phenolic from echinacea
Latin name: Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench
Fruit parts used: leaf
 Organoleptic (using five senses)
a. Shape: thick
b. Brown
c. Smell: Typical
d. Taste: Bitter
 Chromatogram pattern
1. Characteristic
2. Having a clear chemical structure
3. Can be measured by the usual method of analysis used
4. Stable
5. MARKER is available and can be isolated
Identity marker: specific
Pharmacological markers: active compounds
Analytical marker: dominant
Analysis of levels of compounds in extracts
Negative marker: toxic, unstable

 Clinical test
Traditional medicine clinical trials
To be able to become phytopharmaca, traditional medicine / herbal medicine must be
proven efficacy and color through clinical trials. As with modern medicine, clinical
clinics compare with random and disguised placements (randomized double-blind
controlled clinical trial) is a gold standard health test design (gold standard). Clinical
testing in humans can only be done traditionally / herbal remedies that have been proven
safe and successful in preclinical testing. In the clinical stage of traditional medicines
 such as drugs with modern clinical tests, the ethical principles of clinical trials must be
met. Volunteers must get a clear description of the research and provide informed consent
before the study was conducted. Preparation standards are important things to be able to
cause the effect to be repelled ( reproducible). Clinical trials are divided into four phases,
namely: Phase I: performed on healthy volunteers, to test the safety and tolerability of the
traditional traditional early Phase II drug: performed on a limited number of patients,
without comparable Phase II end: performed in a limited number of patients, with
comparative Phase III: definitive clinical trial Phase IV: post-marketing, to observe the
rare or slow emergence effects

2.3.3. The First Step Formulation of Morinda Citrifolia Extract Syrup Preparation

1. Preparation

Preparation treatment is done by sorting on the noni fruit to separate the bad quality
(defective) noni fruit and good quality (suitable for processing), as well as choosing the
optimal fruit maturity level that is almost mature whitish yellow with a fruit diameter of ± 6-
l8cm with fruit length ± 7-21 cm.

2. Weighing

Before processing, we first weigh the raw materials and additional materials that will be
used in the processing.

3. Curing After Sorting and Washing

The ripening of noni fruit that is almost ripe, yellowish white brass is done in a closed
container for 2-3 days until the texture and fruit of the noni becomes soft, purpose and
cooking the noni fruit to facilitate the process of separating the flesh, seeds and reduce the
aroma of the noni fruit.

4. Boiling

The heating process is carried out for 10 minutes, which aims to melt the fruit by not
damaging the characteristics of the material.

5. Cooling

In the cooling process, separation of boiling water and fruit flesh in different containers,
cooling ± 30 minutes at room temperature.
6. Separation of Meat and Seeds of Noni fruit

The separation of the flesh and seeds of the Noni fruit aims to facilitate the destruction
process, so as to obtain finer results.

7. Destruction

Destruction of noni fruit meat using Blender with the addition of water, 1 Kg of noni fruit 1
liter of water, the water added is boiled or boiled water.

8. Filtering I

Filtering is done using a filter cloth, filtering aims to extract the noni juice that will be used
in the processing.

9. Filtering II

Filtering II is carried out with a sieve, which serves to refine the Noni juice to improve
hygiene and noni juice obtained.

10. Addition of Food Additives

Addition of food additives such as sugar, caramelized sugar, brown sugar, fructose sugar and
honey sugar and pineapple juice aims to improve product quality and noni syrup.

11. Blanching

Blanching aims to deactivate bacteria by not damaging characteristics and ingredients, at a

temperature of 50 ° C for 5 minutes and to facilitate the dissolution of added food additives.

12. Filtering III

The third filtering aims to reduce the impurities that are included in the food additive.

13. Packaging

Packaging is done when the syrup is non-hot, so it is not contaminated during the packaging
process. Packaging of noni syrup is made and glass bottles are sterile, before the noni syrup
is packaged.

14. Analysis of Noni Syrup

Physical observation of precipitation percentage, total sugar chemical analysis and degree of
acidity (pH) and organoleptic color test, taste and aroma were carried out on noni syrup
experimental results.
 BAB III

CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES

3.1. Conclusion
Noni has a polysaccharide active compound which is prophylactic and therapeutic as an
immunomodulator, while Echinacea has a polysaccharide compound which functions as a
stimulant for the body's resistance. To use these two plants to become phytopharmaca is to do a
number of things, namely selection, namely completing the medicinal ingredients that will be
used as herbal medicine, preclinical examinations, namely tests conducted on animals that are
carried out by Vitro and this vivo, simple standardization and preclinical examinations, namely
tests carried out on human.
To make noni and echinacea preparations into syrup preparations is to prepare by having
good quality noni or echinacea flowers. Then the weighing will be used. After that washing,
boiling and cooling. If the fruit is separated by the seeds. After that, destruction is done, which is
destruction and added water again and boiled and then filtered twice, then given a fragrance or
other sweetener and filtered again and packed.

3.2. References
Dewoto, H. R., 2007, Pengembangan Obat Tradisional Menjadi Fitofarmaka, Majalah
Kedokteran Indonesia, 57(7), 205-211.
Menteri Kesehatan RI, 2007, Standar Pelayanan Medik HERBAL, Depkes RI, Jakarta.
Oktora, L., 2006, Pemanfaatan Obat Tradisional Dengan Pertimbangan Manfaat dan
Khasiatnya,Majalah Ilmu Kefarmasian, 3(1), 1-7.
Sastroasmoro, S. & Ismael, S., 1995, Dasar-Dasar Metodologi Penelitian Klinis, Jakarta
Binarupa Aksara
Sugiyono, 2008, Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Kuantitatif dan R&D, Alfabeta, Bandung.
Wijayakusuma, H., 2000, Potensi Tumbuhan Obat Asli Indonesia Sebagai Produk
Kesehatan, Risalah Ilmiah Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Isotop dan Radiasi, 25-27.
World Health Organization. 2003. Traditional Medicine.
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/2003/fs134/en/ (diakses tanggal 05 Oktober 2018).