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The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells.

Inside its fully enclosed


nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic material. This material is
organized as DNA molecules, along with a variety of proteins, to form chromosomes.

Cell nucleus - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus

 Nucleolus - The nucleolus is a membrane-less organelle within the nucleus that


manufactures ribosomes, the cell's protein-producing structures. Through the microscope,
the nucleolus looks like a large dark spot within the nucleus. A nucleus may contain up to
four nucleoli, but within each species the number of nucleoli is fixed. After a cell divides, a
nucleolus is formed when chromosomes are brought together into nucleolar organizing
regions. During cell division, the nucleolus disappears. Some studies suggest that the
nucleolus may be involved with cellular aging and, therefore, may affect the aging of an
organism.
 Nuclear Envelope - The nuclear envelope is a double-layered membrane that encloses the
contents of the nucleus during most of the cell's lifecycle. The space between the layers is
called the perinuclear space and appears to connect with the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
The envelope is perforated with tiny holes called nuclear pores. These pores regulate the
passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm, permitting some to pass through
the membrane, but not others. The inner surface has a protein lining called the nuclear
lamina, which binds to chromatin and other nuclear components. During mitosis, or cell
division, the nuclear envelope disintegrates, but reforms as the two cells complete their
formation and the chromatin begins to unravel and disperse.
 Nuclear Pores - The nuclear envelope is perforated with holes called nuclear pores. These
pores regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm, permitting
some to pass through the membrane, but not others. Building blocks for building DNA and
RNA are allowed into the nucleus as well as molecules that provide the energy for
constructing genetic material.

The pores are fully permeable to small molecules up to the size of the smallest proteins, but
form a barrier keeping most large molecules out of the nucleus. Some larger proteins, such
as histones, are given admittance into the nucleus. Each pore is surrounded by an elaborate
protein structure called the nuclear pore complex, which probably selects large molecules for
entrance into the nucleus.

t Is an Organelle in a Cell?
By Rebecca Epstein; Updated August 27, 2018

SCIEPRO/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Science Photo Library/GettyImages

The word organelle means “little organ.” Organelles are much smaller than plant or
animal organs, though. Much like an organ serves a specific function in an organism,
such as an eye helps a fish see or a stamen helps a flower reproduce, organelles each
have specific functions within cells. Cells are self-contained systems within their
respective organisms, and the organelles inside of them work together like components
of an automated machine to keep things operating smoothly. When things don’t operate
smoothly, there are organelles responsible for cellular self-destruction, also known as
programmed cell death.

What Is Their Function?

The primary function of cilia and flagella is movement. They are the means by
which many microscopic unicellular and multicellular organisms move from
place to place. Many of these organisms are found in aqueous environments,
where they are propelled along by the beating of cilia or the whip-like action of
flagella. Protists and bacteria, for example, use these structures to move toward a
stimulus (food, light), away from a stimulus (toxin), or to maintain their position
in a general location. In higher organisms, cilia is often used to propel substances
in a desired direction. Some cilia, however, do not function in movement but in
sensing. Primary cilia, found in some organs and vessels, can sense changes in
environmental conditions. Cells lining the walls of blood vessels exemplify this
function. The primary cilia in blood vessel endothelial cells monitor the force
of blood flow through the vessels.

Where Can Cilia and Flagella Be Found?

Both cilia and flagella are found in numerous types of cells. For instance,
the sperm of many animals, algae, and even ferns have flagella. Prokaryotic
organisms may also possess a single flagellum or more. A bacterium, for example,
may have: one flagellum located at one end of the cell (montrichous), one or more
flagella located at both ends of the cell (amphitrichous), several flagella at one
end of the cell (lophotrichous), or flagella distributed all around the cell
(peritrichous). Cilia can be found in areas such as the respiratory tract and female
reproductive tract. In the respiratory tract, cilia helps to sweep mucus containing
dust, germs, pollen, and other debris away from the lungs. In the female
reproductive tract, cilia helps to sweep sperm in the direction of the uterus.

What is the difference between the cilia and flagella?


Cilia are short and there are usually many (hundreds) cilia per cell. On the other
hand, flagella are longer and there are fewer flagella per cell (usually one to eight).
Though eukaryotic flagella and motile cilia are structurally identical, the beating pattern
of the two organelles can be different.
Flagellar beating propels cells forward, and ciliary beating sweeps materials
across tissues.
 Despite their different names, flagella and cilia have the
same axoneme structure, including nine
doubletmicrotubules arranged in a circle around two central singlet
microtubules (see Figure 19-28).
 Walking of dynein arms extending from one doublet toward the (−)
end of a neighboring doublet generates a sliding force in
the axoneme (see Figure 19-31). This force is converted into a bend
by regions that resist sliding.
 Axonemal dynein is larger and more complex than cytosolic dynein.
Instead of the vesicle cargo transported by cytosolic dynein,
axonemal dynein moves one microtubule across the surface of its
neighboring microtubule (see Figure 19-32c).
 The (−) ends of the microtubules in a cilium or flagellum are
anchored in the basal body and are extensions of microtubules
located there. Elongation of cilia and flagella occurs by addition of
αβ-tubulin subunits to the distal (+) end of axonemal microtubules.

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