Router:

 It is a networking device that forwards the data packets from the source to the destination.
 They let multiple computers that share a common ISP.
 It consists a routing table which is used when a packet arises at the router from different
devices.
 It makes use of the routing table to forward the packets to the correct destination.
 It uses IP Address.
 It Supports only Full Duplex.

Switches:

 It is a device that connects multiple devices on a network for a proper communication.

 It serves as a controller enabling networked devices to communicate with each other.
 It is multiport bridge.
 If one computer wants to communicate with another over a switch the packets are
forwarded to the next computes in the network within the switch automatically
 Switch is used in LAN’S.
 It supports both half and full duplex communication.
 It Uses MAC address.

Hub:

 It is device which is best suited for small and simple LAN’s.

 It can’t provide routing capabilities or other advanced network services.
 They operate by forwarding packets across all the ports indiscriminately.

Firewall:

 A Firewall is a network security device that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic
and decides whether to allow or block specific traffic based upon predefined set of roles.
 Firewall can be a hardware, software, or both.
 Firewalls are classified as either network firewalls or host-based firewalls.
 Network firewalls filter the traffic between two or more networks.
 Host-based firewalls run on host computers and control network traffic in and out the
machine.

Gateway:

 A gateway joins 2 networks so that the devices on one network can communicate with the
devices on the other network.
 When a computer-server acts as a gateway it also operates as a firewall and a proxy server.

UDP:

 It is abbreviated as User Datagram Protocol.

 It is connection-less.
 It is fast compared to TCP but less reliable.
 There is no flow and error control in UDP.
 It is suitable for operations which does not bother about reliability.
TCP:

 It is abbreviated as Transmission Control Protocol.

 It is connection oriented.
 It is reliable.
 It provides flow and error control.
 It communicates through 3-way handshaking.
 It is slow compared to UDP since it has to process each and every packet.

ARP Poisoning:

 ARP is abbreviated as Address Resolution Protocol.

 It is a technique to map logical to physical address.
 Router consists of a ARP table which consists of information about the logical and physical
address.
 ARP Poisoning is an attack to steal the host information by spoofing the MAC address of the
router.

IP Address:

 An IP address is a 32-bit or 128-bit address which uniquely defines a device connected to the
internet.
 Ipv4 is a 32 bit address and ipv6 is a 128 bit address
 It is classified into 2 types :- Public and Private
 Public IP address is globally unique and can be assigned to a unique device.
 Private IP Address is assigned dynamically within an organisation cannot be accessed
externally outside the organization.

Classes of IP Address:

Class Network Bits Host bits Decimal Address Subnet Mask

Range
Class A 8 bits 24 bits 1-127 255.0.0.0
Class B 16 bits 16 bits 128-191 255.255.0.0
Class C 24 bits 8 bits 192-223 255.255.255.0
Class D Reserved for Multicasting 224-239 N/A
Class E Reserved for R and D 240-255 N/A

Sub netting:

 It a process of creating multiple independent networks from a single network

 A large network can be divided into various small networks using sub netting
 Sub netting involves conversion of host bits into network bits
 Host bits specify a specific host in a subnet
 Network bits provide information regarding network in the subnet
Ports:

 In the transport layer the communication is process to process

 Each process is identified using unique port numbers
 Port numbers are classified as well-known port numbers, registered port numbers, dynamic
port numbers
 Some of the important port numbers are

port Service name Transport

protocol
20,21 FTP TCP
22 SSH TCP/UDP
23 TELNET TCP
25 SMTP TCP
53 DNS TCP/UDP
67,68 DHCP UDP
69 Trivial file transfer protocol UDP
80 http TCP
110 Post office protocol(POP3) TCP
119 Network news transport protocol TCP
123 Network time protocol UDP
161,162 Simple network management protocol TCP/UDP
443 HTTPS TCP/UDP