CONSIDERATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF COMPACTED SOIL CORES

IN T H E STABILITY ANALYSIS OF SAND BASES

M. I. Gorbunov-Posadov UDC 624.131.537:624.131.212

Many r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g the methods of stability a n a l y s i s of bases yield, as a rule, an e x -

c e s s i v e l y low value of the limit load in c o m p a r i s o n with the t e s t r e s u l t s [1]. P r i m a r i l y , this applies to the
s i m p l e s t case of the plane problem of a rigid plate with a rough lower surface placed on the surface of a sand
base and s y m m e t r i c a l l y loaded. This case is c l a s s i c a l . It is of less p r a c t i c a l importance in c o m p a r i s o n , for
instance, with the c a s e of an inclined load, but the p r o c e d u r e f o r its solution p r e d e t e r m i n e s to a significant
extent the methods for o t h e r c a s e s . M o r e o v e r , in the SNiP I I - 1 5 - 7 4 n o r m s the graph for the case here c o n -
sidered (Appendix 5, Fig. 1, curve ~T) is used for any loading conditions of sandy as well as of clayey soils.
It can be f o r e s e e n that in the n e a r future limit s e t t l e m e n t analysis by the methods of nonlinear soil mechanics
will make it possible to i n c r e a s e the loads on the foundations, and that the stability a n a l y s i s for v e r t i c a l load-
ing, at the p r e s e n t time not o b l i g a t o r y by the SNiP n o r m s , will become n e c e s s a r y .
In the a u t h o r ' s opinion [2, 3], the main cause of underestimation of the limit design load, obtained by
the c u r r e n t methods of a n a l y s i s , including those r e c o m m e n d e d by the SNiP I I - 1 5 - 7 4 n o r m s , lies in the c i r c u m -
stance that they do not take into account the actual s t r u c t u r e , shape, and dimensions of the compacted c o r e
f o r m e d under the foundation at the time of loss of stability of the foundation. This conclusion was drawn from
an analysis of t e s t s applying photorecording of the displacements of sand p a r t i c l e s conducted by M. V. M a l y -
shev[4] and /~. S. Kauanyan [5].
O r d i n a r i l y , in the a n a l y s e s the compacted core is replaced by a rigid body shaped like an i s o s c e l e s
triangle with s t r a i g h t o r curved (sunken) l a t e r a l sides. However, when two absolutely rigid bodies - t h e plate
and the c o r e - a r e in contact, the contact p r e s s u r e s should be uniform because all the contact points a r e in an
identical state. M e a s u r e m e n t of the p r e s s u r e s in the stage preceding bulging out shows a s h a r p l y nonuniform
distribution (for instance [6]). Taking into account that the place is in contact with a sand c o r e r e g a r d e d as an
elastic body, an idealization is made which a g r e e s r a t h e r well with the e x p e r i m e n t [2]. In the solution, a c o r e
shape with sunken "jaws" is obtained which also a g r e e s with the tests.
However, the main difference of solution [2] lies in the fact that following the hypotheses of the lines
of slide as displacement t r a j e c t o r i e s of the sand p a r t i c l e s and applying the true condition of the smooth shape
of the t r a j e c t o r i e s for passage through the boundary of the elastic c o r e , the author introduced into the a n a l y -
sis, in addition to the elastic part, a plastic p a r t of the compacted c o r e (Fig. 1 ). The compacted core, o n t h e whole,
is f o r m e d during the f i r s t plate loading s t a g e s , until the load attains the f i r s t c r i t i c a l value P c r . l , where, when
exceeded, the c o r e s t a r t s to move the soil. The c o r e becomes like a wedge with curved sides - rigid r e t a i n -
ing walls with a friction angle on the soil equal to the angle of internal friction ¢. Thus, the problem m u s t be
solved by stages. In the f i r s t stage the shape of the compacted core is d e t e r m i n e d , and in the second the limit
load for the given shape and dimensions of the rigid c o r e is found.
Introduction, into the a n a l y s i s , of the plastic p a r t of the compacted c o r e leads to the condition that the
c o r e is found to be l a r g e r than the rigid c o r e s of o t h e r authors, for instance [7], which a g r e e s with the t e s t s
[4, 5]. As a r e s u l t , in the a u t h o r ' s solution the bulging-out p r i s m and the limit load a r e significantly g r e a t e r .
The opinion that along with examination of the s t r e s s field it is n e c e s s a r y also to consider the field of
plastic deformation r a t e s has become widely extended [8]. F u r t h e r m o r e , M. V. Malyshev points out [9] that
the displacement t r a j e c t o r y cannot be established from the rate field. In this, there is no unamimity in
general. Usually, the test data a r e ignored [10].
The w r i t e r does not c o n s i d e r that the hypothesis adopted by him about the identity of the lines of slide
and the d i s p l a c e m e n t t r a j e c t o r i e s of the sand p a r t i c l e s is unconditionally t r u e , although for the zones of m a x -
imum s t r e s s e s (Rankine) it is experimentally confirmed. However, given the large n u m b e r of different a p -

S c i e n t i f i c - R e s e a r c h Institute of Foundations. T r a n s l a t e d from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika

Gruntov, No. 3, pp. 24-27, M a y - J u n e , 1982.

120 0038-0741/82/1.q03- 0120 507.50 © 1982 Plenum Publishing Corporation

 p } }o,i+5a
7~

.t.....

i Cz.3,,O~".-..~..
c,=~,o- C,=Zdu c,=o,z5
x
Fig. 1. General schematic of analysis. A) ~.lastic part of
compacted core; B) plastic part of compacted core; C)tran-
sition region, determined by applying ~ r m a n ' s equation;
D) Rankine's region; E) transition region between core and
K a r m a n ' s region.

p r o a c h e s to the problem, application of the simplest hypothesis, this being better when it is so natural, is
justified until a m o r e valid and generally accepted basis permits obtaining a solution satisfactorily agreeing
with the test data concerning the core s t r u c t u r e , the dimensions of the bulging-out p r i s m , and the smooth
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the t r a j e c t o r i e s of the sand p a r t i c l e s , established by Kurdyumov's method, beginning at the
lower surface of the plate and ending at the ground surface. The fulfillment, in the solution, of the r e q u i r e -
ment of absence of angular points in the t r a j e c t o r y to a c e r t a i n extent c o m p e n s a t e s for d i s r e g a r d of the
kinematic a s p e c t s in the solution.
P r e v i o u s l y [2, 3] a solution for ~ = 40 ° was given which was analyzed by De Beer [11]. The solution
for a lower value ¢ = 34" is presented below. To solve the problem for o t h e r values of the angle of internal
friction considerable additional work was required, since, despite the use of an electronic computer,* s e v e r a l
intermediate stages were solved by trial. However, the existence of a solution for ¢ = 34" made it possible
to r e c o m m e n d the determination of the c r i t i c a l load in the range 32-42 ° (see below) with the aid of nonlinear
interpolation and extrapolation.
For the upper boundary, the r e q u i r e m e n t of nondisplaceability of the sand with r e s p e c t to the plate
was established (full sticking together)

( o,, )
u=const or ~-y = 0 , v=0 for--l~y~l, x=0, (1)

in which u and v a r e the v e r t i c a l and horizontal displacements.

The coordinate s y s t e m is shown in Fig. 1. It is assumed that x and y are coordinates r e f e r r e d to the
half-width of plate a. The lower boundary of the elastic core is determined by trial, starting from the r e -
quirement that the limit state condition of the soil is fulfilled along it

a, -- a~ = sin (p (2)

along with the condition resulting from v e r t i c a l approach, to the c o r e , of the lines of slide in the plastic part
tg 8 = sin (p sin (n/2 - - q~ -F 2a) (3)
I + sin cp cos (=/2 -- ~p + 2a)

in which ~ is the angle between the horizontal and the tangent at the given point of the boundary. The angle
of friction between the soil and the wall is given by tan5 = - r n t / 8 n.
The lower boundary is determined by trial, since formulation of condition (2) implies not only fulfill-
ment of limit equilibrium at the boundary but also elastic conditions of the soil above it and plastic conditions
below.

* The electronic computer work was c a r r i e d out by N. N. Laikova, M. V. Tupipikov, and A. Z. Tits.

121
 TABLE 1

~, o.o 1 o., I o.2 )o.4 1 o . s - - 0,8 ,I

tffa 1 ,.OE41 l.O001 0.915 0.6,5 0.350 0,132
x 0,513 I 0.410[ 0,315 0,159 0,061 0.013
t ~x l o I-1.9o, I-1.69o -,.131 I-O.S,o --0,126 0
I o / o 1-o.73,1-o,s9o-o.,o,-o.4= --0,102 0
,~u o ~ o.37s] 0.605 0,467 o,267 0,247
| 0.528/ 0.662 0.562 0,52! 0.427

~29~

e
i az
\ ~617o8

~ o,~

Fig. 2. Diagram of s t r e s s e s a at
boundary of elastic core. The
eso~;~./fN

dashed segment is the e x t r a p o l a -

tion of the linear part of the di-
agram.

As in the previous work [2], the solution of the problem of the boundaries of the elastic core was found
with the help of a s t r e s s function set up from the r e g u l a r biharmonic p a r t in the form of the sum of a double
polynomial with m e m b e r s a m ,nx m y 2n, 0 <
- m + 2n -< 7 and from the n o n r e g u l a r functions
3 2
D ~ - d i;r,. (4)
t~0 t=1

The poles of the four functions t r a n s f o r m e d to a r a d i u s - v e c t o r s r 0. . . . . r 3 with coefficients Co, ..., c 3

a r e located along the y axis, and r~ and r 2 with the coefficient D a r e located outside the x axis, s y m m e t r i c a l l y
to it. All poles a r e taken outside the elastic c o r e near the boundary (see below). Since the solution is a p -
p r o x i m a t e , the n u m b e r of functions and the a r r a n g e m e n t of the poles is a r b i t r a r y . The quantity A indicates
how s u c c e s s f u l l y the functions and poles have been selected (see below).
Using the approximate equation of work [2] for the angle of inclination of the c o r e boundary, at the apex

a°=-8--) 4 2 arccos sinq~cns --

and the equation for the f i r s t - a p p r o x i m a t i o n boundary

I (6)
x = ~ - t g a 0 (1--1y])'.

we find for ~ = 34 °

x = 0.517 ()--Ig))'. (7)

The equation of the lower boundary in the form of t ~ s y m m e t r i c a l segments of a parabola touching
the y axis at' the plate edges was selected from the condition that the elastic c o r e should not r e a c h the v e r y
edge and that the g r e a t e r the distance, from the edge, of the e x t r e m e point of the true boundary of the c o r e
base, the s m a l l e r the angle of internal friction. This was d e m o n s t r a t e d by M. V. Malyshev [4] simultaneously
with Lundgren [12], who showed that the core should be shaped like a curved triangle with concave sides.
However, M. V. Malyshev examined the relation between the length of the slide sections and the friction of the
plate against the soil instead of the internal friction.
The boundary shape was refined by iteration, trying to satisfy, with sufficient approximation, condition
(2) along the boundary. For the boundary adopted as the last approximation, the tangents of the angle of in-

122
c l i n a t i o n of the b o u n d a r y with r e s p e c t to the y a x i s , the x o r d i n a t e s of the b o u n d a r y , the s t r e s s e s , and the v a l -
u e s of the left side of Eq. (2), d e s i g n a t e d by l e t t e r A, a r e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m T a b l e 1, for which the plate width
a d o p t e d w a s 2a = 2.
F o r (p = 34 ° the e x a c t v a l u e is A = 0.559. C o n s e q u e n t l y , it c a n be c o n s i d e r e d that c o n d i t i o n (2) was
s a t i s f a c t o r i l y f u l f i l l e d . The e r r o r n e a r the apex c a n be s o m e w h a t r e d u c e d by i n c r e a s i n g the c o r e height. The
m a x i m u m e r r o r o c c u r r e d for y = 0.8, but, as shown l a t e r on, n e a r the p l a t e edge it has no p r a c t i c a l s i g n l f l c a n c e .

Without w r i t i n g , f o r b r e v i t y , the o b t a i n e d c o e f f i c i e n t s of the p o l y n o m i a l a i j , Ci, and Di, let us note that

t h i s t i m e the p o l e s on the x a x i s f o r the n o n r e g u l a r f u n c t i o n s w e r e s e l e c t e d a t the points with a b s c i s s a s 0.513,
0.6, 0.75, a n d 1.0. The u s e of t h e s e v a l u e s m a d e it p o s s i b l e to a c o n s i d e r a b l e e x t e n t to apply the c a l c u l a t i o n s
p r e s e n t e d in [2] for (p = 40 °. F o r the p o l e s l y i n g o u t s i d e the x a x i s , c o o r d i n a t e s x = 0.508 and y = ~0.1 w e r e
taken.
F o r a n a l y s i s of the p l a s t i c p a r t of the c o r e (see Fig. 1), a s a l r e a d y s t a t e d , it was a s s u m e d that its u p -
p e r b o u n d a r y w a s s o m e w h a t m o v e d f r o m the edge of the p l a t e t o w a r d its c e n t e r . T h i s follows f r o m the t e s t
d a t a , a s w e l l a s f r o m the fact that f o r z e r o s t r e s s e s a t the u p p e r b o u n d a r y of the e l a s t i c c o r e it is p o s s i b l e to
c o n s t r u c t the n e t o f l i n e s of s l i d e a n d to e s t a b l i s h the s t r e s s e s o n l y by a p p l y i n g S o k o l o v s k i i - - K a r m a n ' s s o l u -
tion [13]. I t i s a s s u m e d that in a c e r t a i n u p p e r s e g m e n t of the l a t e r a l b o u n d a r y of the e l a s t i c c o r e the s t r e s s e s
a r e l i n e a r l y d i s t r i b u t e d . The d i a g r a m of the s t r e s s e s ~ = 0 . 5 x ( c r x + ay) shows that in the i n t e r v a l y = 0 . 5 - 0 . 8
they v a r y in fact a l m o s t l i n e a r l y . By e x t e n d i n g the l i n e a r p o r t i o n of the d i a g r a m (dashed line in Fig. 2) it is
found that it i n t e r s e c t s the y a x i s a t a d i s t a n c e of 0.145 f r o m the plate edge. It w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d that the edge
of the e l a s t i c and p l a s t i c c o r e s is l o c a t e d a t t h i s point.

The p e r m i t t e d a p p r o x i m a t e m e t h o d s could be a v o i d e d , a n d , s t a r t i n g , for i n s t a n c e , f r o m the o b t a i n e d

data it would be p o s s i b l e to look for the b o u n d a r i e s of the e l a s t i c c o r e not in the i n t e r v a l - 1 -< y <- 1 but in
the i n t e r v a l - 0.855 -< y -< 0.855, etc. H o w e v e r , t a k i n g into a c c o u n t the l a b o r - c o n s u m i n g c h a r a c t e r of the s o -
lution and the low p r o b a b i l i t y of a p r a c t i c a l l y a p p r e c i a b l e change in the r e s u l t s , this p o s s i b i l i t y was not u s e d .

Now it c a n be c o n s i d e r e d that a l o n g the c u r v e d b o u n d a r i e s of the e l a s t i c c o r e the v a l u e s of ~ can be

g i v e n a s f r a c t i o n s of P c r . l ; the v a l u e of P c r . i wilI be d e t e r m i n e d below. M o r e o v e r , a l o n g the b o u n d a r y , a s a
r e s u l t of v e r t i c a l d e v i a t i o n of the l i n e s of s l i d e of the f i r s t f a m i l y it b e c o m e s p o s s i b l e to know the value o f the

a n g l e b e t w e e n the d i r e c t i o n of the p r i n c i p a l n o r m a l s t r e s s e s ~ and the x a x i s , and p r e c i s e l y / ~ - 4 2

0.489. T h u s , a t the b o u n d a r y the c o n d i t i o n s of C a u c h y ' s p r o b l e m a r e fulfilled. The c o n d i t i o n s a r e s u f f i c i e n t
f o r c o n s t r u c t i n g the n e t of l i n e s of s l i d e o v e r a l a r g e r p a r t of the p l a s t i c c o m p a c t e d c o r e a d j o i n i n g the e l a s t i c .
Let us o m i t S o k o l o v s k i i ' s s o l u t i o n of t h i s p r o b l e m [13], s t a t i n g that the c e n t r a l point A of the b o u n d a r y ( c o r e ,
a p e x , Fig. 1) c a n n o t be u s e d s i n c e in it ~ = 0. H e n c e , y = 0.1 is s e l e c t e d a s the l a s t point of the b o u n d a r y ,
f r o m the t a b l e s e x a m i n e d . P o i n t A i t s e l f is a point of r u p t u r e , and the s o l u t i o n is not unique a t it. In o r d e r
to d r a w n e a r e r to the a p e x , let us c o m p l e m e n t the s o l u t i o n with point y = 0.05, the data for which a r e found by
graphical interpolation.
The a n a l y s i s for the p l a s t i c c o r e p a r t a d j o i n i n g the a x i s of s y m m e t r y y = 0 is p e r f o r m e d s t a r t i n g f r o m
the fact that the l i n e s of s l i d e m u s t touch this a x i s . T h u s , a c c o r d i n g to S o k o l o v s k i i , the a x i s i t s e l f c o n s t i t u t e s
a d i r e c t r u p t u r e . The s h e a r i n g s t r e s s e s a l o n g the a x i s of s y m m e t r y a r e not e q u a l to z e r o . T h e y u n d e r g o
l e a p s when p a s s i n g t h r o u g h the a x i s , b e i n g e q u a l a t the r i g h t and the left in a b s o l u t e value but d i f f e r e n t in s i g n .
T h i s " p a r a d o x " is due to the fact that the p l a s t i c r e g i o n s a r e o r i g i n a l l y f o r m e d a t a c e r t a i n d i s t a n c e on both
s i d e s of the x a x i s , and e l a s t i c r e g i o n is left b e t w e e n t h e m , and only for f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e in the load the p l a s -
tic r e g i o n s c l o s e up on e a c h o t h e r . T h i s c o n d i t i o n is e x p l a i n e d by V. V. Sokolovskii ([13, p. 27]) a s follows:
~,41ong t h e l i n e s of r u p t u r e , the d e r i v a t i v e s of the s t r e s s c o m p o n e n t s with r e s p e c t to the c o o r d i n a t e s tend to i n -
finity. C o n s e Q u e n t l y , the s t r e s s c o m p o n e n t s u n d e r g o finite l e a p s a t the r u p t u r e l i n e s . The m e c h a n i c a l l i n e s
of r u p t u r e in the m e d i u m a r e n o t u s u a l l y r e a l i z e d , but t h e i r p r e s e n c e in the s o l u t i o n i n d i c a t e s the i m p o s s i b i l i t y
of e x i s t e n c e of l i m i t e q u i l i b r i u m with c o n t i n u o u s d i s t r i b u t i o n of the s t r e s s e s ; the p r e s e n c e of the l i n e s of r u p -
t u r e e s t a b l i s h e s that the a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d s t a t e is a t t e n d e d by e l a s t i c z o n e s , which in the l i m i t d e g e n e r a t e in
a line of r u p t u r e . It is c l e a r t h a t the s t a r t i n g e q u a t i o n s of e q u i l i b r i u m y i e l d a d e s c r i p t i o n of the s t r e s s s t a t e
o n l y to the line of r u p t u r e . "
The p r o c e d u r e for c o n s t r u c t i n g the l i n e s of s l i d e in this p a r t of the c o r e is d e s c r i b e d in [2]. The l o w e r
line of s l i d e , which is a t the s a m e t i m e a b o u n d a r y of the c o m p a c t e d c o r e , i n t e r s e c t s the x a x i s at point x =
1.4a (for q~ = 40 ° the c o r e height is 1.69a).

123
 A n o t h e r a s p e c t to be e l u c i d a t e d now i s t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the l i n e s o f s l i d e in the t r a n s i t i o n r e g i o n
b e t w e e n t h e p l a s t i c p a r t o f the c o m p a c t e d c o r e a n d R a n k i n e ' s zone ( s e e F i g . 1). A l m o s t a l l t h i s r e g i o n i s a n -
a l y z e d a c c o r d i n g to K a r m a n . It is known [13] t h a t the c o n d i t i o n o f a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f the two o r d i n a r y d i f f e r e n -
t i a l e q u a t i o n s o f K a r m a n is p o s s i b l e in a c a s e in w h i c h the f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n t a k e s p l a c e

(r = ' ~ r s (0), (8)

in w h i c h

a l - - a2 I
o - - - (oi + a:), (9)
2sin~ 2

a n d r a n d O a r e t h e p o l a r c o o r d i n a t e s ; a n d 7 i s the unit m a s s o f t h e s o i l . In the c a s e b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d t h e o r i -

gin o f the p o l a r c o o r d i n a t e s c o i n c i d e s with the o r i g i n o f the C a r t e s i a n c o o r d i n a t e s , a n d the p o l a r a x i s c o i n -
c i d e s w i t h the x a x i s .
T h e p r o c e d u r e f o r s o l v i n g K a r m a n ' s e q u a t i o n i s d e s c r i b e d in [2]. T h e e q u a t i o n s o f the l i n e s o f s l i d e
a r e o f the f o r m

r =Cexp [; clg ( ~ + ) t ) d 0 ] , (10)

in w h i c h #J is the a n g l e b e t w e e n the r a d i u s - v e c t o r a n d the d i r e c t i o n o f the m a x i m u m p r i n c i p a l n o r m a l s t r e s s

n ¢p
a l , a n d p = -~- -- -~-

A s a l r e a d y s h o w n , a l o n g the u p p e r p a r t o f the l a t e r a l b o u n d a r y o f the e l a s t i c c o r e f o r y / a >. 0.5 the

p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n c a n be a s s u m e d to be l i n e a r ( s e e F i g . 2). L e t us find the line o f s l i d e of the s e c o n d
f a m i l y by K a r m a n ' s m e t h o d , w h i c h t o u c h e s the b o u n d a r y o f the c o m p a c t e d c o r e . F o r a p p r o x i m a t e s o l u t i o n ,
t h e l i n e s of s l i d e o f the s e c o n d f a m i l y s t a r t n o t a t the p o l e but a t a c e r t a i n d i s t a n c e f r o m it, w h i c h l i e s within
t h e l i m i t s o f e r r o r o f the s o l u t i o n . It is n a t u r a l to a s s u m e t h a t a l l t h e s e l i n e s s t a r t a t the p o l e , a s d o n e , f o r
i n s t a n c e , by A. C a q u o t [14]. L e t us s t a r t f r o m t h i s c r i t e r i o n , a l t h o u g h the u s e o f a n o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e would
not affect the results, for all practical purposes.
To s o l v e the p r o b l e m , u s e is m a d e o f the c o n d i t i o n a t the b o u n d a r y o f the R a n k i n e ' s zone [2, 13]:

¢, = -- ( - ~ - - - ~ - ) = -- 0.4880;

(11)
\4 21
s~ = = 1.0651.
1 --sin~

~t
In a d d i t i o n , t h e v a l u e o f ¢0 on a x i s y i s ¢0 - - 2- - p = 1.0819. The v a l u e s = SoOn a x i s y i s found by

n u m e r i c a l t r i a l , s o l v i n g K a r m a n ' s e q u a t i o n , a s s o = 66. F r o m T a b l e 1 and F i g . 2 it i s s e e n t h a t the t a n g e n t

o f the a n g l e o f i n c l i n a t i o n o f the l i n e a r p a r t o f the d i a g r a m is e q u a l to - 2.05. T h u s , if the s y m b o l y ' =
0.855 - y is i n t r o d u c e d , the o r d i n a t e s o f the s t r a i g h t p o r t i o n o f the d i a g r a m a r e found to be

P cr~t (12)
O =--2,05y' ~
a

A c c o r d i n g to K a r m a n , in the s a m e p o r t i o n t h e s t r e s s e q u a t i o n s a r e e x p r e s s e d a s

a =--66~y'a. (13)

E q u a t i n g the r i g h t s i d e s of E q s . (12) a n d (13), t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n i s o b t a i n e d

66 (I 4)
Pcr., = ~ Va= = 32.27 a2.

T h u s , by m u l t i p l y i n g the r i g h t s i d e o f E q . (14) the t h r e e l i n e s crx , cry, a n d 7xy in T a b l e 1 and the o r d i -

n a t e s in F i g . 2, we o b t a i n the t r u e s t r e s s e s a l o n g the b o u n d a r y o f the e l a s t i c c o r e f o r the f i r s t c r i t i c a l load.

124
 ,,,

IZO
100 .......... j /i
#0 jl, iI

50 •
12, r
40 rI /
,~o /
Z5 I I
,o /,,
16 "

14JO /J5 40 ~, deg

F i g . 3. R e l a t i o n b e t w e e n c r i t -
i c a l load and a n g l e o f i n t e r n a l
f r i c t i o n . 1) F o r p r o p o s e d m e t h -
od; 2) f o r S N i P I [ - 1 5 - 7 4 n o r m s .

L e t us p a s s to the d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the s e c o n d c r i t i c a l l o a d P c r . 2 , t h a t i s , the b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y o f the

s o i l b a s e c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the t i m e when c o m p a c t i o n o f the c o r e s t a r t s , a s a r e t a i n i n g w a l l , to f o r c e o u t the
s o i l to the s u r f a c e . F o r t h i s p u r p o s e , l e t u s t r a c e to w h i c h e x t e n t the b o u n d a r y o f the c o m p a c t e d c o r e , t h a t
i s , t h e line o f s l i d e o f the s e c o n d f a m i l y , b e g i n n i n g a t the l o w e r s u r f a c e o f the p l a t e a t a d i s t a n c e o f 0.145a
f r o m the e d g e , c o i n c i d e s with the e x t r e m e line o f s l i d e o f the s e c o n d f a m i l y , a c c o r d i n g to K a r m a n , e m e r g i n g
f r o m t h e p o l e . It t u r n s o u t t h a t t h e s e two l i n e s c o i n c i d e a l m o s t fully with e a c h o t h e r to the p o i n t h a v i n g c o -
o r d i n a t e s x = 0.635 and y = 0.665, if in the K a r m a n ' s r a d i u s - v e c t o r E q . (10) C = C 2 = 6.46 {Fig. 1) i s p l a c e d .
A t t h i s p o i n t t h e y s t i l l t o u c h e a c h o t h e r and then a r e s e p a r a t e d . To f i l l the r e g i o n b e t w e e n the b o u n d a r i e s of
the c o m p a c t e d c o r e and the l i n e s o f the s e c o n d f a m i l y with the c o e f f i c i e n t C 2 = 6.46, u s e is m a d e o f the p r o -
c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d in [2]. In the c o r e b o u n d a r y p o r t i o n which d o e s not c o i n c i d e with the e x t r e m e line o f s l i d e
o f K a r m a n , the s t r e s s e s a r e o b t a i n e d with an a c c u r a c y c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the f a c t o r T a , a s in the l o w e r p a r t o f
the b o u n d a r y , w h e r e t h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d a c c o r d i n g to K a r m a n .
It now r e m a i n s to c o n s t r u c t the g r a p h o f the s t r e s s e s cr in f r a c t i o n s of 7 a a l o n g the e n t i r e b o u n d a r y of
the c o m p a c t e d c o r e . Then the c r i t i c a l load f o r t h i s g r a p h is c a l c u l a t e d f r o m Eq. (2)

[
PcT.z= 2a ! o'(.g) 1 -;- sin ~
J dy, (15)

in w h i c h v = 7 - - - 2 - ; and ~ is the a n g l e b e t w e e n the t a n g e n t and the b o u n d a r y o f the c o m p a c t e d c o r e with

axis y'.
F o r ~p = 34 °, P c r . 2 = 89.3Ya 2.
In a c c o r d a n c e with the SNiP I I - 1 5 - 7 4 n o r m s , ¢p = 34 ° and P c r . 2 = 64, t h a t Is, i n t h e a u t h o r ' s s o l u t i o n Pcr.2
i s g r e a t e r by 40%. F o r W = 40 °, the v a l u e o f P c r . 2 w a s i n c r e a s e d by 100~. The d e c r e a s e in the e f f e c t i v e n e s s
is c o n n e c t e d with the f a c t t h a t when ¢ d e c r e a s e s the d i m e n s i o n s of the e l a s t i c c o r e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d .
If the c r i t i c a l load i s p l o t t e d on a l o g a r i t h m i c s c a l e , and the a n g l e o f i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n on a l i n e a r s c a l e ,
the r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n ~p a n d P c r . 2 i s r e p r e s e n t e d by c u r v e s c l o s e to s t r a i g h t l i n e s [9]. H e n c e , without u n d e r -
t a k i n g an e x c e e d i n g l y l a b o r - c o n s u m i n g t a s k f o r d e t e r m i n i n g P c r . 2 f o r the i n t e r m e d i a t e v a l u e s of ~o t h i s g r a p h
can be g i v e n in the r a n g e 34°-40 ° for the s t r a i g h t line ( F i g . 3) and it can be u s e d with the a i d o f e x t r a p o l a t i o n
f o r ~ = 32 ° and 42 °. F o r s m a l l v a l u e s o f ~ c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f the s t r u c t u r e of the c o r e due to d e c r e a s e in i t s
d i m e n s i o n s b e g i n s to p l a y a I e s s i m p o r t a n t r o l e , e s p e c i a l l y b e c a u s e such a v a l u e of ~ is b a s i c a l l y i n h e r e n t to
l o o s e s o i l s , f o r w h i c h the p r o p o s e d s o l u t i o n is not s u i t a b l e .
By c o r r e c t i n g c u r v e kT in F i g . 1 o f A p p e n d i x 5 o f the S N i P H - 1 5 - 7 4 , it is p o s s i b l e to i n c r e a s e the
c r i t i c a l l o a d n o t o n l y f o r the c a s e h e r e c o n s i d e r e d but a l s o f o r o t h e r s (for i n s t a n c e , f o r an i n c l i n e d one with
g r e a t e r d e p t h and c o h e s i o n , e t c . ) , u s i n g a n e w c u r v e f o r )'T" S u b s e q u e n t l y , h o w e v e r , t h e s e c a s e s s h o u l d a l s o

125
be solved again, taking into account the s t r u c t u r e of the soil, the c o m p a c t e d c o r e s , and the t r a j e c t o r i e s . The
t e s t s of S. E. K a g a n o v s k a y a [15] show that c o r e compaction is f o r m e d also in clayey soils.
In connection with the i n c r e a s e in the analytical values of Pcr.2 and t h e i r drawing n e a r e r to the r e a l
(test) values, it is evidently n e c e s s a r y to i n c r e a s e to 1.5 the lower limit of the safety f a c t o r Kn, r e c o m m e n d e d
with a value of 1.2 in the SNiP I I - 1 5 - 7 4 n o r m s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , the saving r e m a i n s l a r g e .

LITERATURE CITED

1. N. A. T s y t o v i c h , Soil M e c h a n i c s [in Russian], 3rd Ed., V y s s h a y a Shkola, Moscow (1978).

2. M . I. G o r b u n o v - P o s a d o v , Stability of Foundations on Sand Bases [in Russian], G o s s t r o i i z d a t , Moscow
(1962).
3. M. I. Gorbunov-Posadov, "Calculation for stability of a sand bed by a solution combining the theories
of elasticity and plasticity," Proceedings, Sixth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foun-
dation Engineering, Vol. 2, Montreal (lq65).
4. M. V. Malyshev, Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of the Bearing Capacity of a Sand Base
[in Russian], VNII VODGEO, Moscow (1953).
5. A. S. Kananyan, "Experimental investigation of failure of a sand base under vertical loading," Collec-
tion No. 24, Scientific-Research Institute of Foundations, Soil Mechanics, Gosstroiizdat, Moscow
(1954).
6. A. P. K r i v o r o t o v , " E x p e r i m e n t a l investigations of the distribution of n o r m a l p r e s s u r e s at i n t e r f a c e
between plate and sand b a s e , " Osn. Fundam. Mekh. Gruntov, No. 2 (1969).
7. R. T. Shield, 'rMixed boundary value p r o b l e m s in soil m e c h a n i c s , " Q. Appl. Math., 11, No. 1
(April, 1953).
8. D. C. D r u c k e r and W. P r a g e r , "Soil m e c h a n i c s and plastic a n a l y s i s on limit design," Q. Appl. Math.,
10, No. 2 (July, 1952).
9. V. M. M a l y s h e v , Strength of Soils and Stability of Bases of S t r u c t u r e s [in Russian], Stroiizdat, Moscow
(lq80).
10. V. N. Nikolaevskii, "Mechanical properties of soils and theory of plasticity," in: Results of Science
and Technology. Mechanics of Deformable Solid Bodies [in Russian], Vol. 6, Moscow (1976).
11. E. E. de Beer, "Foundation peu profondes of chausse'es," Proceedings, Sixth International Conference
on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. [If, 242, Montreal (1965).
12. H. Lundgren and K. Mortensen, "Determination by the theory of plasticity of the bearing capacity of
continuous footings on sand," Proceedings, Third International Conference on Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering, Vol. I, 7urich (1953).
13. V. V. Sokolovskii, Statics of Granular Media [in Russian], Second Ed., Gostekhizdat, Moscow (1~54).
14. A. Caquot and J. Kerisel, Traite de Mechanique de Sols, Paris (1949).
15. S. E. Kaganovskaya, "Compacted core in cohesive soils under rigid plates with vertical loading," in:
Interdepartmental Collection on Bases and Foundations [in Russian], No. 6, Budivel'nik, Kiev (1973).

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