MECH 303 Chapter 2

2.2 Equation of Equilibrium in Plane Problems

0 x
y
P  yx A
xy  x
D X x  dx
x
x  xy
Y  xy  dx
x
B C
y  yx
 yx  dy
y
 y
y  dy
y
Fig. 2.2.1

(1) Plane Stress


 Fx  0 
 x

  yx
 X  0
 x y


 F y  0 
 y

 
xy
 Y  0
 y x


M D  0   xy   yx




(2) Plane Strain

  
x

  yx
 X  0

 x y
 



y

 
xy
 Y  0
 y x
 


z
 Z  0  Z  0

 z

2-2
 MECH 303 Chapter 2

2.3 Stress at a Point ---- Principal Stress

0 x
y
yx
P A
xy
XN

x N
S
N
N
y YN
B

Fig. 2.3.1

F x  0  X N dA   x ldA   yx mdA

F y  0  Y N dA   y mdA   xy ldA 


Y
X N  l x  m yx
N  m y  l xy

Normal stress N, shear stress N are:

 N  lX N  mYN  l 2 x  m 2 y  2lm xy



 N  lY N  mX N  lm y  x   l  2
 m2   xy 


i.e., the stress components x, y, xy at point P completely

determines the stress states at this point (in any plane AB)

Principle plane (xy=0), Principal stress 

2-3
 MECH 303 Chapter 2


X N  l ,
YN  m  on _ principal _ plane
 on _ any _ plane

 l  m

X N x xy ,
YN  m y  l xy

m   x m  xy
l 
 xy
, 
l   y

 (-x) (-y) = xy2

 Two roots of :
2
1  x   y  x  y 
      xy2
2 2  2 

Let 1 be the angle between 1 and x axis, then

sin  1 cos 90   1  m1

tan  1   
cos  1 cos  1 l1
1  x
 tan  1  ,
 xy
 2  x
tan  2 
 xy
 tan  1  tan  2  1   1  2

Maximum and minimum stress at a point:

 Prove that maximum & minimum stress are 1 &

2 respectively,
 maximum & minimum shear stress are 1  2

2

respectively

 and acting on planes inclined at 45o with principal

2-4
 MECH 303 Chapter 2

plane.

2-5
 MECH 303 Chapter 2

2.4 Stress-strain relations (Physical equations,

Constitutive equations, Hook’s law)

Hook’s law in 3-dimensional form: (material

property)

x 
1
E

 x    y   z  , xy 
1
G
 xy

y 
1
E

 y    x   z   , yz 
1
G
 yz

z 
1
E

 z    x   y  , zx 
1
G
 zx


E
G
21    , xy = xy

(1) Plane Stress ( z=0, yz=xz=0 )

x 
1
 x   y  , y 
1
 y   x  ,  xy 
1
 xy
E E G

z  

E
 x   y  , yz = xz = 0.

(x, y, xy) <==> (x, y, xy)

2-6
 MECH 303 Chapter 2

(2) Plane Strain ( z=0, yz = xz=0 )

z = (x+y), x 
1  2
E

  x 
1

 

 y  , y 
1 2
E

  y 
1

 

 x 
   

, 21   
 xy   xy ,
E

xz = yz = 0

(x, y, xy,) <==> (x, y, xy)

(3) Plane stress equation  Plane strain equation

If replace E by E
1  2

 by   ~
1 
E 1  2  
~  If replace E by 1    2

 by 
1 

These two simple rules enable us to avoid the

mathematical derivation of some equations required

for the solution of a plane problem: by replacement of

E and  as stated above.

2-7
 MECH 303 Chapter 2

2.5 Geometric equations (Strain-displacement

relation.) Rigid-body displacements

Geometrical aspect of plane problem (suitable to any

2-8
 MECH 303 Chapter 2

kinds of materials as far as they are continuous)

Displacement components at any point (u=u(x,y); v=v(x,y))

(1) Relations between strains and displacements

the normal strain of line PA, by definition, is

P' A' dx
x 
dx
2 2
 u   v 
 P' A' 2   dx  u  dx  u    v  dx  v 
 x   x 
2 2
 u   v 
  dx  dx    dx 
 x   x 

According to the basic assumption: x, u , v are small

x x

quantities, i.e.x<<1,  u <<1,  v <<1, we have

x x

x 
u ,
x

similarly, y 
v ,  xy 
u v

y y x

(2) Rigid body displacement

if u (x, y) and v (x, y) are given, then x, y ,x y are

completely determined. If x, y, x y are given, the

displacement u, v are not wholly determinate :  rigid

body displacement  the non-zero displacements

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 MECH 303 Chapter 2

corresponding to zero strains:

x 
u , y 
v
,  xy 
u v

x y y x

Let  x   y   xy  0, then

u v v u
 0,  0,  0
x y x y

 

df1  y  df 2  x 
u = f1(y) , v=f2(x) ,  
dy dx

 df 1  y 
dy
  , df  x   
2

dx

constan
t

constant
’s
thus , we have : f 1  y   y  u 0 , f 2  x   x  v 0

2-10
 MECH 303 Chapter 2

u  u 0  y , v  v 0  x These are the displacement

components corresponding to  x   y   xy  0 , and we can

y y

x=

x=
x x

prove that u0 and v0 are the rigid body translation and 

the rigid body rotation.

2-11